For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 24, 2014
USDL-14-0095
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2013
In 2013, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of
unions—was 11.3 percent, the same as in 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The
number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.5 million, was little different from 2012.
In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was
20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a
monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more
information, see the Technical Note.
Highlights from the 2013 data:

Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (35.3 percent) more than five times higher
than that of private-sector workers (6.7 percent). (See table 3.)

Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations had
the highest unionization rate, at 35.3 percent for each occupation group. (See table 3.)

Men had a higher union membership rate (11.9 percent) than women (10.5 percent). (See
table 1.)

Black workers were more likely to be union members than white, Asian, or Hispanic workers.
(See table 1.)

Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (24.4 percent),
and North Carolina had the lowest rate (3.0 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2013, 7.2 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.3 million
workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (35.3 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.7 percent). Within the public sector, the
union membership rate was highest for local government (40.8 percent), which includes employees in
heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. In the private sector,
industries with high unionization rates included utilities (25.6 percent), transportation and warehousing
(19.6 percent), telecommunications (14.4 percent), and construction (14.1 percent). Low unionization
rates occurred in agriculture and related industries (1.0 percent), finance (1.0 percent), and in food
services and drinking places (1.3 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2013 were in education, training, and
library occupations and protective service occupations (35.3 percent each). Farming, fishing, and
forestry occupations (2.1 percent) and sales and related occupations (2.9 percent) had the lowest
unionization rates. (See table 3.)
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
The union membership rate was higher for men (11.9 percent) than for women (10.5 percent) in 2013.
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when rates for men
and women were 24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively.
Among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers had a higher union membership rate in 2013
(13.6 percent) than workers who were white (11.0 percent), Asian (9.4 percent), or Hispanic (9.4
percent).
By age, the union membership rate was highest among workers ages 45 to 64—14.0 percent for those
ages 45 to 54 and 14.3 percent for those ages 55 to 64.
Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 12.5 percent
compared with 6.0 percent.
Union Representation
In 2013, 16.0 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.5 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.5 million). (See table 1.) Private-sector employees comprised more than half
(810,000) of the 1.5 million workers who were covered by a union contract but were not members of a
union. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2013, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings
of $950, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $750. In addition to
coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation,
industry, firm size, or geographic region. (See table 2.)
-2-
Union Membership by State
In 2013, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 11.3 percent, while 20 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific
divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, and all states in the East South
Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates declined over the
year in 26 states, rose in 22 states and the District of Columbia, and remained unchanged in 2 states.
(See table 5.)
Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2013, with North Carolina having the
lowest rate (3.0 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in Arkansas (3.5 percent), Mississippi and
South Carolina (3.7 percent each), and Utah (3.9 percent). Three states had union membership rates over
20.0 percent in 2013: New York (24.4 percent), Alaska (23.1 percent), and Hawaii (22.1 percent). (See
chart 1.)
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. The
largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (2.0 million). Over
half of the 14.5 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.4 million;
New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.9 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, New Jersey, and
Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary
employment nationally.
Texas had about one-fourth as many union members as New York, despite having 2.7 million more
wage and salary employees. Conversely, North Carolina and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union
members (117,000 and 121,000, respectively), though North Carolina's wage and salary employment
level (3.9 million) was more than seven times that of Hawaii (549,000).
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000
eligible households. The union membership and earnings data
are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded.
Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised
population controls used in the CPS. Additional information
about population controls is available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the "true" population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state
section of this release preserves the long-time practice of
highlighting the direction of the movements in state union
membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical
significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the
CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the
Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are
described briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union
or an employee association similar to a union.
Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of
total wage and salary workers who are union members.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union
members and workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither
members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before
taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on
a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,
interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than
half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median and the other having
earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places
each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50.
The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation
of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.
The group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all
self-employed workers, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours
or more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer
than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2012-2013 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2012
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2013
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127,577
17,417
110,160
28,875
27,442
28,765
19,694
5,385
14,366
731
13,635
2,755
3,424
4,032
2,932
491
11.3
4.2
12.4
9.5
12.5
14.0
14.9
9.1
15,922
869
15,053
3,083
3,746
4,437
3,233
554
12.5
5.0
13.7
10.7
13.6
15.4
16.4
10.3
129,110
17,647
111,463
29,404
27,631
28,498
20,207
5,723
14,528
745
13,783
2,886
3,458
3,990
2,899
549
11.3
4.2
12.4
9.8
12.5
14.0
14.3
9.6
16,028
854
15,174
3,228
3,790
4,377
3,176
603
12.4
4.8
13.6
11.0
13.7
15.4
15.7
10.5
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65,898
8,830
57,067
15,465
14,481
14,601
9,728
2,792
7,895
448
7,448
1,546
1,919
2,214
1,521
248
12.0
5.1
13.1
10.0
13.3
15.2
15.6
8.9
8,611
521
8,090
1,688
2,085
2,385
1,655
277
13.1
5.9
14.2
10.9
14.4
16.3
17.0
9.9
66,794
8,918
57,876
15,755
14,667
14,466
10,033
2,954
7,955
434
7,522
1,635
1,940
2,157
1,513
277
11.9
4.9
13.0
10.4
13.2
14.9
15.1
9.4
8,688
488
8,200
1,807
2,104
2,347
1,640
302
13.0
5.5
14.2
11.5
14.3
16.2
16.3
10.2
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61,679
8,586
53,093
13,410
12,961
14,164
9,966
2,593
6,470
283
6,187
1,209
1,505
1,819
1,411
244
10.5
3.3
11.7
9.0
11.6
12.8
14.2
9.4
7,311
347
6,964
1,396
1,661
2,052
1,579
277
11.9
4.0
13.1
10.4
12.8
14.5
15.8
10.7
62,316
8,729
53,587
13,649
12,964
14,032
10,175
2,768
6,573
311
6,261
1,251
1,518
1,834
1,386
273
10.5
3.6
11.7
9.2
11.7
13.1
13.6
9.8
7,340
366
6,974
1,420
1,686
2,030
1,536
302
11.8
4.2
13.0
10.4
13.0
14.5
15.1
10.9
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101,851
53,542
48,309
11,306
6,359
4,947
11.1
11.9
10.2
12,517
6,933
5,584
12.3
12.9
11.6
102,670
54,017
48,653
11,324
6,320
5,004
11.0
11.7
10.3
12,507
6,897
5,609
12.2
12.8
11.5
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,975
6,753
8,222
2,009
999
1,009
13.4
14.8
12.3
2,220
1,078
1,142
14.8
16.0
13.9
15,274
6,965
8,310
2,081
1,031
1,049
13.6
14.8
12.6
2,294
1,129
1,165
15.0
16.2
14.0
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,953
3,650
3,303
668
323
345
9.6
8.9
10.4
758
369
388
10.9
10.1
11.8
7,271
3,786
3,485
683
338
346
9.4
8.9
9.9
758
380
377
10.4
10.0
10.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,144
11,415
8,730
1,982
1,148
834
9.8
10.1
9.6
2,197
1,266
931
10.9
11.1
10.7
20,730
11,903
8,827
1,952
1,121
831
9.4
9.4
9.4
2,141
1,218
923
10.3
10.2
10.5
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102,749
24,614
12,847
1,483
12.5
6.0
14,173
1,710
13.8
6.9
104,262
24,664
13,020
1,483
12.5
6.0
14,341
1,662
13.8
6.7
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal
job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons
whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics, 2012-2013 annual averages
2012
2013
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$768
444
815
707
858
878
897
757
$943
545
960
871
983
997
1,005
839
$933
551
950
863
974
985
997
832
$742
434
786
686
831
850
870
748
$776
454
827
708
874
883
904
801
$950
576
966
877
1,008
999
998
871
$944
565
961
871
1,001
996
992
866
$750
445
797
683
844
857
882
786
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
854
468
910
738
957
994
1,005
860
997
572
1,015
910
1,035
1,061
1,049
911
990
576
1,010
903
1,029
1,055
1,044
926
821
459
887
718
941
979
994
849
860
479
912
744
956
994
1,011
937
991
577
1,010
902
1,060
1,073
1,039
896
985
573
1,005
897
1,052
1,067
1,035
897
831
473
891
722
936
978
1,002
944
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
691
416
727
666
747
746
766
667
877
510
891
817
915
913
938
766
865
513
880
809
906
900
918
735
663
412
701
647
722
719
743
653
706
423
740
665
767
761
779
691
898
575
911
845
958
924
928
841
893
542
907
843
951
923
923
832
676
420
716
642
743
738
757
670
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
792
879
710
973
1,025
902
960
1,017
890
762
845
681
802
884
722
978
1,019
924
970
1,012
917
769
856
693
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
621
665
599
784
819
755
774
811
747
599
624
582
629
664
606
791
816
771
794
812
779
606
635
584
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
920
1,055
770
977
1,010
946
986
1,022
951
907
1,062
747
942
1,059
819
961
1,044
897
971
1,044
909
937
1,063
801
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
568
592
521
840
881
767
823
868
750
530
563
503
578
594
541
838
895
763
832
884
763
547
571
516
Characteristic
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2012-2013 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2012
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . .
Life, physical, and social science
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2013
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
46,897
5,751
12.3
6,514
13.9
18,153
12,259
844
500
4.6
4.1
1,009
610
5,894
28,743
3,578
2,701
344
4,907
134
206
5.8
17.1
3.7
7.6
1,219
2,239
1,428
8,325
132
361
70
2,944
1,943
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
47,723
5,726
12.0
6,490
13.6
5.6
5.0
18,334
12,174
804
493
4.4
4.1
961
596
5.2
4.9
399
5,505
173
240
6.8
19.2
4.8
8.9
6,159
29,389
3,767
2,666
311
4,922
163
194
5.0
16.7
4.3
7.3
365
5,529
208
224
5.9
18.8
5.5
8.4
10.8
16.1
4.9
35.4
150
406
87
3,267
12.3
18.1
6.1
39.2
1,178
2,263
1,424
8,457
118
361
76
2,986
10.0
16.0
5.4
35.3
147
390
88
3,304
12.5
17.2
6.2
39.1
144
7.4
159
8.2
2,043
120
5.9
138
6.8
7,309
23,095
3,340
3,078
916
2,406
277
1,071
12.5
10.4
8.3
34.8
1,023
2,630
321
1,122
14.0
11.4
9.6
36.5
7,591
23,390
3,364
3,107
903
2,491
314
1,096
11.9
10.6
9.3
35.3
1,029
2,701
347
1,160
13.6
11.5
10.3
37.3
7,966
298
3.7
358
4.5
8,037
341
4.2
375
4.7
4,729
3,983
30,685
13,366
17,319
498
263
2,070
389
1,681
10.5
6.6
6.7
2.9
9.7
540
289
2,357
465
1,892
11.4
7.3
7.7
3.5
10.9
4,708
4,174
30,637
13,316
17,321
488
252
2,008
381
1,627
10.4
6.0
6.6
2.9
9.4
534
285
2,220
437
1,783
11.3
6.8
7.2
3.3
10.3
10,863
949
5,567
1,775
32
1,054
16.3
3.4
18.9
1,876
38
1,108
17.3
4.1
19.9
11,195
861
5,809
1,866
18
1,119
16.7
2.1
19.3
2,000
22
1,181
17.9
2.5
20.3
4,347
689
15.8
729
16.8
4,525
729
16.1
797
17.6
16,038
8,116
2,365
1,002
14.7
12.3
2,546
1,084
15.9
13.4
16,165
7,936
2,438
1,070
15.1
13.5
2,617
1,156
16.2
14.6
7,922
1,363
17.2
1,462
18.5
8,229
1,367
16.6
1,461
17.8
107,191
1,172
106,019
923
6,205
13,941
8,787
5,154
18,174
3,341
14,833
5,359
4,520
839
2,575
548
7,037
16
7,021
66
820
1,338
830
507
854
169
686
1,105
898
207
251
20
6.6
1.4
6.6
7.2
13.2
9.6
9.4
9.8
4.7
5.1
4.6
20.6
19.9
24.7
9.7
3.7
7,851
21
7,830
72
850
1,468
906
563
960
186
774
1,174
948
226
273
24
7.3
1.8
7.4
7.7
13.7
10.5
10.3
10.9
5.3
5.6
5.2
21.9
21.0
26.9
10.6
4.3
108,681
1,096
107,585
1,026
6,474
14,195
8,933
5,262
17,998
3,235
14,763
5,563
4,686
877
2,582
541
7,318
11
7,307
55
915
1,431
883
549
838
163
675
1,144
920
225
231
26
6.7
1.0
6.8
5.4
14.1
10.1
9.9
10.4
4.7
5.0
4.6
20.6
19.6
25.6
8.9
4.7
8,128
13
8,114
67
967
1,558
956
602
927
184
743
1,212
974
238
251
30
7.5
1.2
7.5
6.6
14.9
11.0
10.7
11.4
5.2
5.7
5.0
21.8
20.8
27.1
9.7
5.5
293
33
11.4
36
12.2
337
32
9.5
34
10.0
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2012-2013 annual
averages — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2012
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Radio and television broadcasting and
cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . .
Other services3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households.. .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Percent
of
employed
2013
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Percent
of
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
546
956
8,196
6,195
4,054
2,141
2,001
12,726
7,630
37
149
156
73
45
28
83
310
93
6.7
15.6
1.9
1.2
1.1
1.3
4.1
2.4
1.2
42
160
203
102
62
40
101
388
140
7.6
16.8
2.5
1.7
1.5
1.9
5.0
3.0
1.8
538
916
8,515
6,392
4,090
2,302
2,123
12,890
7,711
30
132
170
84
39
45
86
304
115
5.5
14.4
2.0
1.3
1.0
2.0
4.0
2.4
1.5
34
141
219
118
61
56
102
371
154
6.3
15.4
2.6
1.8
1.5
2.5
4.8
2.9
2.0
5,096
20,394
4,190
16,204
11,775
2,127
9,648
1,354
8,295
5,750
5,028
20,385
3,552
6,279
10,554
217
1,658
520
1,138
321
136
185
89
97
143
133
7,328
956
1,968
4,404
4.3
8.1
12.4
7.0
2.7
6.4
1.9
6.5
1.2
2.5
2.6
35.9
26.9
31.3
41.7
248
1,891
592
1,299
377
148
229
101
128
174
163
8,072
1,114
2,190
4,768
4.9
9.3
14.1
8.0
3.2
7.0
2.4
7.5
1.5
3.0
3.2
39.6
31.4
34.9
45.2
5,179
20,596
4,169
16,426
11,973
2,248
9,726
1,354
8,372
5,774
5,056
20,429
3,515
6,353
10,561
189
1,718
536
1,182
326
118
208
95
113
175
163
7,210
932
1,966
4,311
3.6
8.3
12.9
7.2
2.7
5.2
2.1
7.0
1.3
3.0
3.2
35.3
26.5
30.9
40.8
217
1,961
628
1,333
386
130
257
108
149
194
182
7,900
1,096
2,147
4,658
4.2
9.5
15.1
8.1
3.2
5.8
2.6
8.0
1.8
3.4
3.6
38.7
31.2
33.8
44.1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Percent
of
employed
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2012-2013 annual averages
2012
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2013
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,108
$1,108
$1,092
$1,111
$1,132
$1,121
$1,112
$1,135
1,171
1,248
1,058
1,053
1,349
1,337
1,134
838
1,328
915
1,159
1,261
1,060
1,098
1,157
1,368
1,209
1,007
1,174
1,050
1,161
1,274
1,024
1,077
1,158
1,350
1,177
1,003
1,173
1,028
1,172
1,247
1,060
1,046
1,359
1,335
1,127
783
1,342
814
1,208
1,285
1,091
1,071
1,365
1,365
1,152
847
1,253
937
1,202
1,305
1,086
1,102
1,248
1,269
1,233
990
1,325
1,068
1,223
1,329
1,082
1,087
1,271
1,313
1,200
984
1,355
1,048
1,207
1,280
1,092
1,067
1,371
1,369
1,149
813
1,248
836
969
1,028
485
482
791
410
1,107
1,151
754
527
1,071
509
1,097
1,142
735
522
1,056
505
957
1,010
458
477
649
405
988
1,048
493
491
783
416
1,243
1,185
746
576
1,104
538
1,191
1,170
742
579
1,082
535
974
1,031
467
485
645
413
465
468
655
689
643
621
524
789
689
808
614
515
776
668
796
440
462
642
691
624
475
481
659
708
638
635
529
774
705
791
628
538
773
702
790
448
476
646
708
620
740
435
740
808
1,026
–
1,040
1,032
1,018
–
1,026
1,021
688
430
682
768
747
448
732
821
1,054
–
1,069
1,045
1,032
–
1,043
1,027
693
445
675
772
624
627
621
823
816
833
811
807
816
597
605
586
621
623
619
810
790
838
805
782
834
598
604
590
742
470
746
1,112
768
797
827
737
630
821
592
828
778
1,132
978
934
854
887
–
888
1,119
1,086
872
891
827
650
821
609
998
948
1,216
1,103
–
–
877
–
878
1,112
1,069
863
884
817
637
801
598
989
934
1,204
1,087
–
–
731
469
735
1,113
722
786
819
722
629
823
592
789
746
1,086
966
921
798
751
496
754
1,119
762
816
863
747
638
800
602
824
777
1,104
980
908
969
892
–
892
1,075
1,096
841
881
790
668
840
622
1,015
975
1,183
1,095
–
–
887
–
887
995
1,081
831
868
789
666
826
624
1,003
970
1,160
1,072
–
–
739
496
743
1,130
713
814
862
739
636
798
601
773
732
1,078
970
912
937
890
1,064
889
941
952
922
731
910
1,165
–
1,162
795
852
–
–
773
826
1,183
–
1,163
779
831
762
–
759
843
1,133
903
1,039
893
944
955
924
727
912
1,165
897
1,129
905
963
992
928
734
907
1,172
–
1,162
875
898
–
–
849
889
1,169
–
1,155
930
1,013
1,273
–
853
896
1,165
895
1,123
905
962
988
929
728
907
1,173
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2012-2013 annual averages — Continued
2012
Occupation and industry
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2013
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$582
748
864
720
481
641
445
542
421
622
649
898
1,072
854
866
$699
879
918
835
611
675
596
613
536
807
828
990
1,035
948
989
$708
876
922
824
604
668
588
609
534
763
774
980
1,045
933
975
$577
736
844
711
475
640
438
527
419
618
645
829
1,113
794
756
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$576
765
879
741
492
629
460
571
432
634
660
910
1,098
868
879
$800
894
970
823
605
636
582
622
530
816
825
999
1,043
959
1,003
$798
897
964
837
611
646
591
625
535
797
801
994
1,055
951
992
$567
752
851
732
487
627
453
559
430
627
654
839
1,139
806
757
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2012-2013 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2012
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2013
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,807
298
2,434
1,157
14,483
2,165
1,541
377
309
7,602
166
67
125
37
2,489
169
216
39
27
440
9.2
22.4
5.1
3.2
17.2
7.8
14.0
10.4
8.6
5.8
190
71
159
43
2,666
190
232
44
32
555
10.5
23.9
6.5
3.7
18.4
8.8
15.1
11.8
10.3
7.3
1,894
306
2,452
1,072
14,835
2,243
1,535
370
308
7,655
203
71
122
38
2,430
171
207
38
29
414
10.7
23.1
5.0
3.5
16.4
7.6
13.5
10.3
9.3
5.4
222
75
147
44
2,579
207
220
41
34
529
11.7
24.5
6.0
4.1
17.4
9.2
14.3
11.0
11.0
6.9
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,914
537
613
5,486
2,702
1,390
1,248
1,742
1,733
559
171
116
29
801
246
145
85
174
107
64
4.4
21.6
4.8
14.6
9.1
10.4
6.8
10.0
6.2
11.5
210
124
36
852
269
172
105
198
130
78
5.4
23.2
5.8
15.5
10.0
12.4
8.4
11.4
7.5
13.9
3,958
549
617
5,397
2,682
1,421
1,252
1,735
1,728
574
209
121
29
851
249
143
94
194
75
64
5.3
22.1
4.7
15.8
9.3
10.1
7.5
11.2
4.3
11.1
248
129
36
882
275
171
106
226
95
75
6.3
23.6
5.8
16.3
10.3
12.0
8.4
13.0
5.5
13.1
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,636
2,896
3,785
2,465
1,113
2,507
392
864
1,101
621
280
417
629
351
48
224
54
52
162
65
10.6
14.4
16.6
14.2
4.3
8.9
13.9
6.0
14.7
10.5
325
470
648
368
64
253
65
70
181
74
12.3
16.2
17.1
14.9
5.7
10.1
16.5
8.1
16.4
12.0
2,665
2,940
3,889
2,532
1,040
2,537
403
870
1,154
623
308
401
633
362
38
219
52
63
169
60
11.6
13.7
16.3
14.3
3.7
8.6
13.0
7.3
14.6
9.6
349
430
656
381
44
264
60
79
186
67
13.1
14.6
16.9
15.0
4.2
10.4
14.8
9.0
16.1
10.7
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,796
780
7,936
3,805
329
4,800
1,531
1,526
5,452
455
611
50
1,841
112
20
604
115
240
734
81
16.1
6.5
23.2
2.9
6.1
12.6
7.5
15.7
13.5
17.8
636
68
1,975
162
27
665
140
250
787
84
16.8
8.7
24.9
4.3
8.2
13.9
9.1
16.4
14.4
18.4
3,814
751
8,149
3,879
342
4,786
1,516
1,504
5,501
459
611
46
1,986
117
22
605
114
208
701
77
16.0
6.2
24.4
3.0
6.4
12.6
7.5
13.9
12.7
16.9
632
55
2,104
184
29
674
144
223
754
82
16.6
7.3
25.8
4.8
8.5
14.1
9.5
14.8
13.7
17.8
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,773
351
2,586
10,590
1,179
288
3,592
2,776
697
2,605
252
58
20
124
599
61
31
159
513
84
293
17
3.3
5.6
4.8
5.7
5.2
10.7
4.4
18.5
12.1
11.2
6.7
82
24
152
721
77
38
197
541
91
312
20
4.6
6.7
5.9
6.8
6.6
13.1
5.5
19.5
13.1
12.0
8.1
1,855
362
2,543
10,877
1,253
285
3,601
2,882
686
2,569
259
69
17
155
518
49
31
180
546
87
317
15
3.7
4.8
6.1
4.8
3.9
10.9
5.0
18.9
12.7
12.3
5.7
86
21
188
647
67
38
229
568
93
337
17
4.7
5.8
7.4
6.0
5.4
13.2
6.4
19.7
13.5
13.1
6.4
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Chart1.1.Union
Union
membership
rates
by state,
annual
ave
Chart
membership
rates
by state,
20132013
annual
averages
(U.S. rate
rate == 11.3
11.3 percent)
(U.S.
Mountain
West
North Central
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
New England
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
IDAHO
WIS.
S.D.
CONN. R.I.
MICH.
WYO.
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
N.C.
N.M.
D.C.
OKLA.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA.
20.0% or more
15.0% to 19.9%
10.0% to 14.9%
HAWAII
5.0% to 9.9%
ALASKA
4.9% or less