Technical information:
(202) 691-6467
http://www.bls.gov/bdm/
Media contact:
USDL 05-2277
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Thursday, December 8, 2005
691-5902
NEW QUARTERLY DATA FROM BLS ON BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT
DYNAMICS BY SIZE OF FIRM
New data on Business Employment Dynamics (BED) by firm size were introduced today by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. These data show how large firms, small
firms, or both are creating or losing jobs in the economy. These new data detail nine different size classes in the private sector spanning September 1992 to March 2005, and include measures of gross job
gains, gross job losses, and net employment change. They can be used to examine employment trends for
different firm-size classes on a relatively current basis or for selected time periods of particular interest,
such as over-the-year changes or for different points in the business cycle. This release presents a brief
analysis of the data over the full time series, during the 2001 recession, and for the first quarter of 2005,
the most recently available quarter. For example, the data show that, from September 1992 through
March 2005, firms with fewer than 500 employees accounted, on average, for 65 percent of quarterly net
employment growth, representing 13.5 million out of 20.6 million net jobs created by the total private
sector. (See chart 2 and tables A and D.) As of March 2005, firms with fewer than 500 employees
accounted for 55.8 percent of private sector employment. (See table B.)
Chart 1. Average share of total quarterly gross job gains, gross job losses, and
net employment change by firm size, September 1992 - March 2005,
seasonally adjusted
Chart 2. Cumulative average share of total quarterly gross job gains, gross job
losses, and net employment change by firm size, September 1992 - March 2005,
seasonally adjusted
100.0
35.0
90.0
30.0
80.0
Cumulative Percent
Percent
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
5.0
10.0
0.0
1-4
5-9
10 - 19
20 - 49
50 - 99
100 - 249
250 - 499
Size Class - Number of Employees
Share of net change
Share of gross job gains
500 - 999
1,000 or
More
0.0
1-4
1-9
1 - 19
1 - 49
1 - 99
1 - 249
1 - 499
1 - 999
All Fims
Size Class - Number of Employees
Share of gross job losses
Share of net change
Share of gross job gains
Share of gross job losses
What are Business Employment Dynamics?
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that
occur at all firms in the economy. These new data track the changes in employment at private business firms
from one quarter to the next and allocate the gain or loss in employment into the appropriate firm-size class.
Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions in employment at existing firms and
2
the addition of new jobs at opening firms. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at
existing firms and the loss of jobs at closing firms. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and
the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment. Thus, the BED statistics show the labor market
flows that underlie the net employment change. The BED statistics for this release are measured at the firm
level rather than the establishment level, and are not comparable to other BED data series. (See the Technical
Note for a more complete discussion of these data.)
Table A. Net change in employment, third quarter 1992 - first quarter 2005, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Size class (number of employees)
1
5
10
20
50
100
250
Category
Total
private
4
9
19
49
99
249
499
Net change in
Employment… 20,597
2,014
1,379
1,705
2,529
1,924
2,411
1,502
Cumulative……..
2,014
3,393
5,098
7,627
9,551
11,962
13,464
500
999
1,000
or
more
1,213
14,677
5,920
20,597
Size Distribution of Firms
At the end of the first quarter of 2005, there were 4.9 million firms in the private sector of the U.S. economy. Firms with fewer than 500 employees accounted for 99.6 percent of all firms and 55.8 percent of total
employment. Of the firms included in the BED data, 54.4 percent had 1–4 employees, representing 5.2 percent
of total employment. In contrast, firms with 1,000 or more employees accounted for 0.2 percent of firms and
had 37.4 percent of total employment. (See table B.)
Table B. Number of firms and employment by size class, first quarter 2005, not seasonally adjusted
Number of firms
Employment
Number
of
Cumulative
Cumulative
Cumulative
Share
Number
of
Share Cumulative
Firm size class
firms
total
of total
share
employees
total
of total
share
In thousands
Percent
In thousands
Percent
1 - 4 employees…………….. 2,687
2,687
54.4
54.4
5,606
5,606
5.2
5.2
5 - 9 employees……………. 1,006
3,693
20.3
74.7
6,613
12,219
6.1
11.3
10 - 19 employees………….
610
4,303
12.4
87.1
8,204
20,423
7.6
18.9
20 - 49 employees………..
392
4,695
7.9
95.0
11,801
32,223
10.9
29.9
50 - 99 employees………..
129
4,824
2.6
97.6
8,873
41,096
8.2
38.1
100 - 249 employees…….
75
4,899
1.5
99.1
11,310
52,406
10.5
48.6
250 - 499 employees……..
23
4,922
0.5
99.6
7,813
60,219
7.2
55.8
500 - 999 employees……..
11
4,932
0.2
99.8
7,334
67,553
6.8
62.6
1,000 or more employees….
10
4,942
0.2
100.0
40,349
107,902
37.4
100.0
Average Gross Job Gains and Losses by Firm–Size Class: September 1992–March 2005
The data in this release show the dynamics within nine size classes. For example, from the third quarter of 1992 through the first quarter of 2005, the average quarterly gross job gains in the largest firms—those
with 1,000 or more employees—were 1.2 million, and the average quarterly job losses were 1.1 million. This
resulted in an average net quarterly gain of 117,000 jobs, or 28.8 percent of the average total net quarterly
change. Firms with 1,000 or more employees had the largest average net quarterly gain among the nine firmsize categories used in this release. Firms with 20–49 employees had net quarterly gains of 50,000 jobs on
3
Table C. Average quarterly level of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, third quarter 1992 - first quarter
2005, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Size class (number of employees)
1
5
10
20
50
100
250
500
1,000
Category
Total
or
4
9
19
49
99
249
499
999
more
Gross job gains……………6,666
950
766
794
951
606
652
396
326
1,225
At expanding firms…… 5,573
387
591
667
843
559
618
381
316
1,211
At opening firms………. 1,093
563
175
127
108
47
34
15
10
14
Gross job losses………… 6,260
At contracting firms…
5,191
At closing firms………… 1,069
Net change……………………406
911
388
523
39
738
573
165
28
761
636
125
33
901
790
111
50
568
516
52
38
605
562
43
47
367
347
20
29
301
288
13
25
1,108
1,091
17
117
average, or 12.3 percent of the total net change in employment—the second largest average quarterly gain. (See
tables C and D.)
The firm-size classes presented in this release can be combined to create other groupings for analysis. For
example, a commonly used definition of a “large” firm is 500 or more employees; data for this grouping can be
created by combining two firm-size classes, those with 500–999 employees and those with 1,000 or more employees. Firms with 500 or more employees were, on average over the period, responsible for 23.3 percent of
all gross quarterly job gains, 22.5 percent of gross quarterly job losses, and 35.0 percent of quarterly net gains
in employment. (See table D.)
Generally, as firm size increases, openings and closings account for a decreasing share of gross employment changes. For example, openings and closings make up over half of gross job gains and losses for firms
with 1–4 employees, but only about 1 percent of the gains and losses for firms with 1,000 or more employees.
(See table D.)
Table D. Average percentage share1 of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, third quarter 1992 - first
quarter 2005, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Size class (number of employees)
1
5
10
20
50
100
250
500
1,000
Category
or
Total
4
9
19
49
99
249
499
999
more
Gross job gains……..
100
14.3
11.5
11.9
14.3
9.1
9.8
5.9
4.9
18.4
Expansions………….
100
6.9
10.6
12.0
15.1
10.0
11.1
6.8
5.7
21.7
Openings…………….
100
51.5
16.0
11.6
9.9
4.3
3.1
1.4
0.9
1.3
Gross job losses………. 100
Contractions…………
100
Closings……………… 100
Net change……………. 100
Cumulative share of net change
1
14.6
7.5
48.9
9.6
9.6
11.8
11.0
15.4
6.9
16.5
12.2
12.3
11.7
8.1
24.6
14.4
15.2
10.4
12.3
36.9
Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
9.1
9.9
4.9
9.4
46.3
9.7
10.8
4.0
11.6
57.9
5.9
6.7
1.9
7.1
65.0
4.8
5.5
1.2
6.2
71.2
17.7
21.0
1.6
28.8
100.0
4
Chart 3. Quarterly net employment growth
in firms with 1–4 employees,
seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Chart 4. Quarterly net employment growth in
firms with 1,000 or more employees,
seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
2001 Recession and Recovery
Firm-size class data also can be used to analyze patterns of employment changes among firms of varying
sizes across the business cycle. All firm–size classes experienced at least one quarter of negative net employment change related to the 2001 recession, but the larger size classes experienced more quarters of net loss than
the smaller classes. Firms with 250–499 employees and firms with 500–999 employees both saw the longest
period of net losses, lasting 10 consecutive quarters, from the first quarter of 2001 through the second quarter of
2003. During the same period, the smallest size class, 1–4 employees, experienced only two quarters of net job
loss and size class 5–9 employees had just four quarters of net job loss. (See chart 3 and tables 1–10.)
During the period for which the BED data are available, overall employment declined in eight quarters—
the last three quarters of 2001 and the second quarter of 2002 through the second quarter of 2003. During these
eight quarters, firms with 500 or more employees accounted for 60 percent of net job losses. This is in contrast
to the 35-percent average contribution of this group to the net gain in employment from September 1992
through March 2005.
The net employment declines associated with the 2001 recession are most evident in firms with 1,000 or
more employees. Firms in this category had a net employment loss in the third quarter of 2001 of 578,000,
making up 41.7 percent of the overall net employment decline. This largest firm-size class did not show
sustained growth on a quarterly basis until September 2003. (See chart 4 and table 10.)
More recently, there have been seven consecutive quarters of overall net employment growth, from
September 2003 through March 2005. Firms with 500 or more employees added 1.0 million new jobs,
representing 35.9 percent of the 2.8 million net jobs gained during this period. Firms with fewer than 500
employees accounted for the remaining 1.8 million jobs, representing 64.1 percent of the total net job gains.
During this same period, firms with 1,000 or more employees added 842,000 jobs, representing 30.3 percent
of the total net job gains.
5
Table E. Level and rate of gross job gains and losses by firm size, first quarter 2005, seasonally adjusted
Size Class (number of employees)
1
5
10
20
50
100
250
500
1,000
Category
Total
or
4
9
19
49
99
249
499
999
more
Level (in thousands)
Gross job gains………………
6,345
984
770
780
912
564
604
364
291
1,076
At expanding firms………….
5,249
376
582
652
814
527
581
356
287
1,074
At opening Firms…………..
1,096
608
188
128
98
37
23
8
4
2
Gross job losses…………….
6,047
At contracting firms……….
5,003
At closing firms…………..
1,044
Net change………………… 298
976
401
575
8
763
592
171
7
328
315
13
36
269
262
7
22
981
977
4
95
11.5
8.7
2.8
765
879
533
553
649
788
495
524
116
91
38
29
15
33
31
51
Rate (percent of employment)
9.3
7.5
6.2
5.2
7.8
6.7
5.8
5.0
1.5
0.8
0.4
0.2
Gross job gains…………….. 5.8
At expanding firms…………4.8
At opening Firms…………..1.0
17.3
6.6
10.7
4.6
4.5
0.1
4.0
3.9
0.1
2.6
2.6
0.0
Gross job losses……………. 5.6
At contracting firms………..4.6
At closing firms…………. 1.0
Net change………………… 0.2
17.3
7.1
10.2
0.0
11.3
8.8
2.5
0.2
9.2
7.8
1.4
0.1
4.2
4.0
0.2
0.4
3.6
3.5
0.1
0.4
2.4
2.4
0.0
0.2
7.3
6.5
0.8
0.2
5.8
5.4
0.4
0.4
4.8
4.5
0.3
0.4
First Quarter 2005
From December 2004 to March 2005, the most recent quarter for which the data are available, there
were 6.3 million gross job gains and 6.0 million gross job losses by firms of all sizes, resulting in a net gain
of 298,000 jobs, or 0.2 percent of total employment. Firms with 1,000 or more employees had 1.1 million
gross job gains, the largest gross job gains of any size class. The same size class had 981,000 gross job losses,
leading to a net increase of 95,000 jobs in this size group. This net job increase represented the largest net
employment gain among firms of all sizes, and accounted for 31.9 percent of the total net change in employment in the quarter. (See tables E and F.)
Table F. Firm size percentage share1 of gross job gains and losses, first quarter 2005, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Size class (number of employees)
1
5
10
20
50
100
250
500
1,000
Category
or
Total
4
9
19
49
99
249
499
999
more
Gross job gains…………… 100
15.5
12.1
12.3
14.4
8.9
9.5
5.7
4.6
17.0
Expansions…………………..100
7.2
11.1
12.4
15.5
10.0
11.1
6.8
5.5
20.5
Openings………………………
100
55.5
17.2
11.7
8.9
3.4
2.1
0.7
0.4
0.2
Gross job losses………..
100
Contractions………………. 100
Closings……………………….
100
Net change………………….. 100
Cumulative share of net change
1
16.1
8.0
55.1
2.7
2.7
12.6
11.8
16.4
2.3
5.0
12.7
13.0
11.1
5.0
10.1
14.5
15.8
8.7
11.1
21.1
Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
8.8
9.9
3.6
10.4
31.5
9.1
10.5
2.8
17.1
48.7
5.4
6.3
1.2
12.1
60.7
4.4
5.2
0.7
7.4
68.1
16.2
19.5
0.4
31.9
100.0
6
Firms with 1–4 employees had gross job gains of 984,000 and gross job losses of 976,000 jobs in the first
quarter of 2005, the second largest number of both gross job gains and losses among these size classes. However, the net gain of 8,000 jobs in this size class represents the second smallest net gain in all size classes.
In the first quarter of 2005, firms with less than 500 employees represented 60.7 percent of total net change,
while firms with 500 or more employees represented the remaining 39.3 percent of net change. (See table F.)
The rates of gross job gains and gross job losses in the smaller size classes are greater than those in the
larger size classes. The rate is a measure of gains and losses as a percent of employment during the quarter and
represents the extent of “job churning” in each size class. During the first quarter of 2005, in the firms with 1–4
employees, the rates of both gross job gains and gross job losses equaled 17.3 percent of quarterly employment,
while in the firms with 1,000 or more employees, gross job gains and gross job losses accounted for only 2.6
and 2.4 percent, respectively, of employment. (See table E.)
Due to the high numbers of openings and closings in the 1–4 employee size class, firms of this size accounted for 55.5 percent of gross job gains at opening firms and 55.1 percent of gross job losses at closing
firms. The share of gross job gains and losses due to openings and closings drop sharply as the size class
increases. (See table F.)
Methodology
Firms, rather than establishments, are used in the tabulation of these size–class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and
engages in one, or predominantly one, activity. A firm is defined as an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent. Firm-level data are compiled by aggregating records under the
same employer tax identification numbers. Total gross job gains and gross job losses reported in this release
are lower than previously released gross job gain and gross job loss statistics computed at the establishment
level, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics considered a number of methodologies for use in examining firm–size
class dynamics before deciding to use the method of dynamic sizing for these calculations. Dynamic sizing
allocates each firm’s employment growth or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the
change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in the first quarter to 38 employees in the
second quarter, then of the 36-employee increase, 2 jobs would be allocated to the 1–4 size class, 5 jobs
would be allocated to the 5–9 size class, 10 jobs would be allocated to the 10–19 size class, and 19 jobs
would be allocated to the 20–49 size class.
Dynamic sizing accounts for the transitory changes in employment across size classes that result largely
from the seasonal variations in the quarterly employment data. Additionally, it has a clear conceptual foundation by allocating each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. For more information, see
the “Dynamic sizing methodology” section of the Technical Note.
More Information
In the future, Business Employment Dynamics data by size of firm will be released each quarter as a part
of the quarterly Business Employment Dynamics news release. Additional information is available on the
7
Business Employment Dynamics Web page at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. Research data on alternative sizing
methods will be updated on a periodic basis. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics
data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing [email protected].
Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment Statistics and
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Data
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series are derived from the Quarterly Census of
Employment and Wages (QCEW), also known as the ES-202 program. This program is a quarterly
census of all firms covered under state unemployment insurance programs, representing about 98
percent of employment on nonfarm payrolls. The net change in employment from the BED data
series will not match the estimates from employment series such as the monthly Current Employment
Statistics (CES) survey or the totals from the QCEW program. The CES estimates are based on a
sample of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly census of
administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector
but including firms not covered by the unemployment insurance program. The BED data have a more
limited scope than the QCEW data. The data in this release, in contrast to QCEW data, exclude
government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and firms with zero employment. See
the Technical Note for further information.
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a
product of a federal-state cooperative program known as the
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the
ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state
unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the
U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and
wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI
taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Workforce
Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the Bureau’s
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are
used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment
and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains
and losses. Another important Bureau use of the QCEW data
is in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
In the BED program, the QCEW enhanced UI records are
linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each
establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn
allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding
establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting
establishments.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI
and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees
(UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports
submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple
establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called
the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed
information on the location of their establishments. These
reports are based on place of employment rather than place of
residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically
comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed
workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on
small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials
in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic
workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of
certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do
not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110), and do not include establishments
with zero employment over three quarters. Data from Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data.
Unit of analysis
Firms, rather than establishments, are used in the tabulation
of these size-class statistics. An establishment is defined as an
economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a
single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly
one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or
otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firmlevel data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent
using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level is
more consistent with the role of corporations as the economic
decision makers than each individual establishment. Moreover,
the firm level is consistent with similar data from other sources.
Total gross job gains and gross job losses reported in this
release are lower than previously released data by
establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the
total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally
adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net
change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These
changes come about in one of four ways. In the BED statistics
by size of firm, a net increase in employment can come from
either opening firms or expanding firms. A net decrease in
employment can come from either closing firms or contracting
firms. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either
opening or expanding firms. Gross job losses include the sum
of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting firms. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains
and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of firm-level employment changes are
as follows:
Openings. These are either firms with positive third-month
employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links
to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month employment in
the current quarter following zero employment in the previous
quarter.
Expansions. These are firms with positive employment in
the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with
a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are either firms with positive third-month
employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or
zero employment reported in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are firms with positive employment in
the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with
a net decrease in employment over this period.
All firm-level employment changes are measured from the
third month of each quarter. Not all firms change their
employment levels; these firms count towards estimates of total
employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job
losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates
by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the
current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric
growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of
gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form
their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted
just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the
gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net
growth rate.
Though the aggregation for measuring the BED size-class
data is by firm, the linkage process matches records at the
establishment level. Records are linked across two quarters by
their unique establishment identification numbers (SWA-ID).
Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as
continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID.
The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses
predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters.
Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a
variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm
restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot
be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used.
This match attempts to identify two establishments with
different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon
comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone
number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records
individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs
verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry,
location, and ownership classification of all establishments on
a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes
resulting from the verification process are introduced with the
data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting
from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the
first quarter.
Dynamic sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the
BED firm size-class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each
firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each
respective size class in which the change occurred. For example,
if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in
quarter 2, then of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated
to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class
10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and
eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the
transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size
class where it occurred.
Besides dynamic sizing, four other methodologies were
considered: quarterly base sizing, end sizing, mean sizing, and
annual base sizing. Quarterly base sizing classifies firms
into size categories based on the number of employees in
the previous quarter. End sizing classifies firms into
size categories based on the number of employees in the
current quarter. Mean sizing is a compromise between these
two methods and classifies firms based on the average size
during month three of the current and previous quarters.
Annual base sizing classifies a firm based upon the most recent
first quarter.
For firms that are growing and that move from one size class
to another, base sizing results in statistics which indicate that
employment growth is coming from smaller firms, whereas end
sizing results in statistics which indicate that employment
growth is coming from larger firms. Similarly, for firms that are
contracting and that move from one size-class category to
another, base sizing results in statistics which indicate that
employment decline is coming from larger firms, whereas end
sizing results in statistics which indicate that employment
decline is coming from smaller firms.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the
associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such
seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded
production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and
closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can
be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular
pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting
these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments
make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic
activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of
youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes
that have taken place in June relative to March, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen
or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing
school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current
year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to
analyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing,
and contracting firms are independently seasonally adjusted;
net changes are calculated based on the difference between
gross job gains and gross job losses. Additionally,
employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to
calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal
adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted
data series for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted
data of all sectors, including the unclassified sector, which is
not separately published.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the
BED component series will differ from the net employment
change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private
employment series from the CES program. The intended use of
BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that
underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data
users interested particularly in the net employment change,
and not in the gross job flows underlying this change, should
refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are
based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no
issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however,
still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons,
such as the employer submitting corrected employment data
after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by
businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the
dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating
openings and closings while understating expansions and
contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for
improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these
complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes
based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on pre-
decessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related
information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202
program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of
employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News
releases on quarterly county employment and wages are
available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (email: [email protected]).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry.
These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put
out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as
employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200;
TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Total private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, calculated using firm-level data, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Gross job gains
Net change1
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job losses
Total
Expanding
firms
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Gross job losses
Total
Expanding
firms
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
532
252
6,125
5,986
5,089
4,953
1,036
1,033
5,593
5,734
4,636
4,747
957
987
0.6
0.3
6.9
6.7
5.7
5.5
1.2
1.2
6.3
6.4
5.2
5.3
1.1
1.1
1993
March
June
September
December
257
755
941
626
5,869
6,170
6,379
6,241
4,869
5,177
5,338
5,267
1,000
993
1,041
974
5,612
5,415
5,438
5,615
4,649
4,419
4,544
4,668
963
996
894
947
0.2
0.8
0.9
0.7
6.5
6.8
6.9
6.8
5.4
5.7
5.8
5.7
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
6.3
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.2
4.9
5.0
5.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1994
March
June
September
December
470
1,003
1,246
493
6,171
6,558
6,771
6,371
5,165
5,476
5,653
5,405
1,006
1,082
1,118
966
5,701
5,555
5,525
5,878
4,737
4,469
4,657
4,858
964
1,086
868
1,020
0.6
1.1
1.4
0.5
6.7
7.1
7.2
6.7
5.6
5.9
6.0
5.7
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.0
6.1
6.0
5.8
6.2
5.1
4.8
4.9
5.1
1.0
1.2
0.9
1.1
1995
March
June
September
December
708
399
861
370
6,498
6,381
6,718
6,564
5,457
5,322
5,673
5,473
1,041
1,059
1,045
1,091
5,790
5,982
5,857
6,194
4,833
4,968
4,806
5,114
957
1,014
1,051
1,080
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.4
6.8
6.6
6.9
6.7
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.3
5.0
5.1
4.9
5.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1996
March
June
September
December
510
645
684
801
6,654
6,723
6,830
6,822
5,586
5,630
5,682
5,724
1,068
1,093
1,148
1,098
6,144
6,078
6,146
6,021
5,103
5,014
5,109
4,979
1,041
1,064
1,037
1,042
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.8
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1997
March
June
September
December
838
611
927
606
6,933
6,703
7,126
7,151
5,824
5,638
6,014
6,001
1,109
1,065
1,112
1,150
6,095
6,092
6,199
6,545
5,051
5,010
5,087
5,276
1,044
1,082
1,112
1,269
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.6
6.9
6.6
7.0
6.9
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.8
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.3
5.0
4.9
5.0
5.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1998
March
June
September
December
900
641
742
659
7,467
7,171
7,140
7,022
6,205
5,924
6,025
6,005
1,262
1,247
1,115
1,017
6,567
6,530
6,398
6,363
5,336
5,392
5,263
5,218
1,231
1,138
1,135
1,145
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.7
7.2
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.0
5.7
5.7
5.7
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
6.3
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.1
5.2
5.0
4.9
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1999
March
June
September
December
530
526
618
996
7,337
7,253
7,361
7,524
6,119
6,038
6,180
6,281
1,218
1,215
1,181
1,243
6,807
6,727
6,743
6,528
5,605
5,536
5,536
5,379
1,202
1,191
1,207
1,149
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.9
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.1
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
2000
March
June
September
December
872
486
202
274
7,464
7,179
7,220
7,096
6,238
6,039
6,043
5,966
1,226
1,140
1,177
1,130
6,592
6,693
7,018
6,822
5,437
5,558
5,791
5,674
1,155
1,135
1,227
1,148
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.3
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.4
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.4
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
6.1
6.1
6.4
6.1
5.0
5.1
5.3
5.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
2001
March
June
September
December
35
-835
-1,385
-972
7,076
6,582
6,186
6,368
5,995
5,516
5,107
5,210
1,081
1,066
1,079
1,158
7,041
7,417
7,571
7,340
5,844
6,295
6,329
6,244
1,197
1,122
1,242
1,096
0.0
-0.7
-1.2
-0.9
6.4
6.0
5.7
5.9
5.4
5.0
4.7
4.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
6.4
6.7
6.9
6.8
5.3
5.7
5.8
5.8
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
2002
March
June
September
December
67
-135
-164
-230
6,642
6,521
6,289
6,245
5,556
5,419
5,231
5,203
1,086
1,102
1,058
1,042
6,575
6,656
6,453
6,475
5,494
5,600
5,399
5,453
1,081
1,056
1,054
1,022
0.1
-0.2
-0.1
-0.3
6.2
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.2
5.0
4.9
4.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
6.1
6.2
6.0
6.1
5.1
5.2
5.0
5.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2003
March
June
September
December
-355
-191
121
327
6,117
6,217
6,148
6,277
5,082
5,191
5,131
5,242
1,035
1,026
1,017
1,035
6,472
6,408
6,027
5,950
5,429
5,395
5,056
4,965
1,043
1,013
971
985
-0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.9
4.7
4.9
4.8
4.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.0
4.7
4.6
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
2004
March
June
September
December
419
565
205
846
6,365
6,545
6,366
6,661
5,283
5,482
5,274
5,520
1,082
1,063
1,092
1,141
5,946
5,980
6,161
5,815
4,948
4,968
5,082
4,808
998
1,012
1,079
1,007
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
5.9
6.1
5.9
6.1
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.3
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.4
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
2005
March
298
6,345
5,249
1,096
6,047
5,003
1,044
0.2
5.8
4.8
1.0
5.6
4.6
1.0
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Firm size class 1–4 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
72
24
913
891
380
377
533
514
841
867
380
382
461
485
1.5
0.5
18.5
17.9
7.7
7.6
10.8
10.3
17.0
17.4
7.7
7.7
9.3
9.7
1993
March
June
September
December
42
61
125
41
897
917
937
888
377
387
389
389
520
530
548
499
855
856
812
847
381
370
375
377
474
486
437
470
0.9
1.2
2.5
0.9
18.0
18.3
18.6
17.6
7.6
7.7
7.7
7.7
10.4
10.6
10.9
9.9
17.1
17.1
16.1
16.7
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.4
9.5
9.7
8.7
9.3
1994
March
June
September
December
27
59
135
-4
888
948
964
891
380
392
396
385
508
556
568
506
861
889
829
895
383
376
380
388
478
513
449
507
0.5
1.1
2.7
-0.1
17.5
18.6
18.9
17.4
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.5
10.0
10.9
11.1
9.9
17.0
17.5
16.2
17.5
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.6
9.4
10.1
8.8
9.9
1995
March
June
September
December
69
42
38
20
927
929
931
929
390
383
393
387
537
546
538
542
858
887
893
909
386
387
387
391
472
500
506
518
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.4
18.1
18.0
18.0
18.0
7.6
7.4
7.6
7.5
10.5
10.6
10.4
10.5
16.7
17.2
17.3
17.6
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.6
9.2
9.7
9.8
10.0
1996
March
June
September
December
46
54
87
31
938
955
971
945
389
393
395
394
549
562
576
551
892
901
884
914
385
387
392
394
507
514
492
520
0.9
1.1
1.7
0.6
18.1
18.4
18.6
18.0
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.5
10.6
10.8
11.0
10.5
17.2
17.3
16.9
17.4
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.5
9.8
9.9
9.4
9.9
1997
March
June
September
December
82
35
34
1
972
946
951
965
401
395
400
399
571
551
551
566
890
911
917
964
387
391
391
399
503
520
526
565
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.0
18.5
17.9
18.0
18.3
7.6
7.5
7.6
7.6
10.9
10.4
10.4
10.7
17.0
17.3
17.4
18.3
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.6
9.6
9.9
10.0
10.7
1998
March
June
September
December
49
113
24
4
996
1,003
958
929
394
396
395
400
602
607
563
529
947
890
934
925
387
385
396
386
560
505
538
539
1.0
2.2
0.4
0.1
18.9
18.9
17.9
17.4
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.5
11.4
11.4
10.5
9.9
17.9
16.7
17.5
17.3
7.3
7.2
7.4
7.2
10.6
9.5
10.1
10.1
1999
March
June
September
December
52
-4
13
85
990
980
989
1,022
408
398
400
404
582
582
589
618
938
984
976
937
393
410
402
389
545
574
574
548
0.9
-0.1
0.3
1.6
18.5
18.4
18.6
19.2
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.6
10.9
10.9
11.1
11.6
17.6
18.5
18.3
17.6
7.4
7.7
7.5
7.3
10.2
10.8
10.8
10.3
2000
March
June
September
December
56
27
-2
23
1,008
978
992
980
403
396
398
390
605
582
594
590
952
951
994
957
396
412
408
407
556
539
586
550
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.4
18.8
18.3
18.5
18.2
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.2
11.3
10.9
11.1
11.0
17.8
17.8
18.5
17.8
7.4
7.7
7.6
7.6
10.4
10.1
10.9
10.2
2001
March
June
September
December
10
3
-69
32
949
929
924
953
385
380
368
372
564
549
556
581
939
926
993
921
392
393
397
388
547
533
596
533
0.2
0.0
-1.4
0.5
17.6
17.2
17.1
17.6
7.1
7.0
6.8
6.9
10.5
10.2
10.3
10.7
17.4
17.2
18.5
17.1
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.2
10.1
9.9
11.1
9.9
2002
March
June
September
December
21
36
42
40
934
944
943
948
376
371
373
375
558
573
570
573
913
908
901
908
379
383
380
383
534
525
521
525
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.6
17.2
17.3
17.2
17.2
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.8
10.3
10.5
10.4
10.4
16.8
16.7
16.5
16.6
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.6
2003
March
June
September
December
-11
31
34
48
926
933
925
939
367
380
374
367
559
553
551
572
937
902
891
891
394
377
373
373
543
525
518
518
-0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
16.8
16.9
16.8
16.9
6.7
6.9
6.8
6.6
10.1
10.0
10.0
10.3
17.1
16.3
16.2
16.1
7.2
6.8
6.8
6.7
9.9
9.5
9.4
9.4
2004
March
June
September
December
70
25
20
113
987
942
965
1,015
385
377
372
384
602
565
593
631
917
917
945
902
383
377
374
381
534
540
571
521
1.2
0.4
0.4
1.9
17.7
16.9
17.3
18.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.8
10.8
10.1
10.6
11.2
16.5
16.5
16.9
16.1
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.8
9.6
9.7
10.2
9.3
2005
March
8
984
376
608
976
401
575
0.0
17.3
6.6
10.7
17.3
7.1
10.2
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3. Firm size class 5–9 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
38
28
730
729
568
562
162
167
692
701
548
551
144
150
0.6
0.5
12.1
12.1
9.4
9.3
2.7
2.8
11.5
11.6
9.1
9.1
2.4
2.5
1993
March
June
September
December
6
55
78
53
707
735
749
745
552
577
582
584
155
158
167
161
701
680
671
692
554
528
536
547
147
152
135
145
0.2
0.9
1.3
0.8
11.7
12.1
12.2
12.1
9.1
9.5
9.5
9.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
11.5
11.2
10.9
11.3
9.1
8.7
8.7
8.9
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.4
1994
March
June
September
December
23
47
101
15
728
758
785
739
573
590
603
583
155
168
182
156
705
711
684
724
555
543
549
565
150
168
135
159
0.4
0.7
1.6
0.3
11.8
12.2
12.6
11.8
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.5
11.4
11.5
11.0
11.5
9.0
8.8
8.8
9.0
2.4
2.7
2.2
2.5
1995
March
June
September
December
46
23
39
24
756
748
763
760
591
579
596
588
165
169
167
172
710
725
724
736
562
567
563
571
148
158
161
165
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.3
12.0
11.9
12.2
12.0
9.4
9.2
9.5
9.3
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.1
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
1996
March
June
September
December
33
35
45
39
757
767
774
776
589
594
594
602
168
173
180
174
724
732
729
737
564
568
575
575
160
164
154
162
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.7
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.2
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.5
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.7
11.4
11.6
11.5
11.5
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.0
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.5
1997
March
June
September
December
62
25
38
19
782
759
780
789
608
593
613
606
174
166
167
183
720
734
742
770
563
571
572
586
157
163
170
184
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.4
12.2
11.9
12.2
12.4
9.5
9.3
9.6
9.5
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.9
11.3
11.4
11.6
12.0
8.8
8.9
8.9
9.1
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.9
1998
March
June
September
December
25
64
10
32
789
797
770
774
595
602
597
612
194
195
173
162
764
733
760
742
570
565
583
565
194
168
177
177
0.4
1.0
0.3
0.5
12.3
12.4
12.0
12.0
9.3
9.4
9.3
9.5
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.5
11.9
11.4
11.7
11.5
8.9
8.8
9.0
8.8
3.0
2.6
2.7
2.7
1999
March
June
September
December
39
17
24
79
809
800
811
836
615
615
621
636
194
185
190
200
770
783
787
757
583
600
598
578
187
183
189
179
0.6
0.3
0.4
1.2
12.5
12.3
12.5
12.9
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.8
3.0
2.8
2.9
3.1
11.9
12.0
12.1
11.7
9.0
9.2
9.2
8.9
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.8
2000
March
June
September
December
59
5
4
-1
832
796
810
786
635
610
620
604
197
186
190
182
773
791
806
787
590
617
614
611
183
174
192
176
0.9
0.0
0.1
0.0
12.7
12.1
12.4
12.0
9.7
9.3
9.5
9.2
3.0
2.8
2.9
2.8
11.8
12.1
12.3
12.0
9.0
9.4
9.4
9.3
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.7
2001
March
June
September
December
15
-12
-54
-15
782
760
743
747
605
587
568
570
177
173
175
177
767
772
797
762
589
601
605
591
178
171
192
171
0.3
-0.2
-0.8
-0.3
12.0
11.6
11.4
11.4
9.3
9.0
8.7
8.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
11.7
11.8
12.2
11.7
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.1
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.6
2002
March
June
September
December
23
11
11
2
760
754
747
739
583
575
574
574
177
179
173
165
737
743
736
737
572
580
576
577
165
163
160
160
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
11.6
11.5
11.3
11.2
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.5
11.2
11.3
11.2
11.2
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.8
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2003
March
June
September
December
-20
27
22
20
733
753
739
737
562
585
575
572
171
168
164
165
753
726
717
717
592
567
562
561
161
159
155
156
-0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
11.1
11.4
11.2
11.1
8.5
8.9
8.7
8.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
11.4
11.0
10.8
10.7
9.0
8.6
8.5
8.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2004
March
June
September
December
34
17
13
49
768
754
757
780
588
583
576
591
180
171
181
189
734
737
744
731
575
570
568
569
159
167
176
162
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.7
11.5
11.3
11.3
11.6
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.8
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.8
11.0
11.0
11.1
10.9
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.4
2005
March
7
770
582
188
763
592
171
0.2
11.5
8.7
2.8
11.3
8.8
2.5
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 4. Firm size class 10–19 employees: private sector quarterly gross gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
49
22
757
746
639
620
118
126
708
724
596
609
112
115
0.6
0.3
10.3
10.2
8.7
8.5
1.6
1.7
9.7
9.9
8.2
8.3
1.5
1.6
1993
March
June
September
December
13
64
91
60
724
751
774
768
610
638
653
650
114
113
121
118
711
687
683
708
600
573
579
599
111
114
104
109
0.2
0.9
1.2
0.8
9.9
10.2
10.4
10.3
8.3
8.7
8.8
8.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.6
9.7
9.3
9.2
9.5
8.2
7.8
7.8
8.0
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1994
March
June
September
December
45
60
122
35
759
780
820
771
644
659
685
657
115
121
135
114
714
720
698
736
602
592
597
616
112
128
101
120
0.6
0.8
1.6
0.4
10.1
10.4
10.8
10.1
8.6
8.8
9.0
8.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
9.5
9.6
9.2
9.7
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.1
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.6
1995
March
June
September
December
64
26
59
29
791
775
802
791
669
651
679
664
122
124
123
127
727
749
743
762
614
629
619
635
113
120
124
127
0.8
0.3
0.8
0.4
10.3
10.1
10.4
10.2
8.7
8.5
8.8
8.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
9.5
9.8
9.6
9.8
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1996
March
June
September
December
50
35
56
58
793
795
808
816
671
669
674
687
122
126
134
129
743
760
752
758
622
633
634
635
121
127
118
123
0.7
0.4
0.7
0.7
10.3
10.2
10.3
10.4
8.7
8.6
8.6
8.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
9.6
9.8
9.6
9.7
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.1
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1997
March
June
September
December
80
31
59
35
822
789
818
828
697
669
696
692
125
120
122
136
742
758
759
793
620
634
632
647
122
124
127
146
1.0
0.4
0.7
0.4
10.5
10.0
10.3
10.4
8.9
8.5
8.8
8.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.7
9.5
9.6
9.6
10.0
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.2
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1998
March
June
September
December
38
66
26
52
828
830
809
815
680
683
682
699
148
147
127
116
790
764
783
763
636
632
648
628
154
132
135
135
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.6
10.5
10.4
10.1
10.1
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.7
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.4
9.9
9.6
9.8
9.5
8.0
7.9
8.1
7.8
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.7
1999
March
June
September
December
31
36
43
100
830
831
849
877
689
695
710
729
141
136
139
148
799
795
806
777
653
658
660
640
146
137
146
137
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.2
10.4
10.3
10.5
10.8
8.6
8.6
8.8
9.0
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
9.9
9.8
10.0
9.6
8.1
8.1
8.2
7.9
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
2000
March
June
September
December
70
11
11
6
871
830
839
819
727
692
697
688
144
138
142
131
801
819
828
813
662
684
682
677
139
135
146
136
0.9
0.2
0.1
0.0
10.7
10.1
10.2
10.0
8.9
8.4
8.5
8.4
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
9.8
9.9
10.1
10.0
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.3
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.7
2001
March
June
September
December
17
-32
-68
-36
821
794
770
769
691
666
641
639
130
128
129
130
804
826
838
805
665
692
691
674
139
134
147
131
0.2
-0.3
-0.8
-0.4
10.0
9.7
9.4
9.4
8.4
8.1
7.8
7.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
9.8
8.1
8.4
8.4
8.2
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.6
2002
March
June
September
December
13
4
-4
-14
787
784
765
754
657
652
640
636
130
132
125
118
774
780
769
768
650
657
651
650
124
123
118
118
0.2
0.0
0.0
-0.2
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.1
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
9.4
9.5
9.3
9.3
7.9
8.0
7.9
7.9
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
2003
March
June
September
December
-31
21
18
27
750
778
759
764
627
657
641
646
123
121
118
118
781
757
741
737
664
637
629
624
117
120
112
113
-0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
9.1
9.5
9.2
9.2
7.6
8.0
7.8
7.8
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
9.5
9.2
9.0
8.9
8.1
7.7
7.6
7.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
2004
March
June
September
December
37
40
11
54
783
782
767
795
658
660
639
664
125
122
128
131
746
742
756
741
634
625
633
625
112
117
123
116
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.7
9.4
9.4
9.2
9.6
7.9
7.9
7.7
8.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
8.9
8.9
9.1
8.9
7.6
7.5
7.6
7.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.4
2005
March
15
780
652
128
765
649
116
0.1
9.3
7.8
1.5
9.2
7.8
1.4
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 5. Firm size class 20–49 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
83
36
913
887
809
779
104
108
830
851
730
746
100
105
0.8
0.4
8.9
8.7
7.9
7.6
1.0
1.1
8.1
8.3
7.1
7.3
1.0
1.0
1993
March
June
September
December
31
89
127
101
861
887
925
921
763
791
825
821
98
96
100
100
830
798
798
820
731
698
705
724
99
100
93
96
0.3
0.8
1.3
0.9
8.4
8.5
8.9
8.7
7.4
7.6
7.9
7.8
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.9
8.1
7.7
7.6
7.8
7.1
6.7
6.7
6.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
1994
March
June
September
December
68
104
176
65
904
932
985
926
805
828
870
830
99
104
115
96
836
828
809
861
735
717
721
754
101
111
88
107
0.6
1.0
1.7
0.6
8.5
8.7
9.2
8.5
7.6
7.7
8.1
7.6
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.9
7.9
7.7
7.5
7.9
6.9
6.7
6.7
6.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.0
1995
March
June
September
December
104
35
108
63
954
920
973
959
850
813
866
850
104
107
107
109
850
885
865
896
749
778
753
782
101
107
112
114
1.1
0.3
1.0
0.6
8.8
8.4
8.8
8.7
7.8
7.4
7.8
7.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
7.7
8.1
7.8
8.1
6.8
7.1
6.8
7.1
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1996
March
June
September
December
79
36
82
96
961
945
974
981
857
837
858
871
104
108
116
110
882
909
892
885
774
795
786
776
108
114
106
109
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.8
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.7
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
8.0
8.1
7.9
7.9
7.0
7.1
7.0
6.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1997
March
June
September
December
118
38
108
63
996
940
999
1,004
889
839
891
889
107
101
108
115
878
902
891
941
766
790
778
800
112
112
113
141
1.0
0.3
0.9
0.5
8.7
8.2
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.3
7.8
7.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.2
6.7
6.9
6.8
7.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1998
March
June
September
December
53
71
46
107
1,002
997
976
1,003
867
869
863
906
135
128
113
97
949
926
930
896
805
799
807
779
144
127
123
117
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.9
8.7
8.6
8.4
8.6
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.8
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.8
8.3
8.0
8.0
7.7
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.7
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1999
March
June
September
December
34
65
72
138
996
1,007
1,032
1,063
875
887
912
933
121
120
120
130
962
942
960
925
828
821
824
800
134
121
136
125
0.3
0.6
0.5
1.2
8.5
8.6
8.7
9.0
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
8.2
8.0
8.2
7.8
7.1
7.0
7.0
6.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
2000
March
June
September
December
100
35
23
18
1,055
1,011
1,015
991
931
894
893
882
124
117
122
109
955
976
992
973
828
852
861
851
127
124
131
122
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.2
8.8
8.4
8.4
8.3
7.8
7.4
7.4
7.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.1
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
2001
March
June
September
December
1
-65
-119
-85
986
955
909
906
878
844
799
796
108
111
110
110
985
1,020
1,028
991
856
897
895
873
129
123
133
118
0.0
-0.6
-1.0
-0.7
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.6
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
8.2
8.5
8.6
8.3
7.1
7.5
7.5
7.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
2002
March
June
September
December
-3
8
-33
-31
933
941
894
882
824
829
792
786
109
112
102
96
936
933
927
913
829
825
826
812
107
108
101
101
-0.1
0.1
-0.3
-0.3
7.8
7.9
7.6
7.4
6.9
7.0
6.7
6.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.7
7.0
6.9
7.0
6.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
2003
March
June
September
December
-57
27
16
21
873
917
885
889
773
818
791
794
100
99
94
95
930
890
869
868
831
789
777
774
99
101
92
94
-0.5
0.1
0.1
0.2
7.3
7.7
7.5
7.5
6.5
6.9
6.7
6.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.6
6.5
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
2004
March
June
September
December
64
82
26
72
924
935
904
934
825
836
800
832
99
99
104
102
860
853
878
862
770
757
779
769
90
96
99
93
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.5
7.7
7.8
7.6
7.7
6.9
7.0
6.7
6.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
7.3
7.1
7.3
7.2
6.5
6.3
6.5
6.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
2005
March
33
912
814
98
879
788
91
0.2
7.5
6.7
0.8
7.3
6.5
0.8
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 6. Firm size class 50–99 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
60
38
580
576
533
527
47
49
520
538
473
487
47
51
0.7
0.4
7.5
7.4
6.9
6.8
0.6
0.6
6.8
7.0
6.2
6.3
0.6
0.7
1993
March
June
September
December
36
64
100
80
559
566
597
596
514
525
554
552
45
41
43
44
523
502
497
516
475
455
452
470
48
47
45
46
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.0
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.6
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.0
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.1
5.9
5.8
6.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1994
March
June
September
December
60
82
121
69
584
596
626
601
537
549
576
559
47
47
50
42
524
514
505
532
475
462
464
483
49
52
41
49
0.8
1.1
1.5
0.8
7.4
7.5
7.7
7.3
6.8
6.9
7.1
6.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.5
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.9
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
1995
March
June
September
December
83
30
81
58
615
589
627
624
568
540
579
573
47
49
48
51
532
559
546
566
484
510
493
510
48
49
53
56
1.0
0.4
1.0
0.6
7.5
7.1
7.5
7.4
6.9
6.5
6.9
6.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
6.5
6.7
6.5
6.8
5.9
6.1
5.9
6.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
1996
March
June
September
December
51
30
60
87
614
605
623
636
568
555
570
585
46
50
53
51
563
575
563
549
511
520
512
498
52
55
51
51
0.5
0.4
0.7
1.0
7.2
7.1
7.3
7.4
6.7
6.5
6.7
6.8
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.4
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1997
March
June
September
December
78
44
89
59
634
604
649
650
586
557
598
597
48
47
51
53
556
560
560
591
503
507
508
515
53
53
52
76
1.0
0.4
1.1
0.6
7.4
6.9
7.5
7.4
6.8
6.4
6.9
6.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1998
March
June
September
December
53
39
46
86
656
633
627
646
589
574
578
603
67
59
49
43
603
594
581
560
531
527
522
505
72
67
59
55
0.6
0.4
0.5
1.0
7.5
7.2
7.1
7.3
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
1999
March
June
September
December
24
46
57
102
639
646
666
689
584
590
612
628
55
56
54
61
615
600
609
587
550
543
545
524
65
57
64
63
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.1
7.1
7.2
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
6.9
6.7
6.8
6.5
6.2
6.1
6.1
5.8
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
2000
March
June
September
December
82
37
32
14
682
656
662
631
627
607
609
585
55
49
53
46
600
619
630
617
540
558
567
558
60
61
63
59
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.2
7.5
7.1
7.2
6.9
6.9
6.6
6.6
6.4
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
6.6
6.8
6.9
6.7
5.9
6.1
6.2
6.1
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
2001
March
June
September
December
-27
-68
-112
-93
620
606
562
562
574
558
515
514
46
48
47
48
647
674
674
655
583
616
609
599
64
58
65
56
-0.3
-0.7
-1.2
-1.1
6.8
6.6
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.1
5.7
5.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
7.1
7.3
7.4
7.3
6.4
6.7
6.7
6.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
2002
March
June
September
December
-21
12
-30
-35
578
595
558
545
534
548
516
506
44
47
42
39
599
583
588
580
548
534
541
533
51
49
47
47
-0.2
0.1
-0.3
-0.4
6.5
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.0
6.1
5.8
5.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
6.7
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.1
6.0
6.1
6.0
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
2003
March
June
September
December
-29
-1
3
8
548
566
548
552
509
527
510
513
39
39
38
39
577
567
545
544
533
522
505
503
44
45
40
41
-0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.1
6.4
6.2
6.2
5.7
6.0
5.8
5.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
6.5
6.4
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
2004
March
June
September
December
62
74
32
40
586
593
571
576
547
554
529
535
39
39
42
41
524
519
539
536
485
478
496
498
39
41
43
38
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.5
6.5
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.1
6.2
5.9
5.9
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
5.8
5.8
6.0
5.9
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
2005
March
31
564
527
37
533
495
38
0.4
6.2
5.8
0.4
5.8
5.4
0.4
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 7. Firm size class 100–249 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
46
47
595
605
562
568
33
37
549
558
511
515
38
43
0.5
0.4
6.4
6.4
6.0
6.0
0.4
0.4
5.9
6.0
5.5
5.5
0.4
0.5
1993
March
June
September
December
60
87
115
88
599
606
638
630
563
577
607
600
36
29
31
30
539
519
523
542
500
479
485
506
39
40
38
36
0.6
0.9
1.2
0.9
6.3
6.3
6.6
6.5
5.9
6.0
6.3
6.2
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
5.7
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.3
5.0
5.0
5.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1994
March
June
September
December
78
120
135
92
621
649
666
650
583
614
630
619
38
35
36
31
543
529
531
558
505
486
499
517
38
43
32
41
0.8
1.3
1.4
0.9
6.3
6.6
6.7
6.4
5.9
6.2
6.3
6.1
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
5.5
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.1
4.9
5.0
5.1
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
1995
March
June
September
December
89
56
91
76
655
636
668
670
620
601
635
630
35
35
33
40
566
580
577
594
528
540
534
549
38
40
43
45
0.8
0.5
0.9
0.8
6.4
6.1
6.4
6.4
6.1
5.8
6.1
6.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1996
March
June
September
December
52
46
88
111
656
649
684
688
621
610
642
652
35
39
42
36
604
603
596
577
561
561
551
534
43
42
45
43
0.5
0.5
0.9
1.0
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.4
5.9
5.8
6.1
6.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1997
March
June
September
December
74
83
120
76
673
662
712
714
638
626
669
672
35
36
43
42
599
579
592
638
556
536
548
568
43
43
44
70
0.7
0.8
1.1
0.7
6.2
6.1
6.5
6.5
5.9
5.8
6.1
6.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.8
5.1
4.9
5.0
5.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
1998
March
June
September
December
80
57
69
92
725
699
693
700
667
651
653
669
58
48
40
31
645
642
624
608
589
580
575
561
56
62
49
47
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.9
6.5
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.0
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.4
1999
March
June
September
December
14
78
67
123
699
716
720
754
652
669
678
707
47
47
42
47
685
638
653
631
629
591
600
579
56
47
53
52
0.1
0.7
0.6
1.0
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.6
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
6.1
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.2
5.3
5.1
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
2000
March
June
September
December
109
60
45
31
750
717
722
696
710
683
684
663
40
34
38
33
641
657
677
665
594
607
623
615
47
50
54
50
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.3
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.2
5.9
5.9
5.7
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.4
2001
March
June
September
December
-55
-95
-151
-127
672
655
600
597
642
622
567
562
30
33
33
35
727
750
751
724
666
702
697
679
61
48
54
45
-0.4
-0.8
-1.4
-1.2
5.8
5.6
5.2
5.2
5.5
5.3
4.9
4.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.4
5.7
6.0
6.1
6.0
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.4
2002
March
June
September
December
-28
3
-38
-42
622
637
589
579
592
605
564
553
30
32
25
26
650
634
627
621
607
591
588
584
43
43
39
37
-0.3
0.1
-0.3
-0.4
5.5
5.7
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.0
4.9
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
2003
March
June
September
December
-30
-9
2
6
586
598
574
578
562
573
552
554
24
25
22
24
616
607
572
572
581
573
543
539
35
34
29
33
-0.3
-0.1
-0.1
0.1
5.2
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.0
5.1
4.9
5.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.5
5.4
5.2
5.1
5.2
5.1
4.9
4.8
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
2004
March
June
September
December
79
78
52
60
618
629
621
618
596
605
593
592
22
24
28
26
539
551
569
558
509
522
534
530
30
29
35
28
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.8
4.9
5.0
4.8
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
2005
March
51
604
581
23
553
524
29
0.4
5.2
5.0
0.2
4.8
4.5
0.3
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 8. Firm size class 250–499 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
30
24
348
351
334
334
14
17
318
327
300
308
18
19
0.4
0.4
5.5
5.6
5.3
5.3
0.2
0.3
5.1
5.2
4.8
4.9
0.3
0.3
1993
March
June
September
December
35
67
75
55
343
359
376
373
327
347
365
362
16
12
11
11
308
292
301
318
291
274
282
301
17
18
19
17
0.6
1.0
1.2
0.8
5.5
5.6
5.9
5.7
5.2
5.4
5.7
5.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.9
4.6
4.7
4.9
4.6
4.3
4.4
4.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1994
March
June
September
December
57
96
83
55
374
403
404
392
356
387
388
380
18
16
16
12
317
307
321
337
301
289
309
318
16
18
12
19
0.9
1.4
1.1
0.8
5.7
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.8
5.7
5.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.9
4.6
4.3
4.6
4.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
1995
March
June
September
December
53
33
60
50
388
377
400
402
374
363
386
383
14
14
14
19
335
344
340
352
319
326
318
332
16
18
22
20
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.7
5.6
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.4
5.2
5.5
5.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
4.8
5.0
4.8
5.0
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.7
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
1996
March
June
September
December
22
65
50
63
391
409
406
408
374
392
388
391
17
17
18
17
369
344
356
345
350
326
335
325
19
18
21
20
0.3
0.8
0.7
0.8
5.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
5.2
4.9
5.0
4.8
4.9
4.6
4.7
4.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1997
March
June
September
December
56
63
60
66
413
411
429
438
395
395
407
418
18
16
22
20
357
348
369
372
337
327
346
341
20
21
23
31
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.6
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
4.9
4.7
4.9
4.9
4.6
4.4
4.6
4.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
1998
March
June
September
December
72
21
56
60
455
431
430
433
428
409
411
418
27
22
19
15
383
410
374
373
358
377
351
351
25
33
23
22
1.1
0.4
0.7
0.8
6.1
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.4
5.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
5.0
5.3
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.6
4.5
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
1999
March
June
September
December
1
46
48
75
434
443
447
468
411
418
430
449
23
25
17
19
433
397
399
393
405
372
377
368
28
25
22
25
0.0
0.6
0.6
1.0
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.9
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.7
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
5.6
5.1
5.1
4.9
5.2
4.8
4.8
4.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
2000
March
June
September
December
88
40
22
7
477
445
444
424
459
430
427
411
18
15
17
13
389
405
422
417
370
383
398
396
19
22
24
21
1.1
0.5
0.3
0.0
5.9
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.7
5.3
5.3
5.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.9
4.9
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
2001
March
June
September
December
-45
-91
-111
-102
410
385
361
358
398
372
345
342
12
13
16
16
455
476
472
460
423
453
450
441
32
23
22
19
-0.6
-1.2
-1.4
-1.3
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.6
4.9
4.6
4.4
4.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.6
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.2
5.7
5.7
5.7
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
2002
March
June
September
December
-14
-13
-19
-28
385
381
356
354
372
366
347
342
13
15
9
12
399
394
375
382
377
372
357
366
22
22
18
16
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
5.0
4.9
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.5
4.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
5.2
5.1
4.8
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.6
4.8
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
2003
March
June
September
December
-24
-13
3
14
353
357
357
360
343
347
348
350
10
10
9
10
377
370
354
346
361
357
341
331
16
13
13
15
-0.3
-0.2
0.0
0.2
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.9
4.9
4.7
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2004
March
June
September
December
39
40
35
41
365
374
376
376
358
364
366
366
7
10
10
10
326
334
341
335
312
323
325
321
14
11
16
14
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
2005
March
36
364
356
8
328
315
13
0.4
4.6
4.5
0.1
4.2
4.0
0.2
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 9. Firm size class 500–999 employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
19
23
273
274
261
265
12
9
254
251
241
239
13
12
0.3
0.5
4.7
4.8
4.5
4.6
0.2
0.2
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
0.2
0.2
1993
March
June
September
December
41
67
42
55
276
287
294
306
266
280
287
299
10
7
7
7
235
220
252
251
224
207
238
236
11
13
14
15
0.7
1.1
0.7
1.0
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
4.5
4.7
4.8
5.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.0
3.7
4.2
4.1
3.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1994
March
June
September
December
49
67
74
53
302
315
322
317
292
303
314
311
10
12
8
6
253
248
248
264
243
231
242
255
10
17
6
9
0.8
1.0
1.1
0.9
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.8
4.9
5.0
4.9
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.9
4.0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
1995
March
June
September
December
51
30
76
23
311
301
339
315
302
292
330
304
9
9
9
11
260
271
263
292
250
260
248
277
10
11
15
15
0.7
0.4
1.2
0.4
4.8
4.6
5.2
4.8
4.7
4.5
5.1
4.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
4.1
4.2
4.0
4.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
4.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1996
March
June
September
December
11
50
47
62
314
330
343
346
303
320
329
334
11
10
14
12
303
280
296
284
290
269
282
272
13
11
14
12
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.9
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.9
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
4.6
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.4
4.0
4.1
4.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1997
March
June
September
December
26
38
67
54
334
338
371
369
322
328
351
355
12
10
20
14
308
300
304
315
294
282
289
294
14
18
15
21
0.4
0.5
1.0
0.8
4.8
4.8
5.3
5.2
4.6
4.7
5.0
5.0
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
1998
March
June
September
December
87
4
50
39
400
359
361
365
383
346
348
353
17
13
13
12
313
355
311
326
296
332
294
307
17
23
17
19
1.2
0.1
0.7
0.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.3
4.8
4.8
4.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
4.3
4.9
4.3
4.5
4.1
4.6
4.1
4.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
1999
March
June
September
December
20
33
46
67
376
373
371
384
358
354
358
374
18
19
13
10
356
340
325
317
336
322
314
303
20
18
11
14
0.2
0.6
0.7
0.9
5.0
5.1
5.0
5.1
4.8
4.8
4.8
5.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
2000
March
June
September
December
70
44
32
0
386
373
374
357
374
364
363
351
12
9
11
6
316
329
342
357
305
317
328
341
11
12
14
16
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.0
5.1
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.9
4.7
4.7
4.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
2001
March
June
September
December
-20
-94
-123
-90
353
311
285
294
348
306
277
281
5
5
8
13
373
405
408
384
352
389
393
372
21
16
15
12
-0.2
-1.2
-1.6
-1.2
4.6
4.1
3.8
4.0
4.5
4.0
3.7
3.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
4.8
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
2002
March
June
September
December
-19
-24
-14
-16
317
311
302
298
308
303
297
291
9
8
5
7
336
335
316
314
320
320
303
307
16
15
13
7
-0.2
-0.4
-0.2
-0.2
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.5
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.1
4.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
2003
March
June
September
December
-24
-37
3
1
288
288
291
281
283
282
286
275
5
6
5
6
312
325
288
280
302
317
280
272
10
8
8
8
-0.3
-0.5
0.1
0.0
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.3
4.5
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.4
3.9
3.8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
2004
March
June
September
December
33
41
12
45
299
312
300
314
295
306
295
308
4
6
5
6
266
271
288
269
257
266
279
259
9
5
9
10
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.7
4.2
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.0
4.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
3.6
3.7
3.9
3.6
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
2005
March
22
291
287
4
269
262
7
0.4
4.0
3.9
0.1
3.6
3.5
0.1
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 10. Firm size class 1,000 or more employees: private sector quarterly gross job gains and gross job losses, levels and rates, seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands)
Year
1
3 months
ended
Rates (percent of employment)
Gross job gains
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Gross job losses
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Gross job losses
Gross job gains
Closing
firms
Net change1
Total
Expanding
firms
Opening
firms
Total
Contracting
firms
Closing
firms
1992
September
December
135
10
1,016
927
1,003
921
13
6
881
917
857
910
24
7
0.4
0.0
3.2
2.9
3.2
2.9
0.0
0.0
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.9
0.1
0.0
1993
March
June
September
December
-7
201
188
93
903
1,062
1,089
1,014
897
1,055
1,076
1,010
6
7
13
4
910
861
901
921
893
835
892
908
17
26
9
13
-0.1
0.6
0.5
0.3
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.1
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.8
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
1994
March
June
September
December
63
368
299
113
1,011
1,177
1,199
1,084
995
1,154
1,191
1,081
16
23
8
3
948
809
900
971
938
773
896
962
10
36
4
9
0.1
1.2
0.8
0.4
3.0
3.6
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.3
2.7
2.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
1995
March
June
September
December
149
124
309
27
1,101
1,106
1,215
1,114
1,093
1,100
1,209
1,094
8
6
6
20
952
982
906
1,087
941
971
891
1,067
11
11
15
20
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.0
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.6
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1996
March
June
September
December
166
294
169
254
1,230
1,268
1,247
1,226
1,214
1,260
1,232
1,208
16
8
15
18
1,064
974
1,078
972
1,046
955
1,042
970
18
19
36
2
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.8
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
3.1
2.8
3.0
2.7
3.0
2.7
2.9
2.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
1997
March
June
September
December
262
254
352
233
1,307
1,254
1,417
1,394
1,288
1,236
1,389
1,373
19
18
28
21
1,045
1,000
1,065
1,161
1,025
972
1,023
1,126
20
28
42
35
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.7
3.7
3.4
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.8
3.7
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.8
3.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1998
March
June
September
December
443
206
415
187
1,616
1,422
1,516
1,357
1,602
1,394
1,498
1,345
14
28
18
12
1,173
1,216
1,101
1,170
1,164
1,195
1,087
1,136
9
21
14
34
1.1
0.5
1.1
0.4
4.2
3.7
3.9
3.4
4.2
3.6
3.9
3.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
3.1
3.2
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.9
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
1999
March
June
September
December
315
209
248
227
1,564
1,457
1,476
1,431
1,527
1,412
1,459
1,421
37
45
17
10
1,249
1,248
1,228
1,204
1,228
1,219
1,216
1,198
21
29
12
6
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.5
4.0
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.9
3.6
3.6
3.5
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
2000
March
June
September
December
238
227
35
176
1,403
1,373
1,362
1,412
1,372
1,363
1,352
1,392
31
10
10
20
1,165
1,146
1,327
1,236
1,152
1,128
1,310
1,218
13
18
17
18
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.4
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
2.7
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.7
3.2
2.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2001
March
June
September
December
139
-381
-578
-456
1,483
1,187
1,032
1,182
1,474
1,181
1,027
1,134
9
6
5
48
1,344
1,568
1,610
1,638
1,318
1,552
1,592
1,627
26
16
18
11
0.2
-0.9
-1.4
-1.1
3.5
2.8
2.5
2.9
3.5
2.8
2.5
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
3.3
3.7
3.9
4.0
3.2
3.7
3.9
4.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
2002
March
June
September
December
95
-172
-79
-106
1,326
1,174
1,135
1,146
1,310
1,170
1,128
1,140
16
4
7
6
1,231
1,346
1,214
1,252
1,212
1,338
1,177
1,241
19
8
37
11
0.3
-0.4
-0.2
-0.3
3.3
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.3
2.9
2.8
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.3
2.9
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
2003
March
June
September
December
-129
-237
20
182
1,060
1,027
1,070
1,177
1,056
1,022
1,054
1,171
4
5
16
6
1,189
1,264
1,050
995
1,171
1,256
1,046
988
18
8
4
7
-0.3
-0.6
0.1
0.4
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
3.2
2.6
2.5
2.9
3.2
2.6
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2004
March
June
September
December
1
168
4
372
1,035
1,224
1,105
1,253
1,031
1,197
1,104
1,248
4
27
1
5
1,034
1,056
1,101
881
1,023
1,050
1,094
856
11
6
7
25
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.9
2.6
3.1
2.7
3.1
2.6
3.0
2.7
3.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
2005
March
95
1,076
1,074
2
981
977
4
0.2
2.6
2.6
0.0
2.4
2.4
0.0
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.