Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of
service …rms: an agent-based adaptation model
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Lille 1 University
France
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Pollution in services : multiple sources and a serious
problem
From Gadrey, 1996
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Aims
Are service …rms sensible to environmental policies?
What is the best: ecotax or consumer information?
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Sources of pollution
Consumers
Linking with the search space
Firms behavioral rules
A return on the sources of pollution in service activities
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Sources of pollution
Consumers
Linking with the search space
Firms behavioral rules
De…nition of the relevant vector of caracteristics of the
product and of the search space
0
With :
@ ykt
1
xkt
= f (mkt ) + vkt A
zkt
xkt 2 [1; 10], the price;
mkt 2 [1; 10], the total mobility as mkt
(m kt m min )
f (mkt ) = 10 (m max
m min )
zkt and
zkt 2 [1; 10], the client’s mobility
these threee dimensions form the search space for …rms.
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Sources of pollution
Consumers
Linking with the search space
Firms behavioral rules
Initial preferences
xi 0 = RND (1; 10)
xi 0 > 5 )
yi 0
zi 0
=
RND (1; 5)
RND (1; 5)
5 )
yi 0
zi 0
=
RND (6; 10)
RND (6; 10)
xi 0
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Sources of pollution
Consumers
Linking with the search space
Firms behavioral rules
Preference dynamics
0
1 0
βi xit
xit
@ yit A = @ β yit
i
zit
βi zit
+ (1
1 + (1
1 + (1
1
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
βi ).(1/n) ∑j xjt
βi ).(1/n) ∑j yjt
βi ).(1/n) ∑j zjt
1
1
1
1
A
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Sources of pollution
Consumers
Linking with the search space
Firms behavioral rules
Linking with the search space
Ult = (1/N ). ∑N
i =1 [10
(1/3) (jxit
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
1
xl j + jyit
1
yl j + jzit
1
zl j)
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Sources of pollution
Consumers
Linking with the search space
Firms behavioral rules
Firms behavioral rules
10 …rms
Random initial position in the search space
If a …rm has a market share less than the average (10%), then
it tries to move on the hypersurface of performance
(=innovation)
In this later case: observe the immediate neighbourhood
(incremental innovation) and try one far away location (long
jump or radical innovation)
a …rm is removed from the market if it has a nul market share
Replacement by a totally new …rm (role of the HHI).
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Schumpeterian competition
9. 66895
0. 45
8. 37671
0. 3375
7. 08448
0. 225
5. 79224
0. 1125
4. 5
0
0
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_1
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_5
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_9
25
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_2
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_6
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_10
50
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_3
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_7
75
100
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_4
Cur r ent Fi t ness_1_1_8
0
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_1
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_6
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_6
10
10
7. 5
7. 5
5
5
2. 5
2. 5
0
50
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_2
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_7
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_8
100
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_3
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_8
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_4
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_9
150
200
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_5
Mar ket Shar e_1_1_10
0
0
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_1
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_5
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_9
50
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_2
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_6
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_10
100
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_3
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_7
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_6
150
200
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_4
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_8
Pr oduct Mobi l i t y_1_1_8
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
0
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_1
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_6
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_6
50
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_2
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_7
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_8
100
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_3
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_8
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_4
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_9
150
200
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_5
Pr oduct Pr i ce_1_1_10
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Ecotax
Consumer information
Simulated scenarios
Ecotax (T)
3 possibilities :
T = vkt (materiality) ) xkt 2 [2; 20]
T = f (mkt ) (mobility) ) xkt 2 [2; 20]
T = f (mkt ) + vkt (total externalities) ) xkt 2 [3; 30]
The initial environmental preferences are modi…ed according
to the considered scenario
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Ecotax
Consumer information
Simulated scenarios
It can be on vkt , f (mkt ) or zkt .
Immediate e¤ect (E ) : If yit
E , the the individual i will
take account of his tolerance to externalities in his purchasing
decision. Moreover, his preferences yit become to be dynamic.
Mediate e¤ect (K ) : percolation. If the number of
ecological neighbors of a non-ecological consumer i is at least
equal to a parameter K , then i becomes a ecologically friendly
consumer too
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Ecotax
Consumer information
Simulated scenarios
The 123 scenarios
For each simulation, an average pollution index is calculated:
10
yAvt =
∑ Mskt .ykt
k =1
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
13. 6285
14. 0605
12. 6964
13. 2204
11. 7643
12. 3803
10. 8321
11. 5401
13. 7095
12. 6571
11. 6047
10. 5524
9. 9
10. 7
1
250
500
750
1000
K0 E1 0 F _ 1 _ 1 K0 E7 F _ 2 _ 1 K0 E5 F _ 3 _ 1 K0 E2 F _ 4 _ 1 K0 E1 F _ 5 _ 1 K1 E1 0 F _ 6 _ 1 K1 E7 F _ 7 _ 1 K1 E5 F _ 8 _ 1 K1 E2 F _ 9 _ 1
K1 E1 F _ 1 0 _ 1 K2 E1 0 F _ 1 1 _ 1 K2 E7 F _ 1 2 _ 1 K2 E5 F _ 1 3 _ 1 K2 E2 F _ 1 4 _ 1 K2 E1 F _ 1 5 _ 1 K3 E1 0 F _ 1 6 _ 1 K3 E7 F _ 1 7 _ 1
K3 E5 F _ 1 8 _ 1 K3 E2 F _ 1 9 _ 1 K3 E1 F _ 2 0 _ 1
1
250
500
750
1000
Mobility ST
9. 5
1
K0 E1 0 F _ 1 _ 1 K0 E7 F _ 2 _ 1 K0 E5 F _ 3 _ 1 K0 E2 F _ 4 _ 1 K0 E1 F _ 5 _ 1 K1 E1 0 F _ 6 _ 1 K1 E7 F _ 7 _ 1 K1 E5 F _ 8 _ 1 K1 E2 F _ 9 _ 1
K1 E1 F _ 1 0 _ 1 K2 E1 0 F _ 1 1 _ 1 K2 E7 F _ 1 2 _ 1 K2 E5 F _ 1 3 _ 1 K2 E2 F _ 1 4 _ 1 K2 E1 F _ 1 5 _ 1 K3 E1 0 F _ 1 6 _ 1 K3 E7 F _ 1 7 _ 1
K3 E5 F _ 1 8 _ 1 K3 E2 F _ 1 9 _ 1 K3 E1 F _ 2 0 _ 1
Materiality ST
13. 5663
13. 6748
12. 6997
12. 5561
11. 8331
11. 4374
10. 9666
10. 3187
250
500
750
1000
K3 E2 0 F _ 1 _ 1 K3 E1 5 F _ 2 _ 1 K3 E1 0 F _ 3 _ 1 K3 E5 F _ 4 _ 1 K3 E2 F _ 5 _ 1 K2 E2 0 F _ 6 _ 1 K2 E1 5 F _ 7 _ 1 K2 E1 0 F _ 8 _ 1
K2 E5 F _ 9 _ 1 K2 E2 F _ 1 0 _ 1 K1 E2 0 F _ 1 1 _ 1 K1 E1 5 F _ 1 2 _ 1 K1 E1 0 F _ 1 3 _ 1 K1 E5 F _ 1 4 _ 1 K1 E2 F _ 1 5 _ 1 K0 E2 0 F _ 1 6 _ 1
K0 E1 5 F _ 1 7 _ 1 K0 E1 0 F _ 1 8 _ 1 K0 E5 F _ 1 9 _ 1 K0 E2 F _ 2 0 _ 1
TotalExtern ST
13. 6285
12. 4714
11. 3143
10. 1571
10. 1
9. 2
1
250
500
750
K0 E1 0 F _ 1 _ 1 K0 E7 F _ 2 _ 1 K0 E5 F _ 3 _ 1 K0 E2 F _ 4 _ 1 K0 E1 F _ 5 _ 1 K1 E1 0 F _ 6 _ 1 K1 E7 F _ 7 _ 1 K1 E5 F _ 8 _ 1 K1 E2 F _ 9 _ 1
K1 E1 F _ 1 0 _ 1 K2 E1 0 F _ 1 1 _ 1 K2 E7 F _ 1 2 _ 1 K2 E5 F _ 1 3 _ 1 K2 E2 F _ 1 4 _ 1 K2 E1 F _ 1 5 _ 1 K3 E1 0 F _ 1 6 _ 1 K3 E7 F _ 1 7 _ 1
K3 E5 F _ 1 8 _ 1 K3 E2 F _ 1 9 _ 1 K3 E1 F _ 2 0 _ 1
Mobility T
1000
1
250
500
750
K0 E1 0 F _ 1 _ 1 K0 E7 F _ 2 _ 1 K0 E5 F _ 3 _ 1 K0 E2 F _ 4 _ 1 K0 E1 F _ 5 _ 1 K1 E1 0 F _ 6 _ 1 K1 E7 F _ 7 _ 1 K1 E5 F _ 8 _ 1 K1 E2 F _ 9 _ 1
K1 E1 F _ 1 0 _ 1 K2 E1 0 F _ 1 1 _ 1 K2 E7 F _ 1 2 _ 1 K2 E5 F _ 1 3 _ 1 K2 E2 F _ 1 4 _ 1 K2 E1 F _ 1 5 _ 1 K3 E1 0 F _ 1 6 _ 1 K3 E7 F _ 1 7 _ 1
K3 E5 F _ 1 8 _ 1 K3 E2 F _ 1 9 _ 1 K3 E1 F _ 2 0 _ 1
Materiality T
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
1000
9
1
250
500
750
1000
K3 E2 0 F _ 1 _ 1 K3 E1 5 F _ 2 _ 1 K3 E1 0 F _ 3 _ 1 K3 E5 F _ 4 _ 1 K3 E2 F _ 5 _ 1 K2 E2 0 F _ 6 _ 1 K2 E1 5 F _ 7 _ 1 K2 E1 0 F _ 8 _ 1
K2 E5 F _ 9 _ 1 K2 E2 F _ 1 0 _ 1 K1 E2 0 F _ 1 1 _ 1 K1 E1 5 F _ 1 2 _ 1 K1 E1 0 F _ 1 3 _ 1 K1 E5 F _ 1 4 _ 1 K1 E2 F _ 1 5 _ 1 K0 E2 0 F _ 1 6 _ 1
K0 E1 5 F _ 1 7 _ 1 K0 E1 0 F _ 1 8 _ 1 K0 E5 F _ 1 9 _ 1 K0 E2 F _ 2 0 _ 1
Total Extern T
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
13. 9326
12. 4495
10. 9663
9. 48315
8
1
Tot al Ext er n_TaxOnl yF_1_1
250
500
TaxMobi l i t yF_2_1
750
1000
TaxExt er nF_3_1
Ecotax only
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag
Introduction
The model
Preliminary results
Environmental policies
Main results
Thank you;
Questions ?
Benoît Desmarchelier, Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
Environmental policies and eco-innovation of service …rms: an ag