TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
3,412
3,734
4,189
5,855
6,681
7,214
8,463
9,360
9,930
10,115
11,540
12,506
13,215
14,490
15,332
16,154
17,051
16,925
17,399
18,743
20,197
21,504
22,706
25,085
27,667
31,056
35,445
40,765
46,305
51,879
57,771
66,461
74,522
75,855
79,929
84,567
567
537
543
631
728
842
940
1,003
1,090
1,227
1,465
1,680
1,789
1,886
1,943
1,904
2,016
2,258
2,473
2,639
2,657
2,765
2,890
2,972
3,188
3,676
3,944
4,072
4,530
5,178
6,106
7,078
8,011
8,275
8,176
8,864
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
2,753
3,090
3,523
5,084
5,790
6,183
7,307
8,104
8,536
8,526
9,651
10,004
10,637
11,810
12,539
13,370
14,071
13,698
13,924
15,043
16,394
17,421
18,352
20,412
22,603
25,216
29,033
33,848
38,547
43,434
48,064
55,371
62,020
62,871
66,789
70,353
1,123
1,405
1,785
2,817
3,616
3,942
4,750
5,169
5,347
5,280
6,116
6,156
6,218
6,849
6,795
7,044
6,944
6,232
6,167
6,533
6,621
6,553
6,783
7,522
8,275
8,756
9,888
10,957
12,791
14,215
15,522
17,640
20,258
21,517
24,122
23,719
1,630
1,685
1,738
2,267
2,174
2,241
2,557
2,935
3,189
3,246
3,535
3,848
4,419
4,961
5,744
6,326
7,127
7,466
7,757
8,510
9,773
10,868
11,569
12,890
14,328
16,460
19,145
22,891
25,756
29,219
32,542
37,731
41,762
41,354
42,667
46,634
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
359
298
271
302
293
332
340
391
402
399
479
535
654
675
753
810
882
950
989
1,054
1,056
1,102
1,145
1,230
1,414
Total
16
17
21
25
26
28
31
35
38
40
40
49
71
87
93
102
110
112
98
101
126
141
156
182
254
373
469
518
568
597
617
677
756
818
945
1,098
Federal
9
9
12
14
12
13
16
19
22
23
22
30
48
61
66
72
80
84
69
63
71
75
83
100
153
254
336
362
386
397
399
435
486
513
599
698
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
Current $millions
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
7
6
8
12
18
20
22
24
28
32
34
38
44
46
47
51
57
65
73
83
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
4
4
5
7
8
12
15
15
16
19
24
27
31
37
43
50
57
66
U&C
FFRDCs
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
10
10
9
8
7
9
14
20
25
27
31
40
49
56
68
80
88
97
108
120
136
155
180
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
10
9
9
13
15
16
16
19
24
28
31
35
39
43
47
49
53
61
71
48
59
69
81
101
120
134
151
170
190
219
227
207
200
208
226
246
249
267
291
296
321
373
447
503
542
603
719
778
745
832
986
1,244
1,504
1,670
1,762
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
Total Federald
29
32
34
35
37
42
51
69
97
132
165
188
215
236
247
259
277
268
246
267
326
377
400
418
444
496
586
726
485
500
599
762
829
790
698
655
17
18
19
20
21
25
32
49
73
103
134
159
183
199
208
217
231
220
194
213
268
314
330
341
359
403
483
612
360
362
447
594
644
587
474
407
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
14
15
16
18
18
19
19
20
22
23
25
27
30
32
35
37
40
44
47
51
55
60
65
6
7
7
7
8
9
10
10
14
18
20
18
20
23
24
26
28
30
33
35
38
42
47
52
58
64
71
79
88
98
109
120
134
149
165
183
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
447
436
500
530
560
453
421
420
TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
87,723
94,067
95,105
99,811
99,705
102,938
113,079
121,377
128,677
144,723
154,376
169,472
167,812
176,689
175,591
177,347
195,864
212,836
227,834
258,663
255,099
249,979
254,835
9,355
9,700
8,778
9,098
9,071
8,823
9,262
9,033
9,077
9,214
9,265
9,377
11,062
11,800
12,646
12,746
13,994
16,089
18,016
17,566
17,245
18,141
18,884
72,725
78,376
80,286
84,569
84,757
87,890
97,342
105,863
113,184
129,041
138,807
153,745
149,952
157,788
155,060
155,034
172,208
188,112
200,429
231,449
226,554
217,700
221,661
21,049
18,966
17,256
17,181
16,083
16,209
17,824
17,066
18,121
18,452
16,571
13,510
12,542
13,061
11,939
14,419
15,512
16,720
14,860
29,488
30,436
28,088
32,256
21,111
22,895
25,256
34,127
37,688
39,798
46,149
50,337
52,799
53,058
59,896
63,930
66,343
70,733
3,506
3,293
3,271
3,675
4,104
4,643
5,126
5,391
5,793
6,436
7,604
8,588
8,979
9,207
17,036
18,946
21,241
29,636
32,662
34,112
39,845
43,582
45,389
44,725
50,094
51,140
53,401
57,653
6,949
8,615
10,762
16,421
20,398
21,749
25,902
27,798
28,432
27,697
31,745
31,469
31,216
33,435
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
Total
Total
Federal
51,676
59,410
63,030
67,388
68,674
71,681
79,518
88,797
95,063
110,589
122,236
140,235
137,410
144,727
143,121
140,615
156,696
171,392
185,569
201,961
196,118
189,612
189,404
1,423
1,438
1,383
1,372
1,038
1,196
1,208
1,358
1,292
1,280
1,208
1,185
647
639
747
851
1,052
1,156
1,738
1,948
2,008
2,118
2,053
1,227
1,407
1,534
1,596
1,700
1,816
1,812
1,791
1,708
1,619
1,391
1,289
1,441
1,507
1,849
2,204
2,157
1,952
1,971
2,020
3,523
5,259
5,536
773
910
1,012
1,055
1,127
1,213
1,180
1,128
1,055
974
710
565
673
669
940
1,268
1,199
970
939
885
1,636
2,623
2,792
10,087
10,331
10,479
13,215
12,264
12,364
13,943
15,784
16,957
17,028
18,348
19,671
22,185
24,218
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,835
1,496
1,323
99
104
127
146
147
152
169
186
199
210
208
248
354
425
53
52
69
79
68
69
85
102
114
118
114
151
241
298
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
U&C
FFRDCs
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
76
83
86
91
97
102
108
115
114
114
119
121
121
120
121
123
126
130
138
153
256
349
357
205
226
239
246
259
276
288
305
305
302
321
348
376
419
461
474
493
512
533
581
951
1,335
1,405
81
89
94
100
107
112
113
115
112
113
121
130
140
156
167
172
175
179
192
216
374
530
551
1,782
1,735
1,537
1,452
1,374
1,378
1,616
1,520
1,454
1,527
1,640
1,577
1,717
1,726
1,954
2,447
2,360
2,136
2,488
2,239
1,868
1,842
1,768
780
920
1,054
1,125
1,191
1,261
1,236
1,241
1,378
1,535
1,578
1,579
1,960
2,156
2,120
2,686
2,723
2,189
2,319
2,500
2,636
2,684
2,597
2005 constant $millions
18
6
21
6
23
9
26
12
30
14
31
17
33
16
34
13
37
11
40
10
41
10
41
10
43
10
46
10
16
19
19
21
24
24
25
25
27
30
32
33
39
47
6
6
6
9
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
13
20
24
294
359
416
469
570
662
731
809
901
997
1,134
1,158
1,037
976
176
193
202
201
206
229
278
368
516
690
856
961
1,077
1,150
91
99
103
105
109
114
123
128
121
116
120
125
132
144
160
166
163
162
169
185
306
421
431
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
507
619
722
758
787
815
744
698
687
760
727
580
874
937
743
1,300
1,211
603
568
562
550
523
400
70
75
82
88
95
103
111
120
155
164
178
195
197
191
195
199
212
226
240
249
241
242
242
203
226
251
279
309
343
381
423
536
611
673
804
890
1,028
1,182
1,186
1,301
1,360
1,511
1,689
1,846
1,919
1,955
430
490
533
599
574
573
603
571
585
507
487
720
1,033
1,074
1,216
1,379
1,369
1,202
872
941
1,264
2,236
2,336
102
107
112
114
116
135
174
261
388
538
696
813
916
969
37
43
48
47
45
44
49
54
53
58
57
56
60
68
37
43
42
41
45
50
55
54
74
94
104
92
100
112
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
72,615
73,389
73,818
69,602
68,144
70,372
71,842
70,126
67,651
70,684
73,290
76,870
80,998
85,372
88,665
93,624
100,293
111,201
121,024
120,524
123,415
126,241
126,188
130,286
127,213
130,416
127,460
128,879
138,685
146,081
152,179
169,245
177,917
191,013
184,963
9,203
8,650
8,727
9,285
9,684
9,909
9,452
9,018
8,610
8,374
8,445
9,100
9,012
8,529
8,675
9,345
10,600
11,843
13,009
13,147
12,624
13,232
13,458
13,435
11,741
11,887
11,597
11,047
11,359
10,872
10,734
10,775
10,678
10,568
12,192
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
59,389
60,743
60,918
56,332
54,536
56,479
58,315
56,810
54,679
57,516
59,875
62,414
66,345
70,886
73,810
78,383
83,441
92,646
100,722
99,894
103,126
105,023
104,614
108,554
107,391
110,501
108,351
110,039
119,384
127,410
133,857
150,906
159,974
173,287
165,278
32,183
32,002
30,063
25,628
24,154
24,528
23,552
21,369
20,210
21,195
21,920
21,673
22,596
22,947
24,492
25,653
26,947
29,515
32,899
34,188
37,246
35,408
30,279
26,269
23,082
22,449
20,560
20,294
21,860
20,540
21,431
21,579
19,098
15,227
13,824
27,205
28,740
30,855
30,703
30,382
31,951
34,764
35,441
34,470
36,321
37,955
40,742
43,749
47,940
49,318
52,730
56,494
63,131
67,822
65,706
65,881
69,615
74,335
82,285
84,310
88,052
87,791
89,745
97,524
106,870
112,426
129,328
140,876
158,060
151,454
Total
Total
Federal
1,430
1,331
1,437
1,398
1,531
1,509
1,419
1,562
1,594
1,843
1,788
1,864
1,851
1,847
1,819
1,785
1,830
1,767
1,790
1,819
1,899
2,111
2,047
1,992
1,850
1,793
1,327
1,497
1,482
1,634
1,528
1,497
1,392
1,336
713
440
461
474
461
384
379
446
458
465
513
673
923
1,073
1,084
1,087
1,077
1,072
1,133
1,228
1,299
1,459
1,639
1,765
1,949
2,052
2,086
2,173
2,274
2,222
2,156
2,020
1,893
1,603
1,453
1,588
310
325
344
343
270
235
251
243
246
280
405
628
769
758
739
717
693
727
789
816
924
1,042
1,112
1,260
1,353
1,378
1,441
1,519
1,447
1,358
1,248
1,139
819
637
741
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
40
35
31
27
31
47
62
65
66
67
74
79
78
80
84
82
82
86
93
104
113
124
132
138
137
137
139
142
150
154
143
135
138
141
145
12
18
22
21
16
13
18
21
24
32
38
36
36
41
45
48
54
62
70
80
88
99
110
115
115
119
124
128
133
138
135
134
137
137
133
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
47
42
34
29
34
51
71
80
82
88
107
121
127
142
152
159
169
180
195
216
240
268
295
313
320
321
331
345
353
367
361
354
370
392
414
31
41
43
41
33
34
44
49
48
45
49
58
63
64
67
70
74
78
80
84
93
106
117
123
126
130
137
140
139
138
133
132
139
146
154
985
1,027
1,065
1,024
1,046
1,093
1,051
1,047
1,110
1,260
1,333
1,341
1,379
1,505
1,489
1,344
1,444
1,650
2,020
2,389
2,578
2,630
2,563
2,403
2,055
1,897
1,756
1,726
1,982
1,829
1,720
1,786
1,890
1,778
1,892
1,167
1,177
1,197
1,102
964
1,002
1,158
1,231
1,193
1,179
1,177
1,228
1,339
1,520
929
903
1,041
1,275
1,346
1,256
1,078
978
1,122
1,275
1,411
1,470
1,523
1,579
1,516
1,494
1,629
1,795
1,818
1,780
2,161
983
986
998
905
760
800
952
1,022
983
961
951
996
1,103
1,282
689
654
776
995
1,046
932
731
608
729
857
966
991
1,006
1,020
912
840
812
889
838
653
963
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
71
73
78
74
74
71
71
71
70
71
72
73
73
72
72
73
76
79
83
88
92
96
100
104
109
115
122
129
136
145
183
192
205
220
217
114
118
121
123
129
131
135
138
140
147
153
159
163
166
168
176
188
202
217
236
255
274
293
313
336
364
395
430
468
510
634
714
775
907
981
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
856
787
867
887
909
719
650
627
619
679
713
783
734
717
740
687
691
593
561
812
1,139
TABLE 5. U.S. development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
191,644
186,531
183,236
195,864
206,175
214,479
238,218
232,481
225,224
224,801
12,798
13,434
13,169
13,994
15,586
16,960
16,178
15,716
16,344
16,658
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
171,144
164,721
160,182
172,208
182,224
188,681
213,155
206,467
196,142
195,537
14,167
12,683
14,898
15,512
16,197
13,989
27,157
27,737
25,307
28,455
156,977
152,038
145,284
156,696
166,028
174,692
185,998
178,729
170,835
167,082
Total
Total
Federal
693
793
879
1,052
1,120
1,636
1,794
1,830
1,908
1,811
1,635
1,964
2,277
2,157
1,891
1,856
1,860
3,211
4,738
4,884
725
998
1,310
1,199
940
884
815
1,491
2,364
2,463
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
156
170
172
163
157
159
170
279
379
380
130
129
128
126
126
130
141
233
315
315
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
455
489
489
493
496
501
535
867
1,203
1,240
169
177
178
175
174
181
199
341
478
486
1,872
2,076
2,529
2,360
2,069
2,342
2,062
1,703
1,659
1,560
2,338
2,252
2,775
2,723
2,121
2,183
2,302
2,402
2,418
2,291
1,016
790
1,344
1,211
584
534
518
501
472
353
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
207
207
206
212
219
226
229
219
218
213
1,115
1,255
1,226
1,301
1,318
1,422
1,555
1,682
1,729
1,725
1,165
1,292
1,425
1,369
1,164
821
867
1,152
2,015
2,061
NA = not available; included in figures for federal support to industry and federal support to nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Character-of-work estimates
for industry revised for 1998 and later years; data are not directly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years.
for industry-administered FFRDCs for 1953–63 not separated from federal support for industry; thus, the figure for federal support to industry includes support to FFRDCs for those years.
c Figures for U&C R&D prior to 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate
double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. Character-of-work estimation procedure revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence, these data not directly comparable with data reported in earlier
years.
d Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs for 1953–80 not separated from federal support for other nonprofits; thus, the figure for federal support to other nonprofit institutions includes support to FFRDCs for
those years.
e Industry sources of funds for industry R&D expenditures include all nonfederal sources of industry funds for R&D expenditures.
f Because of limitations in survey information, data on other government funding to performers other than U&C were not available and consequently included in other sectors' support for their own R&D performance (e.g., other
government support to other nonprofits included in other nonprofit support for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates
NOTES: Technical notes explaining methodological issues of measurement available on request. Data based on annual reports by performers, except for nonprofit sector. R&D expenditures of FFRDCs chiefly federal funds, but any
nonfederal funds also included in totals. For trend comparisons, use only historical data reported here; do not use data published earlier. Expenditures for industry and, prior to 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs collected by
calendar year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 25% of amount reported in
subsequent fiscal year. However, fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year approximations for academic
performers and federal performers prior to 1977 equal 50% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Constant-dollar estimates
derived from unrounded data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The tracks of R&D expenditures from 2006 to 2008 for both
industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series); NSF/NCSES, Business R&D and Innovation Survey; NSF/NCSES,
Higher Education R&D Survey; NSF/NCSES, Survey of Federal Funds for R&D; NSF/NCSES, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers R&D Survey; and NSF/NCSES, R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit
Organizations: FYs 1996–97. All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.