For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 23, 2015
USDL-15-0072
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2014
In 2014, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of
unions—was 11.1 percent, down 0.2 percentage point from 2013, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.6 million, was little
different from 2013. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union
membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly
sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and unemployment
among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more information, see the
Technical Note.
Highlights from the 2014 data:

Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (35.7 percent), more than five times higher
than that of private-sector workers (6.6 percent). (See table 3.)

Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations had
the highest unionization rate, at 35.3 percent for each occupation group. (See table 3.)

Men had a higher union membership rate (11.7 percent) than women (10.5 percent) in 2014. (See
table 1.)

Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic
workers. (See table 1.)

Median weekly earnings of nonunion workers ($763) were 79 percent of earnings for workers
who were union members ($970). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are on a broad
level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings
differences.) (See table 2.)

Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (24.6 percent),
and North Carolina again had the lowest rate (1.9 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2014, 7.2 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.4 million
workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (35.7 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.6 percent). Within the public sector, the
union membership rate was highest for local government (41.9 percent), which includes employees in
heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. In the private sector,
industries with high unionization rates included utilities (22.3 percent), transportation and warehousing
(19.6 percent), telecommunications (14.8 percent), and construction (13.9 percent). Low unionization
rates occurred in agriculture and related industries (1.1 percent), finance (1.3 percent), professional and
technical services (1.4 percent), and food services and drinking places (1.4 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2014 were in education, training, and
library occupations and protective service occupations (35.3 percent each). The lowest unionization rates
were in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.5 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.1
percent). (See table 3.)
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
The union membership rate was higher for men (11.7 percent) than for women (10.5 percent) in 2014.
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when rates for men
and women were 24.7 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively.
Among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers had a higher union membership rate in 2014
(13.2 percent) than workers who were white (10.8 percent), Asian (10.4 percent), or Hispanic (9.2
percent).
By age, the union membership rate was highest among workers ages 45 to 64—13.8 percent for those
ages 45 to 54 and 14.1 percent for those ages 55 to 64.
The union membership rate was 12.3 percent for full-time workers, more than twice the rate for parttime workers, 5.8 percent.
Union Representation
In 2014, 16.2 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.6 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.)
Earnings
In 2014, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings
of $970, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $763. In addition to
coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation,
industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.)
-2-
Union Membership by State
In 2014, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 11.1 percent, 19 states had rates above it, and 1 state had a rate equal to that of the nation. All
states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had union membership rates below the
national average, and all states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions had rates above it. Union
membership rates declined over the year in 27 states and the District of Columbia, rose in 18 states, and
were unchanged in 5 states. (See table 5.)
Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2014, with North Carolina having the
lowest rate (1.9 percent). The next lowest rates were in South Carolina (2.2 percent) and Mississippi and
Utah (3.7 percent each). Three states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2014: New York
(24.6 percent), Alaska (22.8 percent), and Hawaii (21.8 percent). (See chart 1.)
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and the union membership rate.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York (2.0 million).
Over half of the 14.6 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.5
million; New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, New
Jersey, and Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and
salary employment nationally.
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The
survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics
by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected
national sample of about 60,000 eligible house-holds. The
union membership and earnings data are tabulated from onequarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and
salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.
Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised
population controls used in the CPS. Additional information
about population controls is available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 6915200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the true population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about
a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate
based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the true population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in
state union membership rates and levels regardless of their
statistical significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information,
and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and
guidance on estimating standard errors is available at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Union membership questions
Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union
members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this
job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee
association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that
question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this
job, are you covered by a union or employee association
contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along
with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are
classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to
both the first and second questions, then they are classified as
nonunion.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described
briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an
employee association similar to a union.
Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total
wage and salary workers who are union members.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and
workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of
a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually
earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis
other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The
term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent
asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to
define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during
the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a
given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median and the other having earnings below
the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which
are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is
estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The
group includes employees in both the private and public sectors.
Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed
workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as
those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35
hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified
themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish,
Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2013-2014 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2013
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2014
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129,110
17,647
111,463
29,404
27,631
28,498
20,207
5,723
14,528
745
13,783
2,886
3,458
3,990
2,899
549
11.3
4.2
12.4
9.8
12.5
14.0
14.3
9.6
16,028
854
15,174
3,228
3,790
4,377
3,176
603
12.4
4.8
13.6
11.0
13.7
15.4
15.7
10.5
131,431
18,019
113,412
30,158
27,948
28,540
20,781
5,985
14,576
804
13,772
2,879
3,460
3,927
2,924
582
11.1
4.5
12.1
9.5
12.4
13.8
14.1
9.7
16,152
956
15,196
3,205
3,823
4,286
3,229
653
12.3
5.3
13.4
10.6
13.7
15.0
15.5
10.9
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66,794
8,918
57,876
15,755
14,667
14,466
10,033
2,954
7,955
434
7,522
1,635
1,940
2,157
1,513
277
11.9
4.9
13.0
10.4
13.2
14.9
15.1
9.4
8,688
488
8,200
1,807
2,104
2,347
1,640
302
13.0
5.5
14.2
11.5
14.3
16.2
16.3
10.2
68,048
9,141
58,907
16,172
14,769
14,508
10,419
3,040
7,939
462
7,476
1,611
1,913
2,085
1,553
315
11.7
5.1
12.7
10.0
13.0
14.4
14.9
10.4
8,717
540
8,177
1,773
2,108
2,256
1,689
351
12.8
5.9
13.9
11.0
14.3
15.6
16.2
11.5
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,316
8,729
53,587
13,649
12,964
14,032
10,175
2,768
6,573
311
6,261
1,251
1,518
1,834
1,386
273
10.5
3.6
11.7
9.2
11.7
13.1
13.6
9.8
7,340
366
6,974
1,420
1,686
2,030
1,536
302
11.8
4.2
13.0
10.4
13.0
14.5
15.1
10.9
63,383
8,879
54,505
13,985
13,180
14,032
10,362
2,946
6,638
342
6,296
1,268
1,548
1,842
1,371
267
10.5
3.8
11.6
9.1
11.7
13.1
13.2
9.1
7,434
416
7,019
1,431
1,715
2,030
1,541
302
11.7
4.7
12.9
10.2
13.0
14.5
14.9
10.2
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102,670
54,017
48,653
11,324
6,320
5,004
11.0
11.7
10.3
12,507
6,897
5,609
12.2
12.8
11.5
104,065
54,747
49,318
11,274
6,295
4,979
10.8
11.5
10.1
12,503
6,900
5,602
12.0
12.6
11.4
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,274
6,965
8,310
2,081
1,031
1,049
13.6
14.8
12.6
2,294
1,129
1,165
15.0
16.2
14.0
15,830
7,243
8,586
2,097
1,047
1,050
13.2
14.5
12.2
2,303
1,147
1,156
14.6
15.8
13.5
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,271
3,786
3,485
683
338
346
9.4
8.9
9.9
758
380
377
10.4
10.0
10.8
7,476
3,921
3,555
779
361
418
10.4
9.2
11.8
866
416
450
11.6
10.6
12.6
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20,730
11,903
8,827
1,952
1,121
831
9.4
9.4
9.4
2,141
1,218
923
10.3
10.2
10.5
21,571
12,339
9,232
1,978
1,155
823
9.2
9.4
8.9
2,220
1,286
933
10.3
10.4
10.1
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104,262
24,664
13,020
1,483
12.5
6.0
14,341
1,662
13.8
6.7
106,526
24,707
13,132
1,424
12.3
5.8
14,491
1,636
13.6
6.6
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal
job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons
whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics, 2013-2014 annual averages
2013
2014
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$776
454
827
708
874
883
904
801
$950
576
966
877
1,008
999
998
871
$944
565
961
871
1,001
996
992
866
$750
445
797
683
844
857
882
786
$791
477
839
726
881
899
911
824
$970
602
987
874
1,034
1,025
1,014
908
$965
605
985
867
1,029
1,022
1,017
920
$763
470
810
705
848
872
885
813
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
860
479
912
744
956
994
1,011
937
991
577
1,010
902
1,060
1,073
1,039
896
985
573
1,005
897
1,052
1,067
1,035
897
831
473
891
722
936
978
1,002
944
871
493
922
755
964
1,011
1,021
942
1,015
644
1,036
896
1,102
1,083
1,068
921
1,013
643
1,035
889
1,097
1,088
1,076
936
840
485
899
740
933
994
1,007
943
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
706
423
740
665
767
761
779
691
898
575
911
845
958
924
928
841
893
542
907
843
951
923
923
832
676
420
716
642
743
738
757
670
719
451
752
679
781
780
780
740
904
557
921
848
962
951
931
879
899
562
917
843
956
945
935
887
687
445
728
655
751
754
757
719
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
802
884
722
978
1,019
924
970
1,012
917
769
856
693
816
897
734
997
1,043
929
992
1,041
923
784
867
704
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
629
664
606
791
816
771
794
812
779
606
635
584
639
680
611
810
835
792
807
833
788
611
648
590
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
942
1,059
819
961
1,044
897
971
1,044
909
937
1,063
801
953
1,080
841
979
1,028
939
998
1,041
950
948
1,087
823
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
578
594
541
838
895
763
832
884
763
547
571
516
594
616
548
811
860
757
795
838
739
573
596
520
Characteristic
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2013-2014 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2013
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . .
Life, physical, and social science
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2014
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
47,723
5,726
12.0
6,490
13.6
18,334
12,174
804
493
4.4
4.1
961
596
6,159
29,389
3,767
2,666
311
4,922
163
194
5.0
16.7
4.3
7.3
1,178
2,263
1,424
8,457
118
361
76
2,986
2,043
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
48,890
5,835
11.9
6,612
13.5
5.2
4.9
18,717
12,550
870
562
4.6
4.5
1,016
653
5.4
5.2
365
5,529
208
224
5.9
18.8
5.5
8.4
6,168
30,173
4,057
2,635
308
4,965
169
160
5.0
16.5
4.2
6.1
362
5,597
223
190
5.9
18.5
5.5
7.2
10.0
16.0
5.4
35.3
147
390
88
3,304
12.5
17.2
6.2
39.1
1,232
2,373
1,440
8,437
122
358
86
2,976
9.9
15.1
6.0
35.3
149
396
107
3,279
12.1
16.7
7.5
38.9
120
5.9
138
6.8
2,071
117
5.6
137
6.6
7,591
23,390
3,364
3,107
903
2,491
314
1,096
11.9
10.6
9.3
35.3
1,029
2,701
347
1,160
13.6
11.5
10.3
37.3
7,928
23,481
3,326
3,128
977
2,498
305
1,103
12.3
10.6
9.2
35.3
1,115
2,740
346
1,166
14.1
11.7
10.4
37.3
8,037
341
4.2
375
4.7
8,021
338
4.2
389
4.9
4,708
4,174
30,637
13,316
17,321
488
252
2,008
381
1,627
10.4
6.0
6.6
2.9
9.4
534
285
2,220
437
1,783
11.3
6.8
7.2
3.3
10.3
4,916
4,090
30,903
13,529
17,374
504
248
2,023
415
1,608
10.2
6.1
6.5
3.1
9.3
560
279
2,277
499
1,778
11.4
6.8
7.4
3.7
10.2
11,195
861
5,809
1,866
18
1,119
16.7
2.1
19.3
2,000
22
1,181
17.9
2.5
20.3
11,627
935
6,196
1,782
24
1,104
15.3
2.5
17.8
1,909
30
1,167
16.4
3.2
18.8
4,525
729
16.1
797
17.6
4,496
655
14.6
711
15.8
16,165
7,936
2,438
1,070
15.1
13.5
2,617
1,156
16.2
14.6
16,530
8,098
2,438
1,066
14.8
13.2
2,614
1,150
15.8
14.2
8,229
1,367
16.6
1,461
17.8
8,432
1,372
16.3
1,464
17.4
108,681
1,096
107,585
1,026
6,474
14,195
8,933
5,262
17,998
3,235
14,763
5,563
4,686
877
2,582
541
7,318
11
7,307
55
915
1,431
883
549
838
163
675
1,144
920
225
231
26
6.7
1.0
6.8
5.4
14.1
10.1
9.9
10.4
4.7
5.0
4.6
20.6
19.6
25.6
8.9
4.7
8,128
13
8,114
67
967
1,558
956
602
927
184
743
1,212
974
238
251
30
7.5
1.2
7.5
6.6
14.9
11.0
10.7
11.4
5.2
5.7
5.0
21.8
20.8
27.1
9.7
5.5
111,228
1,199
110,028
1,040
6,968
14,471
9,111
5,359
18,372
3,232
15,141
5,750
4,814
935
2,681
581
7,359
14
7,345
50
968
1,409
876
534
769
107
662
1,153
945
209
231
21
6.6
1.1
6.7
4.8
13.9
9.7
9.6
10.0
4.2
3.3
4.4
20.1
19.6
22.3
8.6
3.6
8,224
19
8,205
61
1,023
1,517
944
572
892
129
763
1,217
996
221
255
22
7.4
1.6
7.5
5.9
14.7
10.5
10.4
10.7
4.9
4.0
5.0
21.2
20.7
23.7
9.5
3.8
337
32
9.5
34
10.0
347
25
7.3
29
8.2
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2013-2014 annual
averages — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2013
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Radio and television broadcasting and
cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . .
Other services3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households.. .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Percent
of
employed
2014
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Percent
of
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
538
916
8,515
6,392
4,090
2,302
2,123
12,890
7,711
30
132
170
84
39
45
86
304
115
5.5
14.4
2.0
1.3
1.0
2.0
4.0
2.4
1.5
34
141
219
118
61
56
102
371
154
6.3
15.4
2.6
1.8
1.5
2.5
4.8
2.9
2.0
569
915
8,481
6,409
4,039
2,370
2,071
13,300
8,045
40
135
169
92
53
39
77
309
109
7.0
14.8
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.6
3.7
2.3
1.4
43
151
200
112
63
49
88
389
157
7.6
16.5
2.4
1.8
1.6
2.1
4.2
2.9
2.0
5,179
20,596
4,169
16,426
11,973
2,248
9,726
1,354
8,372
5,774
5,056
20,429
3,515
6,353
10,561
189
1,718
536
1,182
326
118
208
95
113
175
163
7,210
932
1,966
4,311
3.6
8.3
12.9
7.2
2.7
5.2
2.1
7.0
1.3
3.0
3.2
35.3
26.5
30.9
40.8
217
1,961
628
1,333
386
130
257
108
149
194
182
7,900
1,096
2,147
4,658
4.2
9.5
15.1
8.1
3.2
5.8
2.6
8.0
1.8
3.4
3.6
38.7
31.2
33.8
44.1
5,254
21,147
4,338
16,809
11,997
2,166
9,831
1,455
8,377
5,821
5,026
20,203
3,408
6,264
10,532
199
1,728
508
1,220
387
140
247
130
117
171
157
7,218
939
1,867
4,412
3.8
8.2
11.7
7.3
3.2
6.5
2.5
8.9
1.4
2.9
3.1
35.7
27.5
29.8
41.9
232
2,003
599
1,404
454
158
296
143
153
193
178
7,927
1,078
2,056
4,793
4.4
9.5
13.8
8.4
3.8
7.3
3.0
9.8
1.8
3.3
3.5
39.2
31.6
32.8
45.5
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Percent
of
employed
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2013-2014 annual averages
2013
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2014
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,132
$1,121
$1,112
$1,135
$1,137
$1,132
$1,129
$1,139
1,208
1,285
1,091
1,071
1,365
1,365
1,152
847
1,253
937
1,202
1,305
1,086
1,102
1,248
1,269
1,233
990
1,325
1,068
1,223
1,329
1,082
1,087
1,271
1,313
1,200
984
1,355
1,048
1,207
1,280
1,092
1,067
1,371
1,369
1,149
813
1,248
836
1,227
1,295
1,107
1,078
1,368
1,377
1,168
858
1,271
953
1,246
1,333
1,135
1,117
1,288
1,416
1,271
1,017
1,208
1,077
1,243
1,333
1,131
1,112
1,277
1,424
1,276
1,010
1,333
1,069
1,226
1,292
1,104
1,068
1,373
1,370
1,141
822
1,270
851
988
1,048
493
491
783
416
1,243
1,185
746
576
1,104
538
1,191
1,170
742
579
1,082
535
974
1,031
467
485
645
413
956
1,033
505
498
833
439
1,130
1,128
762
569
1,107
535
1,110
1,115
751
558
1,093
525
946
1,020
482
493
687
433
475
481
659
708
638
635
529
774
705
791
628
538
773
702
790
448
476
646
708
620
480
487
666
705
651
644
591
788
728
801
633
583
788
724
801
456
480
654
704
632
747
448
732
821
1,054
–
1,069
1,045
1,032
–
1,043
1,027
693
445
675
772
756
429
756
821
1,076
–
1,095
1,064
1,062
–
1,078
1,057
705
423
697
782
621
623
619
810
790
838
805
782
834
598
604
590
642
646
637
838
825
850
830
824
836
614
620
608
751
496
754
1,119
762
816
863
747
638
800
602
824
777
1,104
980
908
969
892
–
892
1,075
1,096
841
881
790
668
840
622
1,015
975
1,183
1,095
–
–
887
–
887
995
1,081
831
868
789
666
826
624
1,003
970
1,160
1,072
–
–
739
496
743
1,130
713
814
862
739
636
798
601
773
732
1,078
970
912
937
763
502
767
1,136
775
812
840
765
641
818
602
826
780
1,156
1,040
1,068
1,021
907
–
907
1,150
1,123
861
888
808
669
772
641
1,011
947
1,275
1,115
–
–
900
–
901
1,176
1,108
854
886
795
670
773
643
1,009
947
1,283
1,090
–
–
753
501
756
1,130
724
807
833
761
638
821
600
785
748
1,078
1,029
1,081
993
897
1,129
905
963
992
928
734
907
1,172
–
1,162
875
898
–
–
849
889
1,169
–
1,155
930
1,013
1,273
854
853
896
1,165
895
1,123
905
962
988
929
728
907
1,173
902
1,145
941
989
1,012
959
768
915
1,199
–
1,143
879
880
862
–
876
805
1,081
–
1,114
884
893
889
–
869
851
1,145
879
1,151
942
991
1,014
960
762
918
1,203
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2013-2014 annual averages — Continued
2013
Occupation and industry
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2014
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$576
765
879
741
492
629
460
571
432
634
660
910
1,098
868
879
$800
894
970
823
605
636
582
622
530
816
825
999
1,043
959
1,003
$798
897
964
837
611
646
591
625
535
797
801
994
1,055
951
992
$567
752
851
732
487
627
453
559
430
627
654
839
1,139
806
757
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$580
777
902
750
505
650
481
544
465
644
671
927
1,103
886
899
$743
926
967
893
636
688
602
639
496
871
887
1,014
1,050
967
1,026
$735
925
978
886
624
683
591
639
485
843
865
1,014
1,072
966
1,020
$575
763
879
740
500
642
478
522
465
636
662
850
1,136
821
780
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well
as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2013-2014 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2013
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2014
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,894
306
2,452
1,072
14,835
2,243
1,535
370
308
7,655
203
71
122
38
2,430
171
207
38
29
414
10.7
23.1
5.0
3.5
16.4
7.6
13.5
10.3
9.3
5.4
222
75
147
44
2,579
207
220
41
34
529
11.7
24.5
6.0
4.1
17.4
9.2
14.3
11.0
11.0
6.9
1,887
307
2,593
1,108
15,135
2,328
1,564
384
325
8,042
204
70
138
52
2,472
221
231
38
28
455
10.8
22.8
5.3
4.7
16.3
9.5
14.8
9.9
8.6
5.7
228
75
173
60
2,652
250
245
43
35
561
12.1
24.4
6.7
5.4
17.5
10.7
15.7
11.3
10.7
7.0
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,958
549
617
5,397
2,682
1,421
1,252
1,735
1,728
574
209
121
29
851
249
143
94
194
75
64
5.3
22.1
4.7
15.8
9.3
10.1
7.5
11.2
4.3
11.1
248
129
36
882
275
171
106
226
95
75
6.3
23.6
5.8
16.3
10.3
12.0
8.4
13.0
5.5
13.1
3,926
572
641
5,500
2,802
1,459
1,287
1,714
1,834
566
170
124
34
831
299
156
95
189
96
62
4.3
21.8
5.3
15.1
10.7
10.7
7.4
11.0
5.2
11.0
193
131
43
880
335
184
116
219
118
71
4.9
22.9
6.7
16.0
12.0
12.6
9.0
12.8
6.4
12.5
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,665
2,940
3,889
2,532
1,040
2,537
403
870
1,154
623
308
401
633
362
38
219
52
63
169
60
11.6
13.7
16.3
14.3
3.7
8.6
13.0
7.3
14.6
9.6
349
430
656
381
44
264
60
79
186
67
13.1
14.6
16.9
15.0
4.2
10.4
14.8
9.0
16.1
10.7
2,612
3,036
4,028
2,538
1,028
2,559
414
877
1,173
626
310
415
585
360
38
214
52
64
169
62
11.9
13.7
14.5
14.2
3.7
8.4
12.7
7.3
14.4
9.9
347
445
631
380
46
249
57
79
192
72
13.3
14.7
15.7
15.0
4.5
9.7
13.8
9.0
16.4
11.5
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,814
751
8,149
3,879
342
4,786
1,516
1,504
5,501
459
611
46
1,986
117
22
605
114
208
701
77
16.0
6.2
24.4
3.0
6.4
12.6
7.5
13.9
12.7
16.9
632
55
2,104
184
29
674
144
223
754
82
16.6
7.3
25.8
4.8
8.5
14.1
9.5
14.8
13.7
17.8
3,860
763
8,060
3,936
353
4,958
1,465
1,554
5,525
453
635
43
1,980
76
18
615
89
243
703
68
16.5
5.7
24.6
1.9
5.0
12.4
6.0
15.6
12.7
15.1
664
56
2,081
126
24
688
106
264
754
72
17.2
7.4
25.8
3.2
6.9
13.9
7.2
17.0
13.7
15.8
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,855
362
2,543
10,877
1,253
285
3,601
2,882
686
2,569
259
69
17
155
518
49
31
180
546
87
317
15
3.7
4.8
6.1
4.8
3.9
10.9
5.0
18.9
12.7
12.3
5.7
86
21
188
647
67
38
229
568
93
337
17
4.7
5.8
7.4
6.0
5.4
13.2
6.4
19.7
13.5
13.1
6.4
1,884
363
2,514
11,205
1,236
286
3,665
2,914
687
2,626
255
41
18
127
543
46
32
179
491
73
306
17
2.2
4.9
5.0
4.8
3.7
11.1
4.9
16.8
10.6
11.7
6.7
61
22
141
700
57
37
228
536
80
327
19
3.2
6.0
5.6
6.2
4.6
13.1
6.2
18.4
11.6
12.5
7.5
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Chart1.1.Union
Union
membership
rates
by state,
annual
ave
Chart
membership
rates
by state,
20142014
annual
averages
(U.S. rate
rate == 11.1
11.1 percent)
(U.S.
Mountain
West
North Central
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
New England
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
IDAHO
WIS.
S.D.
CONN. R.I.
MICH.
WYO.
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
N.C.
N.M.
D.C.
OKLA.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA.
20.0% or more
15.0% to 19.9%
10.0% to 14.9%
HAWAII
5.0% to 9.9%
ALASKA
4.9% or less