For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 27, 2012
USDL-12-0094
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2011
In 2011, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a
union—was 11.8 percent, essentially unchanged from 11.9 percent in 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.8 million,
also showed little movement over the year. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are
available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a
monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more
information, see the Technical Note.
Highlights from the 2011 data:

Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (37.0 percent) more than five times higher
than that of private-sector workers (6.9 percent). (See table 3.)

Workers in education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate, at
36.8 percent, while the lowest rate occurred in sales and related occupations (3.0 percent). (See
table 3.)

Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic
workers. (See table 1.)

Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (24.1 percent)
and North Carolina again had the lowest rate (2.9 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2011, 7.6 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.2 million
union workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (37.0
percent) was substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.9 percent). Within the public
sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 43.2 percent. This group
includes workers in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters.
Private-sector industries with high unionization rates included transportation and utilities (21.1 percent)
and construction (14.0 percent), while low unionization rates occurred in agriculture and related
industries (1.4 percent) and in financial activities (1.6 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (36.8 percent) and protective
service occupations (34.5 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2011. Sales and related
occupations (3.0 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.4 percent) had the lowest
unionization rates. (See table 3.)
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
The union membership rate was higher for men (12.4 percent) than for women (11.2 percent) in 2011.
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men
was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. Between 1983 and 2011, the union
membership rate for men declined by almost half (12.3 percentage points), while the rate for women
declined by 3.4 percentage points.
In 2011, among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers were more likely to be union members
(13.5 percent) than workers who were white (11.6 percent), Asian (10.1 percent), or Hispanic (9.7
percent). Black men had the highest union membership rate (14.6 percent), while Asian men had the
lowest rate (9.1 percent).
By age, the union membership rate was highest among workers 55 to 64 years old (15.7 percent). The
lowest union membership rate occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.4 percent).
Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 13.1 percent
compared with 6.4 percent.
Union Representation
In 2011, 16.3 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.8 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.5 million). (See table 1.) Government employees comprised about half of the 1.5
million workers who were covered by a union contract but were not members of a union. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2011, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings
of $938, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $729. In addition to
coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, earnings differences reflect a variety of influences,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation,
industry, firm size, or geographic region. (See table 2.)
Union Membership by State
In 2011, 29 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 11.8 percent, while 21 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific
divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, while all states in the East South
Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates declined over the
-2-
year in 29 states and the District of Columbia, rose in 19 states, and were unchanged in 2 states. (See
table 5 and the map.)
Seven states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2011, with North Carolina having the
lowest rate (2.9 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in South Carolina (3.4 percent), Georgia
(3.9 percent), Arkansas (4.2 percent), Louisiana (4.5 percent), and Tennessee and Virginia (4.6 percent
each). Three states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2011: New York (24.1 percent),
Alaska (22.1 percent), and Hawaii (21.5 percent).
State union membership levels depend on both the overall employment levels and union membership
rates. The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (1.9
million). Over half of the 14.8 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California,
2.4 million; New York, 1.9 million; Illinois, 0.9 million; Pennsylvania, 0.8 million; Michigan 0.7
million; and New Jersey and Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about onethird of wage and salary employment nationally.
Texas had about one-fourth as many union members as New York, despite having 2.3 million more
wage and salary employees. North Carolina and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members
(105,000 and 113,000, respectively), though North Carolina's wage and salary employment level (3.6
million) was nearly seven times that of Hawaii (525,000).
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000
eligible households. The union membership and earnings data
are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded.
The Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the
population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of
population estimates. The effect of the revised population
controls on the union affiliation data is unknown. However,
the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates
was to decrease the December 2010 employment level by
347,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on
unemployment rates and other ratios. Estimated levels, such
as the number of union members for 2011, are not strictly
comparable with estimated levels for 2010. These
adjustments to the levels, however, should have had only
negligible effects on union membership rates. Additional
information is available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the "true" population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state
section of this release preserves the long-time practice of
highlighting the direction of the movements in state union
membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical
significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the
CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the
Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are
described briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union
or an employee association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union
members and workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither
members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before
taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on
a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,
interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than
half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median and the other having
earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places
each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50.
The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation
of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.
The group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all
self-employed workers, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours
or more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer
than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2010-2011 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2010
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2011
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Total
Percent employed
of
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124,073
16,638
107,435
28,363
27,356
28,860
18,199
4,657
14,715
722
13,993
2,860
3,512
4,340
2,849
432
11.9
4.3
13.0
10.1
12.8
15.0
15.7
9.3
16,290
836
15,453
3,179
3,888
4,774
3,126
486
13.1
5.0
14.4
11.2
14.2
16.5
17.2
10.4
125,187
16,910
108,278
28,682
27,231
28,693
18,751
4,920
14,764
737
14,027
2,829
3,470
4,286
2,949
494
11.8
4.4
13.0
9.9
12.7
14.9
15.7
10.0
16,290
845
15,444
3,155
3,804
4,707
3,219
559
13.0
5.0
14.3
11.0
14.0
16.4
17.2
11.4
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63,531
8,291
55,240
15,148
14,430
14,423
8,895
2,343
7,994
419
7,575
1,603
1,966
2,349
1,430
227
12.6
5.0
13.7
10.6
13.6
16.3
16.1
9.7
8,761
476
8,286
1,759
2,151
2,554
1,566
256
13.8
5.7
15.0
11.6
14.9
17.7
17.6
10.9
64,686
8,636
56,050
15,465
14,412
14,415
9,212
2,547
8,006
435
7,571
1,541
1,946
2,327
1,497
260
12.4
5.0
13.5
10.0
13.5
16.1
16.2
10.2
8,731
486
8,246
1,706
2,114
2,513
1,623
290
13.5
5.6
14.7
11.0
14.7
17.4
17.6
11.4
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60,542
8,347
52,195
13,215
12,926
14,437
9,303
2,314
6,722
303
6,418
1,257
1,546
1,991
1,419
205
11.1
3.6
12.3
9.5
12.0
13.8
15.3
8.8
7,528
361
7,167
1,420
1,737
2,219
1,560
230
12.4
4.3
13.7
10.7
13.4
15.4
16.8
10.0
60,502
8,274
52,228
13,218
12,819
14,278
9,540
2,373
6,758
302
6,456
1,288
1,524
1,959
1,452
233
11.2
3.6
12.4
9.7
11.9
13.7
15.2
9.8
7,558
360
7,199
1,449
1,690
2,195
1,596
269
12.5
4.3
13.8
11.0
13.2
15.4
16.7
11.3
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101,042
52,565
48,477
11,865
6,588
5,277
11.7
12.5
10.9
13,111
7,208
5,903
13.0
13.7
12.2
101,768
53,418
48,351
11,853
6,568
5,285
11.6
12.3
10.9
13,061
7,156
5,905
12.8
13.4
12.2
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,195
6,347
7,848
1,896
938
958
13.4
14.8
12.2
2,115
1,031
1,085
14.9
16.2
13.8
14,249
6,440
7,808
1,927
940
987
13.5
14.6
12.6
2,140
1,020
1,119
15.0
15.8
14.3
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,900
3,112
2,787
645
292
353
10.9
9.4
12.6
713
325
388
12.1
10.4
13.9
6,153
3,269
2,884
623
296
327
10.1
9.1
11.4
690
331
359
11.2
10.1
12.4
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,263
10,646
7,616
1,820
1,090
730
10.0
10.2
9.6
2,021
1,196
825
11.1
11.2
10.8
18,733
10,980
7,754
1,826
1,078
748
9.7
9.8
9.6
2,015
1,186
829
10.8
10.8
10.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99,531
24,351
13,125
1,560
13.2
6.4
14,498
1,760
14.6
7.2
100,457
24,502
13,177
1,557
13.1
6.4
14,487
1,769
14.4
7.2
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job
is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers
are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release
of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics, 2010-2011 annual averages
2010
2011
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$747
432
782
682
824
844
860
684
$ 917
585
931
847
961
955
975
823
$ 911
580
925
840
954
950
971
821
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
824
443
874
714
915
954
979
794
967
610
982
870
1,008
1,014
1,010
903
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
669
422
704
648
731
730
736
601
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$717
423
755
657
792
813
828
665
$756
440
797
693
837
866
881
742
$ 938
552
954
852
992
988
992
849
$ 934
550
950
848
983
987
992
855
$729
432
766
671
805
832
845
728
964
601
979
864
1,004
1,013
1,012
903
789
430
846
688
893
935
967
770
832
455
886
717
935
979
997
821
982
577
1,000
876
1,030
1,036
1,062
897
981
575
999
876
1,022
1,038
1,066
910
798
447
857
699
912
964
977
813
856
531
870
819
897
874
924
690
847
535
861
811
888
864
913
703
639
417
672
624
699
702
702
588
684
421
718
662
734
744
749
664
879
520
895
829
936
925
917
820
871
518
888
823
925
922
916
819
653
416
688
637
702
715
724
645
765
850
684
943
988
882
936
985
872
736
817
651
775
856
703
961
1,004
903
956
1,001
897
747
821
670
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
611
633
592
772
829
729
766
827
720
589
606
574
615
653
595
771
802
744
768
803
741
595
619
577
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
855
936
773
909
924
904
918
941
909
842
936
749
866
970
751
961
964
959
962
983
943
846
969
727
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
535
560
508
771
804
729
766
800
724
512
525
489
549
571
518
811
859
743
804
856
733
520
538
501
Characteristic
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed
workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2010-2011 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2010
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations.. .
Community and social service occupations. . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations.. .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2011
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent employed
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
44,871
5,867
13.1
6,674
14.9
16,684
11,386
782
476
4.7
4.2
973
599
5,299
28,187
3,350
2,468
1,256
2,260
1,352
8,415
306
5,085
136
197
126
362
72
3,123
5.8
18.0
4.0
8.0
10.1
16.0
5.3
37.1
1,899
112
7,188
22,463
3,214
3,287
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
45,520
5,896
13.0
6,693
14.7
5.8
5.3
17,196
11,593
851
538
4.9
4.6
1,039
668
6.0
5.8
373
5,701
180
244
145
390
87
3,441
7.0
20.2
5.4
9.9
11.5
17.3
6.4
40.9
5,603
28,324
3,438
2,615
1,174
2,268
1,378
8,343
313
5,045
136
191
139
374
69
3,067
5.6
17.8
4.0
7.3
11.8
16.5
5.0
36.8
371
5,654
167
227
164
418
93
3,381
6.6
20.0
4.9
8.7
13.9
18.4
6.7
40.5
5.9
139
7.3
1,904
132
6.9
146
7.7
957
2,467
268
1,122
13.3
11.0
8.4
34.1
1,076
2,683
296
1,202
15.0
11.9
9.2
36.6
7,204
22,508
3,178
3,207
938
2,429
268
1,107
13.0
10.8
8.4
34.5
1,058
2,653
297
1,180
14.7
11.8
9.3
36.8
7,555
297
3.9
328
4.3
7,677
305
4.0
351
4.6
4,549
3,858
30,673
13,033
17,641
469
311
2,113
418
1,695
10.3
8.0
6.9
3.2
9.6
518
338
2,388
496
1,892
11.4
8.8
7.8
3.8
10.7
4,603
3,843
30,580
13,189
17,390
489
260
2,114
401
1,714
10.6
6.8
6.9
3.0
9.9
532
294
2,362
455
1,908
11.6
7.6
7.7
3.4
11.0
10,879
869
5,579
1,808
30
1,050
16.6
3.4
18.8
1,912
36
1,100
17.6
4.1
19.7
10,955
940
5,575
1,838
32
1,064
16.8
3.4
19.1
1,959
38
1,120
17.9
4.0
20.1
4,431
728
16.4
776
17.5
4,440
742
16.7
801
18.0
15,186
7,540
7,647
2,460
1,144
1,316
16.2
15.2
17.2
2,633
1,210
1,423
17.3
16.1
18.6
15,625
7,739
7,886
2,487
1,104
1,383
15.9
14.3
17.5
2,622
1,159
1,463
16.8
15.0
18.6
103,040
1,131
101,909
695
6,103
13,252
8,268
4,984
17,800
3,321
14,479
5,195
4,286
909
2,743
577
7,092
18
7,074
55
801
1,418
835
584
860
173
687
1,134
877
257
265
29
6.9
1.6
6.9
8.0
13.1
10.7
10.1
11.7
4.8
5.2
4.7
21.8
20.5
28.3
9.6
5.0
7,884
23
7,861
61
838
1,538
909
629
949
186
763
1,203
928
275
299
38
7.7
2.0
7.7
8.8
13.7
11.6
11.0
12.6
5.3
5.6
5.3
23.2
21.6
30.3
10.9
6.5
104,737
1,183
103,554
780
6,244
13,599
8,530
5,070
18,002
3,419
14,582
5,239
4,355
884
2,756
554
7,202
16
7,186
56
874
1,424
871
553
859
150
709
1,108
887
221
279
25
6.9
1.4
6.9
7.2
14.0
10.5
10.2
10.9
4.8
4.4
4.9
21.1
20.4
25.0
10.1
4.5
7,969
21
7,948
61
928
1,521
924
596
959
165
794
1,159
932
228
298
26
7.6
1.8
7.7
7.8
14.9
11.2
10.8
11.8
5.3
4.8
5.4
22.1
21.4
25.7
10.8
4.7
341
32
9.3
36
10.6
337
47
13.8
48
14.1
561
1,054
29
167
5.1
15.8
38
177
6.8
16.8
576
1,064
34
166
5.9
15.6
40
175
7.0
16.4
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2010-2011 annual
averages — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2010
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . .
Other services3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Total
Percent employed
of
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
8,072
6,108
3,985
2,123
1,964
11,738
6,980
160
79
44
35
81
315
98
2.0
1.3
1.1
1.6
4.1
2.7
1.4
206
110
65
45
95
388
134
2.5
1.8
1.6
2.1
4.9
3.3
1.9
8,086
6,111
3,932
2,179
1,976
12,171
7,244
132
64
37
27
67
250
90
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.2
3.4
2.1
1.2
165
86
53
33
79
322
131
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.5
4.0
2.6
1.8
4,757
19,804
3,964
15,840
11,111
2,111
8,999
1,345
7,654
5,397
4,726
21,033
3,670
6,328
11,035
217
1,608
517
1,091
301
113
188
106
82
158
152
7,623
984
1,969
4,670
4.6
8.1
13.0
6.9
2.7
5.3
2.1
7.9
1.1
2.9
3.2
36.2
26.8
31.1
42.3
254
1,858
599
1,259
337
126
212
112
100
184
178
8,406
1,154
2,191
5,061
5.3
9.4
15.1
7.9
3.0
5.9
2.4
8.3
1.3
3.4
3.8
40.0
31.4
34.6
45.9
4,927
19,855
4,020
15,835
11,355
2,107
9,247
1,350
7,898
5,467
4,723
20,450
3,568
6,261
10,621
160
1,715
523
1,192
305
111
194
96
98
184
167
7,562
1,004
1,973
4,586
3.3
8.6
13.0
7.5
2.7
5.3
2.1
7.1
1.2
3.4
3.5
37.0
28.1
31.5
43.2
191
1,982
621
1,361
344
121
224
105
119
209
189
8,321
1,185
2,189
4,947
3.9
10.0
15.5
8.6
3.0
5.7
2.4
7.8
1.5
3.8
4.0
40.7
33.2
35.0
46.6
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data,
occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system
is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2010-2011 annual averages
2010
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2011
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,063
$1,059
$1,055
1,155
1,230
1,036
1,008
1,289
1,255
1,062
802
1,213
913
1,138
1,161
1,082
1,047
1,062
1,238
1,166
980
1,329
1,023
920
986
479
471
747
406
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,064
$1,082
$1,090
$1,082
$1,082
1,145
1,187
1,048
1,040
1,074
1,285
1,160
955
1,358
1,008
1,156
1,231
1,035
998
1,311
1,252
1,038
759
1,199
811
1,160
1,237
1,038
1,029
1,305
1,315
1,108
813
1,277
919
1,169
1,287
999
1,074
1,156
1,304
1,229
993
1,222
1,038
1,171
1,300
999
1,064
1,169
1,325
1,218
1,000
1,376
1,020
1,159
1,232
1,042
1,017
1,324
1,314
1,085
771
1,273
814
999
1,095
723
514
995
508
1,015
1,098
707
503
980
503
915
967
447
467
629
402
929
995
486
487
757
409
1,179
1,132
742
519
1,008
504
1,152
1,125
732
518
1,004
500
910
975
455
484
627
405
446
455
631
666
619
595
575
752
683
762
590
564
745
678
754
421
440
621
665
607
465
453
638
670
623
635
534
775
660
803
626
527
771
669
791
431
444
624
670
608
719
416
709
794
1,013
–
1,029
1,005
1,006
–
1,019
1,001
664
412
633
745
732
430
717
806
1,016
–
1,017
1,036
1,008
–
1,010
1,021
676
426
647
767
599
599
599
817
811
824
809
801
816
564
569
557
609
605
614
798
781
813
794
778
808
582
583
580
717
465
721
1,032
735
767
806
700
612
777
575
823
765
1,102
912
876
917
864
–
865
1,076
1,051
828
878
760
669
770
613
1,000
934
1,199
1,018
–
–
855
–
856
1,053
1,046
817
866
749
657
774
608
994
928
1,193
998
–
–
703
463
707
1,026
692
759
796
690
610
777
572
765
725
1,014
895
871
893
729
483
732
1,064
746
787
818
737
613
759
578
805
763
1,081
940
910
965
878
–
879
1,030
1,059
836
889
771
622
798
591
987
941
1,132
1,122
–
–
875
–
875
1,005
1,037
835
887
771
622
773
592
985
939
1,132
1,117
–
–
716
481
721
1,069
698
780
809
729
612
758
577
762
726
1,027
916
902
926
821
987
849
902
902
902
702
855
1,124
542
–
1,039
806
819
–
–
786
751
1,157
598
–
1,023
799
829
870
–
713
754
1,147
592
814
974
852
905
903
908
701
859
1,123
536
834
987
866
907
910
899
736
880
1,149
569
–
1,113
824
819
–
–
836
872
1,193
706
–
1,109
822
826
820
–
815
883
1,211
693
834
950
866
908
911
900
734
880
1,149
562
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2010-2011 annual averages — Continued
2010
Occupation and industry
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2011
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 731
852
698
469
616
430
508
417
615
636
878
1,012
829
854
$849
900
817
580
636
530
547
517
866
880
961
977
922
971
$846
875
823
575
632
524
553
509
862
874
956
987
917
962
$ 717
846
686
461
614
424
502
416
609
627
801
1,040
769
743
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 736
858
706
479
612
447
515
427
626
654
895
1,063
852
861
$ 870
938
801
607
632
594
598
585
917
960
981
1,038
956
973
$ 878
942
809
605
625
594
596
592
901
919
977
1,043
946
967
$ 722
833
697
473
611
441
508
424
619
643
810
1,092
785
743
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data,
occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system
is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2010-2011 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2010
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2011
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,809
295
2,507
1,082
13,892
2,130
1,549
352
287
7,033
183
68
161
44
2,431
140
258
40
26
392
10.1
22.9
6.4
4.0
17.5
6.6
16.7
11.4
9.0
5.6
203
73
203
59
2,578
171
270
44
30
488
11.2
24.8
8.1
5.4
18.6
8.0
17.4
12.5
10.5
6.9
1,781
306
2,493
1,116
13,931
2,186
1,542
370
281
7,283
178
68
149
47
2,379
179
259
39
23
460
10.0
22.1
6.0
4.2
17.1
8.2
16.8
10.5
8.3
6.3
193
73
183
57
2,532
203
272
42
28
557
10.8
23.7
7.3
5.1
18.2
9.3
17.7
11.2
9.9
7.6
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,792
511
584
5,434
2,554
1,393
1,222
1,642
1,742
543
153
111
42
844
279
158
84
147
76
63
4.0
21.8
7.1
15.5
10.9
11.4
6.8
8.9
4.3
11.6
191
120
50
891
313
192
111
166
96
71
5.0
23.5
8.6
16.4
12.2
13.8
9.1
10.1
5.5
13.0
3,876
525
594
5,408
2,681
1,386
1,268
1,678
1,717
554
153
113
31
876
302
155
97
150
77
63
3.9
21.5
5.1
16.2
11.3
11.2
7.6
8.9
4.5
11.3
185
118
36
929
333
187
128
173
91
74
4.8
22.5
6.1
17.2
12.4
13.5
10.1
10.3
5.3
13.4
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,558
2,866
3,806
2,468
1,037
2,469
364
813
1,012
622
296
415
627
385
46
244
46
75
151
63
11.6
14.5
16.5
15.6
4.5
9.9
12.7
9.3
15.0
10.2
329
446
659
397
58
274
52
96
170
73
12.9
15.6
17.3
16.1
5.6
11.1
14.4
11.8
16.8
11.7
2,549
2,882
3,838
2,461
1,081
2,531
377
828
1,050
617
316
422
671
371
54
275
49
65
154
68
12.4
14.6
17.5
15.1
5.0
10.9
13.0
7.9
14.6
11.1
348
445
703
390
73
316
55
83
175
77
13.7
15.4
18.3
15.8
6.8
12.5
14.6
10.0
16.6
12.5
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,734
750
8,078
3,686
313
4,787
1,418
1,515
5,224
456
637
55
1,959
117
23
655
77
245
770
75
17.1
7.3
24.2
3.2
7.4
13.7
5.5
16.2
14.7
16.4
660
72
2,099
180
28
702
99
268
831
79
17.7
9.7
26.0
4.9
9.1
14.7
6.9
17.7
15.9
17.4
3,816
726
7,920
3,589
318
4,813
1,458
1,574
5,348
453
615
49
1,906
105
20
647
94
270
779
79
16.1
6.8
24.1
2.9
6.3
13.4
6.4
17.1
14.6
17.4
641
65
2,068
149
27
706
113
286
846
81
16.8
9.0
26.1
4.1
8.6
14.7
7.7
18.1
15.8
17.9
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,713
357
2,477
10,025
1,144
289
3,473
2,837
677
2,508
246
80
20
115
545
75
34
161
552
100
355
18
4.6
5.6
4.7
5.4
6.5
11.8
4.6
19.4
14.8
14.2
7.4
107
24
142
677
96
40
196
605
111
380
21
6.2
6.6
5.8
6.7
8.4
13.6
5.7
21.3
16.5
15.1
8.4
1,726
359
2,504
10,214
1,150
290
3,550
2,727
672
2,538
250
59
18
115
534
67
35
163
517
93
339
18
3.4
5.1
4.6
5.2
5.8
12.0
4.6
19.0
13.8
13.3
7.2
86
23
139
643
82
39
198
557
102
358
21
5.0
6.5
5.6
6.3
7.1
13.5
5.6
20.4
15.2
14.1
8.4
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Chart1.1.Union
Union
membership
rates
by state,
annual
average
Chart
membership
rates
by state,
20112011
annual
averages
(U.S. rate == 11.8
11.8 percent)
percent)
(U.S.
Mountain
West
North Central
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
New England
IDAHO
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
WIS.
S.D.
MICH.
CONN. R.I.
WYO.
PA
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
D.C.
N.C.
OKLA.
N.M.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA.
20.0% or more
15.0% to 19.9%
10.0% to 14.9%
HAWAII
5.0% to 9.9%
ALASKA
4.9% or less