For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Wednesday, January 23, 2013
USDL-13-0105
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2012
In 2012, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a
union—was 11.3 percent, down from 11.8 percent in 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported
today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.4 million, also declined over
the year. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership
rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a
monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population ages 16 and over. For more
information, see the Technical Note.
Highlights from the 2012 data:

Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (35.9 percent) more than five times higher
than that of private-sector workers (6.6 percent). (See table 3.)

Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations
had the highest unionization rates, at 35.4 and 34.8 percent, respectively. (See table 3.)

Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic
workers. (See table 1.)

Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (23.2 percent),
and North Carolina again had the lowest rate (2.9 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2012, 7.3 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.0 million
union workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (35.9
percent) was substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.6 percent). Within the public
sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 41.7 percent. This group
includes workers in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters.
Private-sector industries with high unionization rates included transportation and utilities (20.6 percent)
and construction (13.2 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in agriculture and related industries
(1.4 percent) and in financial activities (1.9 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (35.4 percent) and protective
service occupations (34.8 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2012. Sales and related
occupations (2.9 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.4 percent) had the lowest
unionization rates. (See table 3.)
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
The union membership rate was higher for men (12.0 percent) than for women (10.5 percent) in 2012.
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men
was 24.7 percent and the rate for women was 14.6 percent.
In 2012, among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers had a higher union membership rate
(13.4 percent) than workers who were white (11.1 percent), Asian (9.6 percent), or Hispanic (9.8
percent). Black men had the highest union membership rate (14.8 percent), while Asian men had the
lowest rate (8.9 percent).
By age, the union membership rate was highest among workers ages 55 to 64 (14.9 percent). The lowest
union membership rate occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.2 percent).
Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 12.5 percent
compared with 6.0 percent.
Union Representation
In 2012, 15.9 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.4 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) Private-sector employees comprised about half (814,000)
of the 1.6 million workers who were covered by a union contract but were not members of a union. (See
table 3.)
Earnings
In 2012, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings
of $943, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $742. In addition to
coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation,
industry, firm size, or geographic region. (See table 2.)
Union Membership by State
In 2012, 31 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 11.3 percent, while 19 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific
divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, and all states in the East South
Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates declined over the
year in 34 states, rose in 14 states and the District of Columbia, and remained unchanged in 2 states.
(See table 5 and chart 1.)
-2-
Eight states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2012. North Carolina had the lowest rate
(2.9 percent), followed by Arkansas (3.2 percent) and South Carolina (3.3 percent). Three states had
union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2012: New York (23.2 percent), Alaska (22.4 percent), and
Hawaii (21.6 percent).
About half of the 14.4 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.5
million; New York, 1.8 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, New
Jersey, and Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and
salary employment nationally.
State union membership levels depend on both the state wage and salary employment level and the
union membership rate. Texas, with a union membership rate of 5.7 percent, had about one-third as
many union members as New York, despite having 2.7 million more wage and salary employees.
Conversely, North Carolina and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members (112,000 and
116,000, respectively), though North Carolina's wage and salary employment level (3.8 million) was
more than seven times that of Hawaii (537,000).
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000
eligible households. The union membership and earnings data
are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded.
The Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the
population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of
population estimates. The effect of the revised population
controls on the union affiliation data is unknown. However,
the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates
was to increase the December 2011 employment level by
216,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on
unemployment rates and other ratios. Estimated levels, such
as the number of union members for 2012, are not strictly
comparable with estimated levels for 2011. These
adjustments to the levels, however, should have had only
negligible effects on union membership rates. Additional
information is available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the "true" population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state
section of this release preserves the long-time practice of
highlighting the direction of the movements in state union
membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical
significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the
CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the
Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are
described briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union
or an employee association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union
members and workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither
members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before
taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on
a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,
interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than
half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median and the other having
earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places
each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50.
The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation
of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.
The group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all
self-employed workers, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours
or more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer
than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2011-2012 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2011
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2012
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Total
Percent employed
of
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125,187
16,910
108,278
28,682
27,231
28,693
18,751
4,920
14,764
737
14,027
2,829
3,470
4,286
2,949
494
11.8
4.4
13.0
9.9
12.7
14.9
15.7
10.0
16,290
845
15,444
3,155
3,804
4,707
3,219
559
13.0
5.0
14.3
11.0
14.0
16.4
17.2
11.4
127,577
17,417
110,160
28,875
27,442
28,765
19,694
5,385
14,366
731
13,635
2,755
3,424
4,032
2,932
491
11.3
4.2
12.4
9.5
12.5
14.0
14.9
9.1
15,922
869
15,053
3,083
3,746
4,437
3,233
554
12.5
5.0
13.7
10.7
13.6
15.4
16.4
10.3
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64,686
8,636
56,050
15,465
14,412
14,415
9,212
2,547
8,006
435
7,571
1,541
1,946
2,327
1,497
260
12.4
5.0
13.5
10.0
13.5
16.1
16.2
10.2
8,731
486
8,246
1,706
2,114
2,513
1,623
290
13.5
5.6
14.7
11.0
14.7
17.4
17.6
11.4
65,898
8,830
57,067
15,465
14,481
14,601
9,728
2,792
7,895
448
7,448
1,546
1,919
2,214
1,521
248
12.0
5.1
13.1
10.0
13.3
15.2
15.6
8.9
8,611
521
8,090
1,688
2,085
2,385
1,655
277
13.1
5.9
14.2
10.9
14.4
16.3
17.0
9.9
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60,502
8,274
52,228
13,218
12,819
14,278
9,540
2,373
6,758
302
6,456
1,288
1,524
1,959
1,452
233
11.2
3.6
12.4
9.7
11.9
13.7
15.2
9.8
7,558
360
7,199
1,449
1,690
2,195
1,596
269
12.5
4.3
13.8
11.0
13.2
15.4
16.7
11.3
61,679
8,586
53,093
13,410
12,961
14,164
9,966
2,593
6,470
283
6,187
1,209
1,505
1,819
1,411
244
10.5
3.3
11.7
9.0
11.6
12.8
14.2
9.4
7,311
347
6,964
1,396
1,661
2,052
1,579
277
11.9
4.0
13.1
10.4
12.8
14.5
15.8
10.7
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101,768
53,418
48,351
11,853
6,568
5,285
11.6
12.3
10.9
13,061
7,156
5,905
12.8
13.4
12.2
101,851
53,542
48,309
11,306
6,359
4,947
11.1
11.9
10.2
12,517
6,933
5,584
12.3
12.9
11.6
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,249
6,440
7,808
1,927
940
987
13.5
14.6
12.6
2,140
1,020
1,119
15.0
15.8
14.3
14,975
6,753
8,222
2,009
999
1,009
13.4
14.8
12.3
2,220
1,078
1,142
14.8
16.0
13.9
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,153
3,269
2,884
623
296
327
10.1
9.1
11.4
690
331
359
11.2
10.1
12.4
6,953
3,650
3,303
668
323
345
9.6
8.9
10.4
758
369
388
10.9
10.1
11.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,733
10,980
7,754
1,826
1,078
748
9.7
9.8
9.6
2,015
1,186
829
10.8
10.8
10.7
20,144
11,415
8,730
1,982
1,148
834
9.8
10.1
9.6
2,197
1,266
931
10.9
11.1
10.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100,457
24,502
13,177
1,557
13.1
6.4
14,487
1,769
14.4
7.2
102,749
24,614
12,847
1,483
12.5
6.0
14,173
1,710
13.8
6.9
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job
is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers
are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release
of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics, 2011-2012 annual averages
2011
2012
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$756
440
797
693
837
866
881
742
$ 938
552
954
852
992
988
992
849
$ 934
550
950
848
983
987
992
855
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
832
455
886
717
935
979
997
821
982
577
1,000
876
1,030
1,036
1,062
897
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
684
421
718
662
734
744
749
664
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$729
432
766
671
805
832
845
728
$ 768
444
815
707
858
878
897
757
$ 943
545
960
871
983
997
1,005
839
$ 933
551
950
863
974
985
997
832
$ 742
434
786
686
831
850
870
748
981
575
999
876
1,022
1,038
1,066
910
798
447
857
699
912
964
977
813
854
468
910
738
957
994
1,005
860
997
572
1,015
910
1,035
1,061
1,049
911
990
576
1,010
903
1,029
1,055
1,044
926
821
459
887
718
941
979
994
849
879
520
895
829
936
925
917
820
871
518
888
823
925
922
916
819
653
416
688
637
702
715
724
645
691
416
727
666
747
746
766
667
877
510
891
817
915
913
938
766
865
513
880
809
906
900
918
735
663
412
701
647
722
719
743
653
775
856
703
961
1,004
903
956
1,001
897
747
821
670
792
879
710
973
1,025
902
960
1,017
890
762
845
681
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
615
653
595
771
802
744
768
803
741
595
619
577
621
665
599
784
819
755
774
811
747
599
624
582
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
866
970
751
961
964
959
962
983
943
846
969
727
920
1,055
770
977
1,010
946
986
1,022
951
907
1,062
747
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
549
571
518
811
859
743
804
856
733
520
538
501
568
592
521
840
881
767
823
868
750
530
563
503
Characteristic
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed
workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2011-2012 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2011
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations.. .
Community and social service occupations. . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations.. .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2012
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent employed
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
45,520
5,896
13.0
6,693
14.7
17,196
11,593
851
538
4.9
4.6
1,039
668
5,603
28,324
3,438
2,615
1,174
2,268
1,378
8,343
313
5,045
136
191
139
374
69
3,067
5.6
17.8
4.0
7.3
11.8
16.5
5.0
36.8
1,904
132
7,204
22,508
3,178
3,207
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
46,897
5,751
12.3
6,514
13.9
6.0
5.8
18,153
12,259
844
500
4.6
4.1
1,009
610
5.6
5.0
371
5,654
167
227
164
418
93
3,381
6.6
20.0
4.9
8.7
13.9
18.4
6.7
40.5
5,894
28,743
3,578
2,701
1,219
2,239
1,428
8,325
344
4,907
134
206
132
361
70
2,944
5.8
17.1
3.7
7.6
10.8
16.1
4.9
35.4
399
5,505
173
240
150
406
87
3,267
6.8
19.2
4.8
8.9
12.3
18.1
6.1
39.2
6.9
146
7.7
1,943
144
7.4
159
8.2
938
2,429
268
1,107
13.0
10.8
8.4
34.5
1,058
2,653
297
1,180
14.7
11.8
9.3
36.8
7,309
23,095
3,340
3,078
916
2,406
277
1,071
12.5
10.4
8.3
34.8
1,023
2,630
321
1,122
14.0
11.4
9.6
36.5
7,677
305
4.0
351
4.6
7,966
298
3.7
358
4.5
4,603
3,843
30,580
13,189
17,390
489
260
2,114
401
1,714
10.6
6.8
6.9
3.0
9.9
532
294
2,362
455
1,908
11.6
7.6
7.7
3.4
11.0
4,729
3,983
30,685
13,366
17,319
498
263
2,070
389
1,681
10.5
6.6
6.7
2.9
9.7
540
289
2,357
465
1,892
11.4
7.3
7.7
3.5
10.9
10,955
940
5,575
1,838
32
1,064
16.8
3.4
19.1
1,959
38
1,120
17.9
4.0
20.1
10,863
949
5,567
1,775
32
1,054
16.3
3.4
18.9
1,876
38
1,108
17.3
4.1
19.9
4,440
742
16.7
801
18.0
4,347
689
15.8
729
16.8
15,625
7,739
7,886
2,487
1,104
1,383
15.9
14.3
17.5
2,622
1,159
1,463
16.8
15.0
18.6
16,038
8,116
7,922
2,365
1,002
1,363
14.7
12.3
17.2
2,546
1,084
1,462
15.9
13.4
18.5
104,737
1,183
103,554
780
6,244
13,599
8,530
5,070
18,002
3,419
14,582
5,239
4,355
884
2,756
554
7,202
16
7,186
56
874
1,424
871
553
859
150
709
1,108
887
221
279
25
6.9
1.4
6.9
7.2
14.0
10.5
10.2
10.9
4.8
4.4
4.9
21.1
20.4
25.0
10.1
4.5
7,969
21
7,948
61
928
1,521
924
596
959
165
794
1,159
932
228
298
26
7.6
1.8
7.7
7.8
14.9
11.2
10.8
11.8
5.3
4.8
5.4
22.1
21.4
25.7
10.8
4.7
107,191
1,172
106,019
923
6,205
13,941
8,787
5,154
18,174
3,341
14,833
5,359
4,520
839
2,575
548
7,037
16
7,021
66
820
1,338
830
507
854
169
686
1,105
898
207
251
20
6.6
1.4
6.6
7.2
13.2
9.6
9.4
9.8
4.7
5.1
4.6
20.6
19.9
24.7
9.7
3.7
7,851
21
7,830
72
850
1,468
906
563
960
186
774
1,174
948
226
273
24
7.3
1.8
7.4
7.7
13.7
10.5
10.3
10.9
5.3
5.6
5.2
21.9
21.0
26.9
10.6
4.3
337
47
13.8
48
14.1
293
33
11.4
36
12.2
576
1,064
34
166
5.9
15.6
40
175
7.0
16.4
546
956
37
149
6.7
15.6
42
160
7.6
16.8
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2011-2012 annual
averages — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2011
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . .
Other services3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Total
Percent employed
of
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
8,086
6,111
3,932
2,179
1,976
12,171
7,244
132
64
37
27
67
250
90
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.2
3.4
2.1
1.2
165
86
53
33
79
322
131
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.5
4.0
2.6
1.8
8,196
6,195
4,054
2,141
2,001
12,726
7,630
156
73
45
28
83
310
93
1.9
1.2
1.1
1.3
4.1
2.4
1.2
203
102
62
40
101
388
140
2.5
1.7
1.5
1.9
5.0
3.0
1.8
4,927
19,855
4,020
15,835
11,355
2,107
9,247
1,350
7,898
5,467
4,723
20,450
3,568
6,261
10,621
160
1,715
523
1,192
305
111
194
96
98
184
167
7,562
1,004
1,973
4,586
3.3
8.6
13.0
7.5
2.7
5.3
2.1
7.1
1.2
3.4
3.5
37.0
28.1
31.5
43.2
191
1,982
621
1,361
344
121
224
105
119
209
189
8,321
1,185
2,189
4,947
3.9
10.0
15.5
8.6
3.0
5.7
2.4
7.8
1.5
3.8
4.0
40.7
33.2
35.0
46.6
5,096
20,394
4,190
16,204
11,775
2,127
9,648
1,354
8,295
5,750
5,028
20,385
3,552
6,279
10,554
217
1,658
520
1,138
321
136
185
89
97
143
133
7,328
956
1,968
4,404
4.3
8.1
12.4
7.0
2.7
6.4
1.9
6.5
1.2
2.5
2.6
35.9
26.9
31.3
41.7
248
1,891
592
1,299
377
148
229
101
128
174
163
8,072
1,114
2,190
4,768
4.9
9.3
14.1
8.0
3.2
7.0
2.4
7.5
1.5
3.0
3.2
39.6
31.4
34.9
45.2
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data,
occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system
is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2011-2012 annual averages
2011
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2012
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,082
$1,090
$1,082
1,160
1,237
1,038
1,029
1,305
1,315
1,108
813
1,277
919
1,169
1,287
999
1,074
1,156
1,304
1,229
993
1,222
1,038
929
995
486
487
757
409
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,082
$1,108
$1,108
$1,092
$1,111
1,171
1,300
999
1,064
1,169
1,325
1,218
1,000
1,376
1,020
1,159
1,232
1,042
1,017
1,324
1,314
1,085
771
1,273
814
1,171
1,248
1,058
1,053
1,349
1,337
1,134
838
1,328
915
1,159
1,261
1,060
1,098
1,157
1,368
1,209
1,007
1,174
1,050
1,161
1,274
1,024
1,077
1,158
1,350
1,177
1,003
1,173
1,028
1,172
1,247
1,060
1,046
1,359
1,335
1,127
783
1,342
814
1,179
1,132
742
519
1,008
504
1,152
1,125
732
518
1,004
500
910
975
455
484
627
405
969
1,028
485
482
791
410
1,107
1,151
754
527
1,071
509
1,097
1,142
735
522
1,056
505
957
1,010
458
477
649
405
465
453
638
670
623
635
534
775
660
803
626
527
771
669
791
431
444
624
670
608
465
468
655
689
643
621
524
789
689
808
614
515
776
668
796
440
462
642
691
624
732
430
717
806
1,016
–
1,017
1,036
1,008
–
1,010
1,021
676
426
647
767
740
435
740
808
1,026
–
1,040
1,032
1,018
–
1,026
1,021
688
430
682
768
609
605
614
798
781
813
794
778
808
582
583
580
624
627
621
823
816
833
811
807
816
597
605
586
729
483
732
1,064
746
787
818
737
613
759
578
805
763
1,081
940
910
965
878
–
879
1,030
1,059
836
889
771
622
798
591
987
941
1,132
1,122
–
–
875
–
875
1,005
1,037
835
887
771
622
773
592
985
939
1,132
1,117
–
–
716
481
721
1,069
698
780
809
729
612
758
577
762
726
1,027
916
902
926
742
470
746
1,112
768
797
827
737
630
821
592
828
778
1,132
978
934
854
887
–
888
1,119
1,086
872
891
827
650
821
609
998
948
1,216
1,103
–
–
877
–
878
1,112
1,069
863
884
817
637
801
598
989
934
1,204
1,087
–
–
731
469
735
1,113
722
786
819
722
629
823
592
789
746
1,086
966
921
798
834
987
866
907
910
899
736
880
1,149
569
–
1,113
824
819
–
–
836
872
1,193
706
–
1,109
822
826
820
–
815
883
1,211
693
834
950
866
908
911
900
734
880
1,149
562
890
1,064
889
941
952
922
731
910
1,165
582
–
1,162
795
852
–
–
773
826
1,183
699
–
1,163
779
831
762
–
759
843
1,133
708
903
1,039
893
944
955
924
727
912
1,165
577
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2011-2012 annual averages — Continued
2011
Occupation and industry
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2012
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 736
858
706
479
612
447
515
427
626
654
895
1,063
852
861
$ 870
938
801
607
632
594
598
585
917
960
981
1,038
956
973
$ 878
942
809
605
625
594
596
592
901
919
977
1,043
946
967
$ 722
833
697
473
611
441
508
424
619
643
810
1,092
785
743
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 748
864
720
481
641
445
542
421
622
649
898
1,072
854
866
$ 879
918
835
611
675
596
613
536
807
828
990
1,035
948
989
$ 876
922
824
604
668
588
609
534
763
774
980
1,045
933
975
$ 736
844
711
475
640
438
527
419
618
645
829
1,113
794
756
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2011 data,
occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system
is derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2011-2012 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2011
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2012
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,781
306
2,493
1,116
13,931
2,186
1,542
370
281
7,283
178
68
149
47
2,379
179
259
39
23
460
10.0
22.1
6.0
4.2
17.1
8.2
16.8
10.5
8.3
6.3
193
73
183
57
2,532
203
272
42
28
557
10.8
23.7
7.3
5.1
18.2
9.3
17.7
11.2
9.9
7.6
1,807
298
2,434
1,157
14,483
2,165
1,541
377
309
7,602
166
67
125
37
2,489
169
216
39
27
440
9.2
22.4
5.1
3.2
17.2
7.8
14.0
10.4
8.6
5.8
190
71
159
43
2,666
190
232
44
32
555
10.5
23.9
6.5
3.7
18.4
8.8
15.1
11.8
10.3
7.3
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,876
525
594
5,408
2,681
1,386
1,268
1,678
1,717
554
153
113
31
876
302
155
97
150
77
63
3.9
21.5
5.1
16.2
11.3
11.2
7.6
8.9
4.5
11.3
185
118
36
929
333
187
128
173
91
74
4.8
22.5
6.1
17.2
12.4
13.5
10.1
10.3
5.3
13.4
3,914
537
613
5,486
2,702
1,390
1,248
1,742
1,733
559
171
116
29
801
246
145
85
174
107
64
4.4
21.6
4.8
14.6
9.1
10.4
6.8
10.0
6.2
11.5
210
124
36
852
269
172
105
198
130
78
5.4
23.2
5.8
15.5
10.0
12.4
8.4
11.4
7.5
13.9
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,549
2,882
3,838
2,461
1,081
2,531
377
828
1,050
617
316
422
671
371
54
275
49
65
154
68
12.4
14.6
17.5
15.1
5.0
10.9
13.0
7.9
14.6
11.1
348
445
703
390
73
316
55
83
175
77
13.7
15.4
18.3
15.8
6.8
12.5
14.6
10.0
16.6
12.5
2,636
2,896
3,785
2,465
1,113
2,507
392
864
1,101
621
280
417
629
351
48
224
54
52
162
65
10.6
14.4
16.6
14.2
4.3
8.9
13.9
6.0
14.7
10.5
325
470
648
368
64
253
65
70
181
74
12.3
16.2
17.1
14.9
5.7
10.1
16.5
8.1
16.4
12.0
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,816
726
7,920
3,589
318
4,813
1,458
1,574
5,348
453
615
49
1,906
105
20
647
94
270
779
79
16.1
6.8
24.1
2.9
6.3
13.4
6.4
17.1
14.6
17.4
641
65
2,068
149
27
706
113
286
846
81
16.8
9.0
26.1
4.1
8.6
14.7
7.7
18.1
15.8
17.9
3,796
780
7,936
3,805
329
4,800
1,531
1,526
5,452
455
611
50
1,841
112
20
604
115
240
734
81
16.1
6.5
23.2
2.9
6.1
12.6
7.5
15.7
13.5
17.8
636
68
1,975
162
27
665
140
250
787
84
16.8
8.7
24.9
4.3
8.2
13.9
9.1
16.4
14.4
18.4
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,726
359
2,504
10,214
1,150
290
3,550
2,727
672
2,538
250
59
18
115
534
67
35
163
517
93
339
18
3.4
5.1
4.6
5.2
5.8
12.0
4.6
19.0
13.8
13.3
7.2
86
23
139
643
82
39
198
557
102
358
21
5.0
6.5
5.6
6.3
7.1
13.5
5.6
20.4
15.2
14.1
8.4
1,773
351
2,586
10,590
1,179
288
3,592
2,776
697
2,605
252
58
20
124
599
61
31
159
513
84
293
17
3.3
5.6
4.8
5.7
5.2
10.7
4.4
18.5
12.1
11.2
6.7
82
24
152
721
77
38
197
541
91
312
20
4.6
6.7
5.9
6.8
6.6
13.1
5.5
19.5
13.1
12.0
8.1
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Chart1.1.Union
Union
membership
rates
by state,
annual
average
Chart
membership
rates
by state,
20122012
annual
averages
11.3 percent)
percent)
(U.S. rate = 11.3
Mountain
West
o Ce
Central
a
North
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
N
New
E
England
l d
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
IDAHO
WIS
WIS.
S.D.
MICH.
CONN.
R.I.
WYO.
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
D.C.
N.C.
N.M.
OKLA.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
S
th
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA
FLA.
20.0% or more
15.0% to 19.9%
10.0% to 14.9%
HAWAII
5 0% to 9
5.0%
9.9%
9%
ALASKA
4.9% or less