TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
Total Federal
Industryb,c
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
U&C
Industry
Total Industryb,f
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
Total nonprofit
13
15
17
20
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
27
29
34
38
40
43
50
55
59
66
72
75
89
107
128
156
183
215
260
313
389
466
514
565
9
11
13
15
15
16
18
21
22
24
25
25
29
32
34
37
43
44
45
47
49
54
59
65
72
79
87
95
105
115
127
139
153
168
185
203
6
8
12
15
20
24
28
33
40
48
58
70
86
106
136
156
171
196
214
216
223
250
264
283
334
398
466
544
615
716
816
915
1,075
1,262
1,399
1,530
28
31
35
41
50
59
66
71
85
101
113
115
122
133
144
154
170
187
204
218
227
254
280
305
346
380
419
463
512
591
668
746
837
936
1,052
1,180
U&Cd
U&Cd
16
18
21
24
27
31
36
41
48
55
63
68
70
75
83
91
103
115
127
134
137
153
164
175
198
213
229
248
269
317
358
395
440
488
545
607
7
10
14
19
25
31
38
45
54
64
75
84
94
104
114
131
153
179
194
195
196
204
212
218
232
260
286
307
338
368
396
436
514
606
659
705
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
460
509
579
718
814
944
1,087
1,286
1,512
1,824
2,115
2,396
2,664
2,930
3,168
3,376
3,491
3,594
3,720
3,850
4,099
4,511
4,875
5,373
6,008
6,959
7,836
8,745
9,658
10,651
11,880
13,332
14,748
17,154
18,481
19,787
265
291
327
393
452
538
666
794
973
1,218
1,446
1,693
1,900
2,075
2,280
2,399
2,457
2,501
2,559
2,656
2,847
3,146
3,415
3,793
4,235
4,950
5,558
6,145
6,591
7,121
7,853
8,651
9,407
10,220
11,090
12,097
102
96
98
114
124
149
165
184
230
252
285
339
375
410
434
482
545
562
581
603
652
715
760
850
943
1,044
1,112
1,212
1,343
1,522
1,733
1,877
1,947
2,026
2,047
2,116
19
23
27
37
41
43
72
79
81
143
147
123
157
142
168
145
123
122
101
91
96
114
104
116
135
156
161
170
164
253
346
340
358
434
598
656
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
42
29
31
34
35
37
36
33
39
36
49
53
69
75
94
104
120
137
128
117
136
131
117
142
337
82
97
117
143
167
202
263
341
432
546
689
824
944
1,066
1,188
1,265
1,288
1,323
1,385
1,437
1,489
1,609
1,768
1,924
2,114
2,399
2,719
3,061
3,331
3,475
3,689
4,087
4,606
5,122
5,527
5,937
36
44
50
58
72
85
95
106
126
148
175
200
218
239
263
276
272
265
252
270
343
415
476
556
667
906
1,050
1,167
1,284
1,366
1,536
1,709
1,793
1,915
2,086
2,272
27
31
36
42
49
59
72
85
105
130
150
166
179
188
194
196
192
195
207
216
232
245
255
278
301
351
413
416
324
369
426
494
560
594
675
756
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
9
8
9
13
13
14
24
154
169
192
251
268
292
290
343
361
394
425
434
462
512
495
537
541
531
551
565
607
656
704
774
862
970
1,107
1,286
1,600
1,854
2,146
2,584
2,915
4,130
4,282
4,275
132
143
162
216
230
252
248
297
314
345
375
384
406
451
427
462
458
444
456
463
499
536
573
634
701
785
893
1,035
1,313
1,523
1,760
2,132
2,373
3,496
3,583
3,507
12
13
14
17
23
28
30
30
37
46
50
47
52
58
61
63
67
72
77
84
90
102
116
131
148
168
190
215
243
275
311
351
397
449
507
573
TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
Total Federal
Industryb,c
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
21,891
23,029
27,140
27,604
28,743
29,651
29,610
32,799
36,921
35,372
38,935
42,752
47,727
51,902
56,089
57,731
61,321
62,996
68,061
72,149
75,824
77,187
78,466
13,392
14,057
15,283
15,710
16,399
16,770
16,990
18,063
19,420
20,847
22,799
24,786
27,591
31,130
33,967
35,235
36,705
37,558
39,235
39,200
40,440
41,035
41,851
2,309
2,319
2,378
2,419
2,621
2,547
2,689
2,680
2,746
3,003
3,347
3,765
4,260
4,511
4,664
4,697
4,770
4,716
4,621
4,957
5,441
5,091
4,875
986
869
1,251
712
466
436
190
650
1,029
1,002
1,108
925
754
888
1,386
1,072
1,108
1,444
2,780
1,475
1,340
1,406
1,615
398
499
461
474
492
503
530
708
625
568
557
547
552
534
299
175
136
652
2,258
2,423
2,629
2,848
2,761
6,422
6,889
7,423
8,058
8,638
9,139
9,634
10,092
10,924
11,941
12,892
13,960
15,541
17,930
20,127
21,702
22,788
23,312
23,673
24,149
24,098
24,499
25,662
2,371
2,470
2,657
2,867
2,953
2,934
2,702
2,606
2,671
2,660
2,765
2,874
3,104
3,714
3,747
3,730
3,820
3,344
1,724
1,672
1,902
2,196
2,212
860
947
1,036
1,114
1,157
1,137
1,170
1,248
1,317
1,461
1,734
2,099
2,464
2,575
2,714
2,788
2,903
2,849
2,829
3,073
3,498
3,417
3,108
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
2,843
3,118
3,491
4,185
4,589
5,205
5,927
6,916
8,037
9,568
10,978
12,248
13,374
14,303
1,640
1,781
1,972
2,288
2,547
2,965
3,629
4,270
5,171
6,389
7,503
8,655
9,539
10,129
628
589
588
662
699
822
897
987
1,220
1,322
1,477
1,733
1,880
2,001
118
141
163
216
231
237
393
425
431
750
763
629
788
693
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
215
146
151
504
592
702
831
939
1,114
1,431
1,831
2,294
2,862
3,576
4,210
4,737
5,204
223
270
301
338
403
469
515
570
667
774
908
1,020
1,092
1,164
167
190
217
242
274
323
393
457
558
682
779
849
896
915
46
65
77
67
72
75
75
79
108
213
397
616
915
979
1,029
1,070
1,181
1,242
1,350
1,451
1,533
1,578
1,619
U&C
Industry
U&Cd
Other
nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
Total nonprofit
U&Cd
U&Cd
3,832
3,760
6,125
5,816
5,961
6,078
5,379
6,848
8,766
4,851
5,537
6,115
7,299
6,659
6,944
6,763
7,559
6,940
8,488
10,893
13,444
14,965
14,949
637
705
764
814
851
890
945
1,032
1,175
1,315
1,421
1,499
1,519
1,512
1,493
1,545
1,667
1,840
2,037
2,218
2,161
1,978
1,989
223
245
269
295
324
356
390
428
449
477
517
566
571
554
567
578
614
656
698
722
698
702
702
1,714
1,929
2,127
2,203
2,268
2,406
2,511
2,740
3,144
3,483
3,835
4,298
4,738
5,287
5,667
5,930
6,525
7,233
7,874
8,412
8,036
7,554
7,828
1,327
1,486
1,660
1,824
1,987
2,160
2,326
2,539
2,718
3,069
3,394
3,938
4,347
4,947
5,485
5,596
6,095
6,483
7,230
8,025
8,471
8,570
8,744
647
730
825
931
1,051
1,186
1,338
1,510
1,557
1,773
1,952
2,334
2,582
2,984
3,429
3,443
3,776
3,948
4,384
4,901
5,357
5,568
5,673
680
756
836
893
936
974
987
1,028
1,162
1,296
1,442
1,603
1,765
1,963
2,055
2,154
2,319
2,535
2,845
3,124
3,115
3,001
3,071
766
847
912
941
952
992
1,070
1,149
1,248
1,330
1,432
1,549
1,663
1,812
1,967
2,083
2,155
2,285
2,499
2,679
2,573
2,383
2,402
817
877
977
1,259
1,297
1,390
1,352
1,597
1,670
1,810
1,946
1,963
2,038
2,202
80
92
102
114
127
132
131
132
133
131
127
128
133
142
56
67
78
87
85
88
98
113
117
126
130
128
146
156
37
52
70
90
111
132
155
180
212
251
299
356
432
520
173
190
208
236
282
326
357
382
449
527
584
588
612
649
74
80
84
99
130
154
164
161
197
241
260
240
261
283
99
110
124
137
152
171
194
220
253
286
324
348
351
366
40
59
84
111
140
171
205
242
285
334
389
431
474
505
Total Industryb,f
4,692
4,710
7,157
6,925
7,136
7,323
6,715
8,309
10,390
6,643
7,474
8,181
9,390
8,725
9,003
8,887
9,841
9,437
11,223
13,833
16,303
17,645
17,639
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
2005 constant $millions
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
953
1,036
1,158
1,460
1,509
1,611
1,581
1,842
1,920
2,067
2,203
2,219
2,317
2,499
TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
15,002
15,338
15,112
14,780
14,571
14,455
14,582
14,709
14,524
15,140
15,916
17,224
17,907
18,314
18,492
19,221
20,624
22,306
23,951
27,255
28,536
29,538
31,489
31,896
36,302
36,068
36,744
37,123
36,315
39,475
43,664
41,366
44,872
48,186
52,605
Total Federal
10,796
10,897
10,636
10,287
10,022
9,970
10,127
10,260
10,176
10,687
11,218
12,253
12,702
12,869
12,621
12,851
13,634
14,475
15,277
16,238
17,123
18,059
19,265
19,469
20,443
20,528
20,964
20,996
20,837
21,739
22,967
24,380
26,276
27,936
30,411
2,053
2,190
2,360
2,311
2,276
2,262
2,319
2,331
2,264
2,395
2,498
2,585
2,542
2,539
2,571
2,746
3,008
3,140
3,162
3,219
3,161
3,159
3,321
3,212
3,181
3,160
3,350
3,189
3,298
3,225
3,247
3,511
3,857
4,243
4,696
Industryb,c
796
659
533
502
396
342
341
372
310
327
358
386
368
356
314
457
601
569
581
690
923
979
1,418
1,204
1,673
930
596
546
233
782
1,217
1,172
1,276
1,043
831
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
161
159
160
148
129
146
128
160
158
194
199
233
238
251
262
231
203
228
213
186
219
503
573
691
617
619
629
630
650
852
739
664
642
616
609
5,624
5,747
5,574
5,439
5,423
5,395
5,295
5,247
5,268
5,421
5,600
5,938
6,213
6,409
6,378
6,270
6,403
6,837
7,479
8,137
8,533
8,862
9,238
9,541
9,929
10,529
11,043
11,441
11,815
12,146
12,920
13,964
14,858
15,734
17,129
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
1,246
1,252
1,178
1,088
987
1,014
1,220
1,352
1,417
1,567
1,766
2,242
2,398
2,443
2,459
2,466
2,666
2,859
2,911
3,043
3,221
3,391
3,411
3,421
3,554
3,746
3,775
3,673
3,313
3,136
3,159
3,111
3,186
3,239
3,421
916
890
831
800
811
811
823
799
760
782
798
869
943
871
620
666
739
827
909
943
1,043
1,129
1,237
1,312
1,386
1,456
1,479
1,423
1,435
1,502
1,557
1,708
1,998
2,366
2,716
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17
16
14
15
20
21
22
36
67
89
103
87
92
93
93
95
127
249
457
694
1,009
U&C
Industry
Total Industryb,f
2,342
2,437
2,340
2,184
2,156
2,121
2,157
2,139
2,097
2,182
2,283
2,402
2,530
2,694
3,065
3,345
3,726
4,323
4,734
6,562
6,611
6,381
6,749
6,524
9,574
9,049
9,122
9,169
8,235
10,000
12,288
7,769
8,614
9,220
10,349
2,022
2,099
1,983
1,826
1,786
1,738
1,775
1,748
1,707
1,786
1,857
1,943
2,041
2,168
2,514
2,748
3,055
3,567
3,854
5,555
5,532
5,235
5,512
5,208
8,193
7,599
7,620
7,610
6,597
8,242
10,367
5,673
6,381
6,892
8,045
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
Total nonprofit
U&Cd
U&Cd
159
170
171
177
194
206
208
215
213
211
236
264
291
326
350
389
451
523
632
740
794
843
917
977
1,022
1,064
1,088
1,114
1,159
1,242
1,390
1,538
1,637
1,690
1,675
161
168
186
181
176
176
174
176
177
184
190
195
198
200
201
208
220
233
248
267
285
303
320
339
359
385
414
445
479
516
531
558
596
638
630
642
710
741
805
838
811
794
816
785
798
885
986
1,065
1,139
1,178
1,293
1,417
1,531
1,747
2,005
2,161
2,284
2,466
2,672
2,845
2,878
2,900
3,013
3,079
3,297
3,718
4,073
4,420
4,845
5,222
682
700
734
767
797
818
806
830
833
860
916
941
957
969
981
1,067
1,160
1,248
1,359
1,487
1,624
1,761
1,908
2,059
2,221
2,384
2,540
2,705
2,853
3,055
3,215
3,589
3,911
4,438
4,791
393
413
444
471
495
503
486
497
489
492
523
526
523
519
516
572
621
661
714
775
842
906
978
1,047
1,118
1,167
1,197
1,220
1,211
1,238
1,374
1,516
1,662
1,807
1,945
539
594
662
738
758
734
698
665
633
613
614
643
653
643
647
664
687
729
835
962
1,017
1,053
1,101
1,173
1,220
1,230
1,218
1,241
1,312
1,383
1,476
1,556
1,650
1,746
1,832
289
286
290
296
302
315
320
333
344
369
392
415
434
450
465
496
539
588
645
713
783
855
930
1,012
1,103
1,217
1,343
1,485
1,642
1,817
1,841
2,073
2,250
2,631
2,846
TABLE 7. U.S. basic research expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
56,295
59,584
59,648
61,321
61,024
64,072
66,446
69,101
69,543
69,218
Total Federal
33,765
36,083
36,405
36,705
36,383
36,935
36,102
36,855
36,972
36,919
4,892
4,955
4,853
4,770
4,568
4,350
4,565
4,958
4,587
4,300
Industryb,c
963
1,472
1,108
1,108
1,399
2,617
1,358
1,221
1,267
1,424
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsc
U&Cd
580
318
181
136
632
2,126
2,231
2,396
2,566
2,436
19,448
21,381
22,423
22,788
22,582
22,285
22,241
21,961
22,073
22,637
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofite FFRDCse
4,028
3,980
3,854
3,820
3,239
1,623
1,540
1,733
1,979
1,952
2,793
2,884
2,881
2,903
2,760
2,663
2,830
3,188
3,079
2,742
1,062
1,093
1,106
1,181
1,203
1,271
1,336
1,397
1,422
1,428
U&C
Industry
Total Industryb,f
9,464
9,564
9,182
9,841
9,141
10,565
12,739
14,857
15,898
15,561
7,223
7,377
6,988
7,559
6,723
7,990
10,032
12,252
13,483
13,187
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
nonprofit
U&Cd
Other
Total nonprofit
U&Cd
U&Cd
1,640
1,586
1,597
1,667
1,783
1,918
2,042
1,969
1,782
1,755
601
602
597
614
636
657
665
636
633
619
5,735
6,020
6,127
6,525
7,007
7,413
7,747
7,323
6,806
6,906
5,366
5,826
5,782
6,095
6,280
6,806
7,391
7,720
7,721
7,714
2,130
2,184
2,225
2,319
2,455
2,679
2,877
2,839
2,704
2,709
1,965
2,090
2,152
2,155
2,213
2,353
2,467
2,345
2,147
2,119
3,237
3,643
3,557
3,776
3,825
4,127
4,514
4,882
5,017
5,005
NA = not available; included in figures for federal support to industry and federal support to nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Because of limitations in survey information, data on other government funding to performers other than U&C were not available and consequently are included in other sectors' support for their own R&D performance (e.g., other
government support to other nonprofits included in other nonprofit support for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates for industry revised for 1998 and later years; data are not directly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years.
c Character-of-work estimates for industry-administered FFRDCs for 1953–63 not separated from federal support for industry; thus, the figure for federal support to industry includes support to FFRDCs for those years.
d Figures for U&C R&D prior to 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate double counting
of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. Character-of-work estimation procedure revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence, these data not directly comparable with data reported in earlier years.
e Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs for 1953–80 not separated from federal support for other nonprofits; thus, the figure for federal support to other nonprofit institutions includes support to FFRDCs for those
years.
f Industry sources of funds for industry R&D expenditures include all nonfederal sources of funds for industry R&D expenditures.
NOTES: Technical notes explaining methodological issues of measurement available on request. Data based on annual reports by performers, except for nonprofit sector. R&D expenditures of FFRDCs chiefly federal funds, but any
nonfederal funds also included in totals. For trend comparisons, use only historical data reported here; do not use data published earlier. Expenditures for industry and, prior to 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs collected by
calendar year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 25% of amount reported in
subsequent fiscal year. However, fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year approximations for academic
performers and federal performers prior to 1977 equal 50% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Constant-dollar estimates
derived from unrounded data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The tracks of R&D expenditures from 2006 to 2008 for both
industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series); NSF/NCSES, Business R&D and Innovation Survey; NSF/NCSES,
Higher Education R&D Survey; NSF/NCSES, Survey of Federal Funds for R&D; NSF/NCSES, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers R&D Survey; and NSF/NCSES, R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit
Organizations: FYs 1996–97. All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.