TABLE 6. U.S. research and development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
Total Federal Industryb
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsb
U&Cc
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofitd FFRDCsd
U&C
Industry
Total Industrye
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
U&Cc
Other
nonprofit
U&Cc
Other
Total nonprofit
U&Cc
U&Cc
21
24
27
32
37
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
45
52
58
61
66
72
79
90
104
118
131
155
182
215
264
314
363
432
518
630
745
831
933
1,061
1,166
1,242
1,320
26
31
35
37
37
38
42
48
49
54
55
55
62
70
74
81
93
95
98
101
105
114
124
135
147
160
174
189
206
224
244
265
289
314
342
372
405
440
479
521
37
40
42
46
51
56
61
67
75
84
96
114
136
165
200
221
233
259
290
312
343
393
432
480
569
679
785
920
1,058
1,207
1,357
1,514
1,743
2,019
2,262
2,527
2,852
3,187
3,458
3,569
55
60
64
74
91
107
117
123
148
179
197
200
225
252
271
290
316
343
366
393
422
474
534
592
662
727
791
871
967
1,095
1,220
1,351
1,491
1,647
1,849
2,081
2,333
2,589
2,852
3,113
27
29
32
36
40
45
50
55
62
70
78
88
101
114
126
139
155
171
182
195
211
239
272
300
337
364
386
419
463
534
595
654
713
780
882
1,003
1,131
1,249
1,358
1,448
40
45
50
57
64
72
81
90
101
112
125
138
150
160
168
185
208
237
262
282
302
320
348
369
394
443
482
519
581
621
658
721
834
969
1,065
1,165
1,274
1,399
1,483
1,525
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
5,160
5,617
6,281
8,500
9,908
10,915
12,490
13,711
14,564
15,636
17,519
19,103
20,252
22,072
23,346
24,666
25,996
26,271
26,952
28,740
30,952
33,359
35,671
39,435
43,338
48,719
55,379
63,224
72,292
80,748
89,950
102,244
114,671
120,249
126,360
133,881
141,891
151,993
160,876
165,350
2,783
3,098
3,603
4,978
6,233
6,974
8,167
8,915
9,484
10,138
11,645
12,764
13,194
14,165
14,563
14,964
15,228
14,984
15,210
16,039
16,587
17,287
18,533
20,292
22,071
24,414
27,225
29,986
33,739
37,133
41,451
46,470
52,641
54,622
58,609
60,131
60,466
61,610
60,783
60,915
1,015
963
973
1,130
1,297
1,507
1,681
1,801
1,987
2,188
2,558
2,965
3,156
3,308
3,444
3,497
3,790
4,154
4,409
4,676
4,837
5,132
5,561
5,890
6,211
6,962
7,471
7,831
8,605
9,501
10,830
11,916
13,093
13,504
13,588
14,342
15,231
15,671
15,249
15,853
1,430
1,750
2,057
2,995
3,928
4,436
5,217
5,604
5,685
6,008
6,856
7,257
7,367
7,977
7,946
8,145
7,987
7,306
7,175
7,469
7,600
7,572
7,878
8,671
9,523
10,107
11,354
12,752
14,997
17,061
19,095
21,657
25,333
26,000
28,757
28,221
26,359
25,802
24,095
22,369
NA
NA
123
333
407
323
418
477
555
426
414
463
373
355
419
415
464
473
491
548
545
648
727
890
962
1,082
1,164
1,277
1,385
1,484
1,585
1,739
1,863
1,891
1,995
2,122
2,195
2,323
2,277
2,353
149
165
191
221
242
280
356
453
557
687
839
995
1,167
1,335
1,491
1,586
1,624
1,686
1,760
1,890
2,009
2,160
2,400
2,619
2,893
3,329
3,848
4,335
4,670
4,879
5,210
5,748
6,388
7,028
7,768
8,593
9,317
9,939
10,667
11,528
131
161
187
217
267
316
349
385
440
500
580
629
630
652
696
722
731
727
735
785
841
926
1,067
1,266
1,467
1,772
2,013
2,306
2,484
2,544
2,840
3,243
3,616
3,973
4,287
4,581
4,756
4,894
5,120
5,259
58
61
64
71
79
95
125
148
169
200
234
250
286
329
342
364
388
410
427
472
566
639
675
711
740
830
985
1,017
1,075
1,129
1,306
1,548
1,694
1,686
1,704
1,762
2,062
2,346
2,679
2,806
NA
NA
9
11
14
18
22
48
92
130
165
205
215
210
225
235
245
230
215
200
190
210
225
245
275
333
390
469
524
536
585
620
655
541
509
510
547
636
696
748
2,247
2,375
2,522
3,346
3,470
3,707
4,065
4,516
4,757
5,124
5,456
5,888
6,549
7,331
8,146
9,008
10,011
10,449
10,824
11,715
13,299
14,885
15,824
17,702
19,642
22,457
26,097
30,929
35,948
40,692
45,264
52,187
57,962
60,991
62,576
67,977
74,966
83,208
92,300
96,229
2,200
2,320
2,460
3,277
3,396
3,630
3,983
4,428
4,668
5,029
5,360
5,792
6,445
7,216
8,020
8,869
9,857
10,288
10,654
11,535
13,104
14,667
15,582
17,436
19,340
22,115
25,708
30,476
35,428
40,105
44,588
51,404
57,043
59,932
61,403
66,672
73,501
81,602
90,580
94,388
28
31
32
38
51
62
67
68
86
109
119
112
124
138
145
151
161
172
184
198
211
235
262
292
326
363
405
452
504
561
626
698
778
867
967
1,078
1,202
1,340
1,494
1,666
TABLE 6. U.S. research and development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
Total Federal Industryb
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsb
U&Cc
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofitd FFRDCsd
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
165,730
169,207
183,625
197,346
212,152
226,457
245,318
268,905
279,716
279,387
293,060
304,547
327,185
352,567
379,454
405,630
403,803
406,708
414,035
60,528
60,777
62,969
63,394
64,574
66,383
67,366
67,862
74,966
80,315
86,705
92,360
97,041
101,558
106,631
118,443
126,572
126,962
133,651
16,531
16,355
16,904
16,585
16,819
17,362
18,142
19,247
22,374
23,798
24,982
24,898
26,322
28,240
29,859
29,839
30,560
31,217
31,505
20,844
20,261
21,178
21,356
21,798
22,086
20,496
17,117
16,899
16,401
17,798
20,266
21,909
24,304
26,585
36,360
39,573
34,199
39,274
1,965
2,202
2,273
2,297
2,130
2,078
2,039
2,001
2,020
2,263
2,458
2,485
2,601
3,122
5,165
6,346
6,646
7,214
7,037
12,307
12,996
13,592
14,084
14,530
15,174
16,264
17,719
19,767
22,654
25,727
27,872
29,019
29,600
30,160
31,178
33,433
36,561
38,710
5,289
5,294
5,367
5,395
5,463
5,559
5,652
5,742
6,225
7,102
7,301
7,659
7,817
7,306
5,567
4,766
5,052
5,315
5,294
2,843
2,911
2,847
2,906
3,014
3,281
3,761
4,510
5,488
5,778
5,945
6,537
6,545
6,044
5,980
6,236
7,097
7,000
6,274
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
31,931
34,437
37,871
49,548
55,893
60,220
68,106
73,737
77,444
82,022
90,932
97,653
101,672
107,747
110,576
112,063
112,544
108,038
105,561
107,905
17,219
18,995
21,725
29,018
35,159
38,477
44,535
47,944
50,431
53,182
60,446
65,251
66,236
69,147
68,974
67,985
65,928
61,621
59,573
60,219
6,281
5,902
5,865
6,590
7,318
8,312
9,167
9,684
10,567
11,476
13,280
15,158
15,845
16,147
16,314
15,888
16,409
17,082
17,268
17,555
8,849
10,730
12,402
17,459
22,158
24,474
28,448
30,137
30,229
31,516
35,586
37,098
36,985
38,941
37,635
37,004
34,578
30,045
28,102
28,042
NA
NA
742
1,941
2,296
1,782
2,279
2,565
2,951
2,235
2,149
2,367
1,873
1,733
1,985
1,885
2,009
1,945
1,923
2,057
922
1,009
1,152
1,288
1,362
1,545
1,939
2,433
2,959
3,601
4,352
5,086
5,859
6,517
7,059
7,206
7,029
6,931
6,891
7,096
811
984
1,127
1,265
1,503
1,741
1,903
2,070
2,340
2,623
3,008
3,215
3,160
3,180
3,296
3,280
3,165
2,988
2,877
2,947
356
371
386
411
443
524
679
796
899
1,049
1,215
1,278
1,436
1,604
1,620
1,654
1,678
1,684
1,670
1,770
749
758
808
772
821
843
1,013
1,526
2,192
2,319
2,494
2,644
2,828
2,943
3,316
3,718
4,212
5,457
5,558
U&C
Industry
U&Cc
Other
nonprofit
U&Cc
94,591
97,131
108,652
121,015
133,611
145,016
161,594
182,844
185,118
177,467
182,926
188,035
204,250
223,365
242,682
254,321
242,820
244,778
244,510
1,392
1,456
1,548
1,672
1,808
1,950
2,082
2,174
2,189
2,178
2,166
2,231
2,368
2,563
2,803
3,069
3,196
3,139
3,173
567
617
671
730
809
859
931
1,020
1,029
998
1,020
1,041
1,107
1,182
1,257
1,301
1,258
1,265
1,264
3,709
3,938
4,110
4,436
4,838
5,163
5,619
6,231
6,826
7,617
8,226
8,562
9,265
10,076
10,833
11,640
11,884
11,990
12,488
3,388
3,665
3,925
4,239
4,590
5,114
5,628
6,528
7,192
8,203
9,160
9,310
10,095
10,641
11,810
13,151
14,264
14,793
15,117
13,614
14,225
14,832
19,102
19,157
20,027
21,719
23,813
24,821
26,381
27,821
29,609
32,356
35,226
37,985
40,294
42,674
42,308
41,728
43,308
127
144
163
184
206
215
215
215
213
212
210
207
208
220
244
261
262
269
282
297
161
190
211
216
209
210
229
258
261
283
285
281
311
342
350
368
403
391
384
379
226
242
253
268
288
306
333
360
396
441
498
580
683
803
945
1,002
1,009
1,063
1,134
1,170
340
368
386
431
513
588
635
661
787
936
1,023
1,022
1,127
1,228
1,281
1,315
1,368
1,411
1,434
1,474
Total Industrye
96,549
99,204
110,871
123,417
136,228
147,825
164,606
186,037
188,336
180,643
186,113
191,307
207,725
227,110
246,741
258,691
247,274
249,182
248,947
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
Other
Total nonprofit
U&Cc
U&Cc
1,857
2,071
2,308
2,574
2,804
3,192
3,516
4,204
4,650
5,374
6,176
6,201
6,800
7,111
7,896
8,827
9,647
10,029
10,218
1,531
1,595
1,617
1,666
1,786
1,922
2,112
2,324
2,542
2,828
2,984
3,109
3,294
3,530
3,915
4,324
4,617
4,764
4,899
1,557
1,623
1,751
1,861
1,922
1,972
2,098
2,246
2,395
2,610
2,856
3,008
3,060
3,182
3,438
3,706
3,808
3,782
3,832
173
190
193
222
288
342
365
366
457
572
618
573
623
674
687
686
697
707
721
743
167
178
193
210
226
246
270
296
330
365
405
450
505
554
594
629
671
703
713
730
244
273
301
329
361
397
439
484
534
588
649
703
751
781
796
838
901
975
1,026
1,059
2005 constant $millions
NA
NA
51
64
79
99
120
258
487
682
856
1,048
1,079
1,025
1,066
1,068
1,061
946
842
751
13,902
14,559
15,206
19,502
19,572
20,452
22,164
24,286
25,295
26,876
28,317
30,097
32,875
35,788
38,580
40,923
43,339
42,968
42,394
43,984
TABLE 6. U.S. research and development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
110,098
108,784
106,282
111,118
114,802
120,589
126,549
132,407
138,425
145,722
156,156
171,072
186,227
191,059
195,108
199,858
204,107
210,515
215,189
216,053
211,865
211,847
225,206
237,513
250,901
264,829
282,726
303,084
308,304
303,036
311,319
314,660
327,185
341,532
357,212
373,569
Total Federal Industryb
59,002
56,373
55,220
57,177
58,467
60,429
62,213
62,799
64,603
67,013
71,960
77,753
85,490
86,788
90,497
89,764
86,979
85,332
81,304
79,593
77,377
76,093
77,228
76,297
76,368
77,632
77,639
76,487
82,628
87,113
92,107
95,427
97,041
98,379
100,381
109,081
17,204
16,737
16,570
16,597
16,454
17,233
17,073
16,399
16,476
17,146
18,800
19,937
21,263
21,457
20,981
21,410
21,909
21,705
20,398
20,714
21,132
20,477
20,731
19,960
19,891
20,304
20,908
21,693
24,661
25,812
26,539
25,724
26,322
27,356
28,109
27,480
27,034
24,692
23,472
24,433
25,226
25,017
25,946
26,706
28,716
30,789
33,150
36,236
41,141
41,311
44,403
42,128
37,917
35,737
32,230
29,228
26,646
25,367
25,974
25,703
25,779
25,828
23,621
19,293
18,626
17,789
18,907
20,939
21,909
23,543
25,027
33,486
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsb
U&Cc
1,939
2,113
2,166
2,508
2,548
2,678
2,660
2,674
2,652
2,678
2,752
2,910
3,026
3,005
3,080
3,168
3,157
3,217
3,046
3,075
2,512
2,757
2,788
2,765
2,519
2,430
2,350
2,255
2,227
2,455
2,611
2,568
2,601
3,024
4,862
5,844
7,144
7,044
7,151
7,380
7,662
8,239
8,793
9,078
8,941
8,804
9,045
9,617
10,374
11,166
11,994
12,828
13,402
13,766
14,268
15,062
15,733
16,270
16,670
16,951
17,183
17,745
18,744
19,971
21,787
24,572
27,330
28,798
29,019
28,673
28,393
28,714
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofitd FFRDCsd
2,992
3,020
3,179
3,566
3,887
4,385
4,599
4,829
4,757
4,590
4,931
5,427
5,872
6,312
6,620
6,838
6,841
6,778
6,849
6,872
6,761
6,628
6,583
6,493
6,461
6,501
6,514
6,472
6,862
7,703
7,756
7,913
7,817
7,078
5,241
4,389
2,013
2,082
2,011
2,003
1,961
2,054
2,251
2,130
2,058
2,038
2,266
2,590
2,751
2,678
2,632
2,631
2,966
3,249
3,583
3,666
3,635
3,645
3,492
3,497
3,565
3,837
4,334
5,083
6,049
6,267
6,315
6,754
6,545
5,854
5,629
5,743
676
685
670
690
728
823
891
982
1,003
967
1,016
1,038
1,063
860
786
761
787
881
931
977
958
949
991
929
971
986
1,168
1,720
2,416
2,515
2,649
2,732
2,828
2,851
3,121
3,424
U&C
Industry
Total Industrye
47,304
48,541
47,148
49,881
52,030
55,584
59,635
64,773
68,834
73,435
78,580
87,318
94,131
96,907
96,621
101,476
107,837
115,246
123,462
125,736
123,426
124,204
135,976
148,536
161,109
172,873
189,707
209,684
207,585
195,933
197,708
197,660
207,725
220,002
232,278
238,244
46,612
47,829
46,426
49,131
51,231
54,739
58,747
63,825
67,838
72,376
77,406
86,008
92,639
95,224
94,810
99,528
105,730
113,022
121,161
123,331
120,922
121,608
133,255
145,646
158,015
169,588
186,235
206,085
204,038
192,488
194,323
194,279
204,250
216,374
228,457
234,219
U&Cc
Other
nonprofit
U&Cc
318
339
352
369
409
449
490
552
601
655
750
866
1,023
1,184
1,283
1,393
1,526
1,614
1,661
1,724
1,779
1,823
1,898
2,012
2,138
2,280
2,399
2,450
2,413
2,362
2,301
2,305
2,368
2,483
2,638
2,827
373
373
370
381
390
396
398
397
395
405
424
444
469
499
528
555
582
610
641
681
725
772
823
879
956
1,005
1,073
1,149
1,134
1,083
1,084
1,076
1,107
1,145
1,183
1,198
1,220
1,280
1,286
1,353
1,506
1,681
1,794
1,926
2,025
2,177
2,355
2,533
2,831
3,207
3,493
3,772
4,103
4,413
4,625
4,663
4,741
4,930
5,041
5,338
5,722
6,038
6,476
7,023
7,523
8,262
8,739
8,846
9,265
9,760
10,198
10,720
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
Other
Total nonprofit
1,499
1,547
1,592
1,668
1,755
1,799
1,807
1,824
1,851
1,976
2,119
2,261
2,422
2,618
2,854
3,107
3,356
3,586
3,815
4,068
4,331
4,589
4,814
5,102
5,428
5,981
6,486
7,358
7,927
8,897
9,730
9,619
10,095
10,308
11,118
12,111
751
767
781
824
864
900
926
946
964
1,013
1,087
1,168
1,264
1,378
1,493
1,610
1,729
1,856
1,999
2,177
2,374
2,592
2,831
3,097
3,316
3,733
4,052
4,739
5,125
5,829
6,561
6,407
6,800
6,888
7,433
8,129
U&Cc
U&Cc
749
779
810
844
891
900
881
877
887
963
1,032
1,093
1,158
1,239
1,361
1,497
1,627
1,730
1,816
1,891
1,957
1,996
1,983
2,004
2,113
2,247
2,434
2,620
2,802
3,068
3,169
3,212
3,294
3,420
3,685
3,982
1,072
1,044
1,037
1,040
1,044
1,097
1,100
1,086
1,112
1,121
1,142
1,206
1,354
1,540
1,644
1,739
1,833
1,938
1,983
1,993
1,990
2,031
2,148
2,240
2,273
2,306
2,418
2,532
2,640
2,831
3,034
3,108
3,060
3,083
3,237
3,413
TABLE 6. U.S. research and development expenditures, by source of funds and performing sector: 1953–2011
Year
Funding
source:
All sources
Performer:
All
performers
2009
2010
2011 estimated
368,000
366,434
365,239
Total Federal Industryb
115,350
114,390
117,900
27,850
28,126
27,792
36,064
30,812
34,645
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsb
U&Cc
6,057
6,499
6,207
30,469
32,941
34,147
Other Nonprofit
U&C
FFRDCs nonprofitd FFRDCsd
4,604
4,789
4,670
6,468
6,307
5,534
3,838
4,916
4,903
U&C
Industry
Total Industrye
225,349
224,506
219,607
221,290
220,539
215,693
U&Cc
Other
nonprofit
U&Cc
2,913
2,828
2,799
1,146
1,140
1,115
10,831
10,802
11,016
Other
governmenta
Other nonprofit
Other
Total nonprofit
12,999
13,328
13,335
8,792
9,036
9,014
U&Cc
U&Cc
4,207
4,292
4,322
3,471
3,408
3,381
NA = not available; included in figures for federal support to industry and federal support to nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Because of limitations in survey information, data on other government funding to performers other than U&C were not available and consequently are included in other sectors' support for their own R&D performance (e.g., other
government support to other nonprofits included in other nonprofit support for their own R&D).
b Federal support for industry in 1953–54 did not separate federal support for industry and for industry-administered FFRDCs; thus, the figure for federal support to industry includes support to FFRDCs for those years.
c Figures for U&C R&D prior to 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Non-S&E R&D was $1.4 billion in 2003 and $3.2 billion in 2011. Also,
adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate double counting of (since 1998) S&E R&D and (since 2010) non-S&E funds passed through from one academic institution to another. For FY 1998,
$479 million in total pass-through funds and $421 million in federal pass-through funds were reported. For FY 2011, total pass-through was an estimated $3,065 million and federal pass-through was an estimated $2,726 million.
d Federal support for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–54 did not separate federal support for other nonprofits and for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs; thus, the figures for federal support to other nonprofit institutions
include support to FFRDCs for those years.
e Industry sources of funding for industry R&D expenditures include all nonfederal sources of funding for industry R&D expenditures.
NOTES: Technical notes explaining methodological issues of measurement available on request. Data based on annual reports by performers, except for nonprofit sector. R&D expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal
funds, but any nonfederal funds also included in totals. For trend comparisons, use only historical data reported here; do not use data published earlier. Expenditures for industry and, prior to 2001, for industry-administered
FFRDCs collected by calendar year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 25% of
amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. However, fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year
approximations for academic performers and federal performers prior to 1977 equal 50% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. Detail may not add to total because of
rounding. Constant-dollar estimates derived from unrounded data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was
U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The tracks of
R&D expenditures from 2006 to 2008 for both industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series); NSF/NCSES, Business R&D and Innovation Survey;
NSF/NCSES, Higher Education R&D Survey; NSF/NCSES, Survey of Federal Funds for R&D; NSF/NCSES, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers R&D Survey; and NSF/NCSES, R&D Funding and Performance
by Nonprofit Organizations: FYs 1996–97. All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.