TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
Total
Total
Federal
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
U&C
FFRDCs
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
28
28
27
27
27
27
28
29
30
30
32
37
42
48
54
55
54
56
67
82
100
118
141
166
194
232
263
308
363
402
443
491
547
620
707
818
933
1,031
1,091
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
18
27
34
36
39
43
47
47
52
62
72
92
109
121
128
129
140
159
178
194
212
224
240
276
325
370
404
428
48
58
68
79
94
111
121
129
145
163
186
203
206
213
225
221
213
213
216
224
203
191
219
263
297
324
360
421
422
433
473
548
580
554
532
547
603
689
927
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
Total Federald
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
11
13
14
14
14
14
15
17
17
19
19
19
21
24
25
28
32
33
34
35
36
39
42
45
48
52
55
60
64
69
74
79
85
91
98
105
112
120
129
10
11
11
14
20
25
27
28
35
45
49
47
52
57
60
62
66
70
74
79
83
91
100
109
120
132
144
158
173
189
207
226
247
270
295
322
352
384
419
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
68
91
78
80
82
75
74
66
70
81
86
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1,289
1,378
1,514
1,928
2,414
2,758
2,940
3,065
3,123
3,698
3,865
4,201
4,374
4,653
4,848
5,137
5,454
5,752
5,833
6,147
6,655
7,344
8,091
8,976
9,662
10,704
12,097
13,714
16,329
18,218
20,298
22,451
25,401
27,240
27,951
29,528
32,277
34,897
38,631
347
330
333
387
446
516
577
615
668
709
809
947
994
1,012
1,069
1,112
1,229
1,334
1,355
1,434
1,527
1,652
1,912
2,068
2,081
2,242
2,415
2,546
2,731
2,802
2,991
2,961
3,135
3,204
3,366
3,362
3,566
3,652
4,093
726
814
928
1,268
1,670
1,911
1,991
2,029
1,977
2,449
2,457
2,538
2,612
2,790
2,832
3,037
3,192
3,330
3,348
3,407
3,715
4,168
4,431
4,945
5,424
6,065
6,975
8,175
10,401
11,956
13,513
15,218
17,625
19,131
19,190
20,377
22,317
24,399
27,013
288
322
368
474
678
774
813
833
812
1,011
1,007
978
992
986
983
956
920
952
907
845
883
905
991
1,033
1,113
1,195
1,305
1,625
2,042
2,593
3,227
3,677
4,717
4,049
4,037
3,846
4,324
5,967
5,588
438
492
560
794
992
1,137
1,178
1,196
1,165
1,438
1,450
1,560
1,620
1,804
1,849
2,081
2,272
2,378
2,441
2,562
2,832
3,263
3,440
3,912
4,311
4,870
5,670
6,550
8,359
9,363
10,286
11,541
12,908
15,082
15,153
16,531
17,993
18,432
21,425
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
62
46
53
83
87
95
97
67
107
110
120
139
167
212
235
250
275
298
367
414
547
630
629
623
371
374
386
433
134
137
142
146
147
152
167
186
199
216
230
256
304
351
389
405
417
451
499
619
725
794
934
1,042
1,126
1,247
1,418
1,622
1,781
1,915
2,116
2,332
2,527
2,780
3,219
3,779
4,188
4,406
4,611
59
60
63
65
63
66
78
93
104
119
128
142
176
208
238
250
257
280
306
391
450
477
550
596
626
676
793
912
953
1,007
1,122
1,226
1,296
1,393
1,643
1,958
2,121
2,140
2,232
30
32
32
33
34
35
37
39
40
41
42
45
46
47
46
46
48
51
61
74
88
96
113
127
134
151
161
174
199
207
215
234
262
298
333
377
417
453
468
7
8
9
10
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
13
14
16
16
16
18
19
21
26
32
39
45
51
61
71
88
108
121
141
168
198
229
260
302
347
377
392
35
40
43
49
58
69
85
108
135
162
183
196
213
234
251
276
308
328
349
357
376
420
456
492
523
592
680
675
628
655
713
764
822
867
948
1,026
1,159
1,284
1,468
14
16
18
21
24
30
43
63
83
98
115
130
140
153
166
186
210
225
241
243
257
290
315
338
355
409
480
458
391
398
433
459
490
506
555
599
695
780
921
TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
37,936
37,283
36,618
40,936
43,170
46,554
46,362
52,007
56,681
64,176
50,796
61,379
69,469
70,001
76,735
83,559
74,819
72,881
79,543
80,735
4,337
4,838
4,985
4,952
4,872
4,997
5,146
5,530
6,105
7,052
7,487
7,672
7,455
7,557
7,435
7,222
7,316
7,874
7,985
7,747
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
25,660
24,251
22,988
26,919
29,010
32,430
32,208
36,638
39,176
44,012
28,533
37,334
45,432
45,284
51,173
57,570
46,864
41,055
44,906
45,560
4,476
4,295
3,616
3,164
3,640
2,648
2,632
2,817
2,682
3,603
2,452
4,473
4,775
5,289
6,140
8,945
5,397
7,797
4,705
5,403
21,184
19,956
19,372
23,755
25,370
29,782
29,576
33,821
36,494
40,409
26,081
32,861
40,657
39,995
45,033
48,625
41,467
33,258
40,201
40,157
Total
Total
Federal
507
435
503
535
231
213
230
274
269
821
1,090
1,413
1,459
1,414
1,314
1,168
1,975
2,010
2,249
2,223
4,882
5,149
5,390
5,659
5,885
5,523
5,197
5,762
6,494
7,054
7,876
8,801
9,164
9,395
9,794
10,249
11,316
13,434
15,562
16,614
2,415
2,542
2,644
2,779
2,864
2,550
2,260
2,661
3,194
3,553
4,056
4,660
4,902
5,032
5,318
5,548
6,144
7,699
9,439
10,256
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
479
496
517
559
584
553
526
546
571
601
654
729
758
743
736
770
843
929
978
999
414
443
464
494
524
519
520
542
553
549
546
553
562
575
593
628
698
779
812
827
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
Industry
Other
nonprofit
1,120
1,181
1,256
1,311
1,390
1,389
1,378
1,463
1,585
1,712
1,911
2,098
2,158
2,247
2,331
2,426
2,647
2,898
3,101
3,255
454
487
509
516
522
512
513
550
591
638
709
761
783
799
816
877
983
1,128
1,232
1,277
940
962
982
1,050
1,270
1,337
1,372
1,247
1,291
1,405
1,663
1,600
1,481
1,637
1,827
1,354
855
1,282
1,277
1,314
1,528
1,544
1,659
1,692
1,781
1,926
2,087
2,427
3,155
3,589
3,882
4,311
4,283
4,435
4,694
4,902
5,167
5,813
5,922
5,676
Total
933
900
960
934
960
1,011
1,060
1,300
1,831
2,150
2,267
2,487
2,448
2,432
2,592
2,583
2,600
3,049
3,060
2,766
138
148
158
170
182
205
218
236
258
261
253
259
264
280
300
318
330
319
321
320
456
497
541
589
640
711
809
891
1,066
1,178
1,362
1,565
1,572
1,723
1,802
2,001
2,237
2,445
2,542
2,590
81
103
111
129
122
128
123
130
190
244
266
249
194
278
500
1,094
1,326
1,414
1,642
1,602
172
172
164
157
153
150
153
155
157
160
168
191
211
236
255
250
233
230
262
62
61
63
64
62
63
65
65
66
68
70
89
133
164
171
175
184
191
184
294
356
410
458
530
610
657
691
771
852
965
1,038
1,032
1,040
1,066
1,002
922
876
844
217
245
259
283
324
381
461
578
715
847
950
1,002
1,069
1,140
1,189
1,254
1,333
1,349
1,365
87
98
109
119
133
166
232
336
439
511
597
665
703
744
786
845
909
925
942
68
80
84
82
79
77
82
91
90
100
99
97
105
117
118
127
139
136
133
62
67
66
82
113
138
147
151
186
236
254
240
261
278
284
282
286
288
290
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2005 constant $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
7,977
8,449
9,125
11,236
13,615
15,216
16,029
16,483
16,606
19,396
20,059
21,475
21,956
22,712
22,962
23,338
23,613
23,656
22,846
2,147
2,020
2,008
2,253
2,513
2,847
3,144
3,305
3,552
3,717
4,199
4,838
4,988
4,940
5,061
5,050
5,322
5,486
5,307
4,493
4,991
5,595
7,391
9,421
10,543
10,857
10,912
10,512
12,847
12,753
12,974
13,113
13,620
13,413
13,798
13,819
13,694
13,113
1,782
1,974
2,219
2,763
3,825
4,270
4,433
4,480
4,318
5,303
5,227
5,000
4,980
4,813
4,656
4,343
3,983
3,915
3,552
2,710
3,017
3,376
4,628
5,596
6,273
6,424
6,432
6,195
7,543
7,526
7,975
8,133
8,807
8,757
9,454
9,836
9,779
9,561
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
317
231
259
393
395
411
399
262
826
837
853
851
826
836
911
998
1,055
1,133
1,191
1,306
1,524
1,713
1,840
1,840
1,805
1,853
1,954
365
365
380
379
355
361
423
500
550
622
662
726
881
1,015
1,125
1,134
1,110
1,149
1,199
186
193
195
193
191
195
202
208
212
213
219
231
233
230
216
209
208
210
237
40
46
51
58
65
66
68
70
69
71
73
69
65
68
73
73
69
72
72
TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
23,079
23,674
23,949
24,107
25,294
25,595
26,495
27,643
28,722
31,267
32,877
35,238
37,564
41,251
43,280
43,158
44,079
46,430
48,333
51,674
49,568
47,661
45,845
50,206
51,957
55,058
54,218
59,938
63,885
70,735
55,096
65,203
71,775
70,001
74,333
78,661
5,384
5,433
5,388
5,696
5,828
5,511
5,549
5,519
5,332
5,230
5,056
5,193
4,954
5,091
5,091
5,197
5,019
5,130
5,058
5,475
5,667
6,185
6,242
6,074
5,864
5,909
6,017
6,373
6,881
7,773
8,121
8,149
7,702
7,557
7,202
6,798
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
12,792
13,215
13,592
13,202
13,934
14,368
15,012
15,939
17,121
19,916
21,576
23,459
25,462
28,623
30,397
29,631
30,419
32,103
33,793
36,133
33,528
31,002
28,781
33,015
34,915
38,353
37,665
42,225
44,156
48,510
30,948
39,660
46,941
45,284
49,571
54,196
3,173
3,141
2,951
2,953
2,911
2,948
2,958
2,982
3,403
3,910
4,679
5,602
6,152
7,660
6,433
6,233
5,741
6,220
8,265
7,475
5,849
5,491
4,527
3,880
4,381
3,132
3,078
3,247
3,023
3,971
2,660
4,752
4,934
5,289
5,948
8,421
9,619
10,074
10,641
10,249
11,023
11,420
12,054
12,957
13,717
16,006
16,897
17,857
19,310
20,963
23,963
23,397
24,678
25,883
25,529
28,658
27,680
25,511
24,254
29,134
30,534
35,222
34,587
38,978
41,133
44,539
28,289
34,908
42,007
39,995
43,623
45,775
Total
Total
Federal
402
391
391
414
471
562
582
571
576
571
662
719
915
1,023
999
962
554
538
535
579
662
556
630
656
278
252
269
316
303
905
1,183
1,501
1,508
1,414
1,272
1,100
2,322
2,577
2,588
2,783
2,936
2,981
3,086
3,239
3,397
3,410
3,455
3,673
3,901
4,104
4,417
4,970
5,642
6,024
6,102
6,167
6,379
6,582
6,748
6,940
7,082
6,531
6,077
6,641
7,319
7,774
8,542
9,349
9,468
9,395
9,487
9,648
1,466
1,599
1,554
1,637
1,678
1,657
1,673
1,811
1,910
1,824
1,816
1,948
2,052
2,106
2,213
2,537
2,923
3,051
2,965
2,985
3,155
3,249
3,310
3,408
3,446
3,016
2,642
3,067
3,600
3,917
4,399
4,950
5,065
5,032
5,151
5,223
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
279
312
313
338
359
356
374
369
364
381
374
373
392
425
473
514
563
600
627
626
626
634
648
685
703
654
615
630
644
662
710
774
784
743
713
725
77
92
103
115
125
135
150
163
185
206
218
245
281
321
364
401
451
499
522
524
541
566
581
606
631
613
608
625
623
606
592
587
581
575
574
591
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
307
355
384
419
467
514
574
601
645
694
725
769
822
889
986
1,092
1,221
1,342
1,428
1,459
1,463
1,510
1,572
1,608
1,673
1,643
1,611
1,686
1,786
1,887
2,072
2,229
2,229
2,247
2,258
2,284
193
219
233
274
307
319
316
295
294
304
321
337
355
364
381
426
485
532
560
573
594
623
637
633
629
606
600
634
666
703
769
808
809
799
791
825
841
720
621
653
740
787
802
822
881
808
781
822
918
941
880
821
816
867
954
1,239
1,229
1,230
1,229
1,288
1,528
1,582
1,604
1,437
1,456
1,548
1,804
1,700
1,531
1,637
1,770
1,275
1,338
1,337
1,369
1,360
1,385
1,386
1,465
1,553
1,414
1,202
1,183
1,238
1,279
1,335
1,377
1,464
1,531
1,667
1,778
1,964
1,996
1,974
2,077
2,075
2,144
2,278
2,440
2,797
3,556
3,956
4,210
4,579
4,426
4,435
4,547
4,615
910
914
946
939
951
940
1,012
1,097
959
749
718
751
768
795
803
857
894
999
1,080
1,232
1,220
1,150
1,201
1,145
1,155
1,196
1,240
1,498
2,064
2,370
2,458
2,642
2,529
2,432
2,511
2,431
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
131
128
126
124
126
127
128
127
125
122
124
128
132
138
145
151
156
161
167
172
180
189
198
208
219
242
255
272
291
287
274
275
273
280
290
300
297
295
297
298
309
318
326
329
330
331
341
359
379
402
429
456
481
506
532
560
596
635
677
722
770
840
946
1,027
1,201
1,299
1,477
1,663
1,624
1,723
1,746
1,884
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
130
164
135
135
133
120
114
98
101
113
115
106
131
139
158
147
152
144
149
214
268
288
264
201
278
484
1,030
TABLE 4. U.S. applied research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
68,905
66,419
71,666
71,220
6,738
7,176
7,195
6,834
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
43,160
37,415
40,459
40,191
4,970
7,106
4,239
4,766
38,189
30,309
36,220
35,424
Total
Total
Federal
1,819
1,831
2,026
1,961
10,421
12,243
14,021
14,656
5,658
7,017
8,504
9,048
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
776
847
881
881
643
710
731
730
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
2,438
2,641
2,794
2,871
906
1,028
1,110
1,126
787
1,168
1,150
1,159
4,758
5,297
5,335
5,007
2,395
2,779
2,757
2,440
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
304
290
289
283
2,060
2,228
2,290
2,284
1,221
1,289
1,480
1,413
NA = not available; included in figures for federal support to industry and federal support to nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Character-of-work estimates
for industry revised for 1998 and later years; data are not directly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years.
for industry-administered FFRDCs for 1953–63 not separated from federal support for industry; thus, figure for federal support to industry includes support to FFRDCs for those years.
c Figures for U&C R&D prior to 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate
double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. Character-of-work estimation procedure revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence, these data not directly comparable with data reported in earlier years.
d Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs for 1953–80 not separated from federal support for other nonprofits; thus, the figure for federal support to other nonprofit institutions includes support to FFRDCs for those
years.
e Industry sources of funds for industry R&D expenditures include all nonfederal sources of industry funds for R&D expenditures.
f Because of limitations in survey information, data on other government funding to performers other than U&C were not available and consequently included in other sectors' support for their own R&D performance (e.g., other government
support to other nonprofits included in other nonprofit support for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates
NOTES: Technical notes explaining methodological issues of measurement available on request. Data based on annual reports by performers, except for nonprofit sector. R&D expenditures of FFRDCs chiefly federal funds, but any
nonfederal funds also included in totals. For trend comparisons, use only historical data reported here; do not use data published earlier. Expenditures for industry and, prior to 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs collected by
calendar year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 25% of amount reported in
subsequent fiscal year. However, fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year approximations for academic
performers and federal performers prior to 1977 equal 50% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Constant-dollar estimates
derived from unrounded data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The tracks of R&D expenditures from 2006 to 2008 for both
industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series); NSF/NCSES, Business R&D and Innovation Survey; NSF/NCSES,
Higher Education R&D Survey; NSF/NCSES, Survey of Federal Funds for R&D; NSF/NCSES, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers R&D Survey; and NSF/NCSES, R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit
Organizations: FYs 1996–97. All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.
`