TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
Total
Total
Federal
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
6
8
12
15
20
24
28
33
40
48
58
70
86
106
136
156
171
196
214
216
223
250
264
283
334
398
466
544
615
716
816
915
1,075
1,262
1,399
1,530
1,714
1,929
2,127
16
18
21
24
27
31
36
41
48
55
63
68
70
75
83
91
103
115
127
134
137
153
164
175
198
213
229
248
269
317
358
395
440
488
545
607
680
756
836
36
44
50
58
72
85
95
106
126
148
175
200
218
239
263
276
272
265
252
270
343
415
476
556
667
906
1,050
1,167
1,284
1,366
1,536
1,709
1,793
1,915
2,086
2,272
2,371
2,470
2,657
48
55
63
74
87
103
120
136
164
200
225
238
260
278
289
296
302
311
329
347
371
401
430
474
521
598
689
726
671
759
863
984
1,110
1,210
1,367
1,531
1,730
1,922
2,129
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
9
11
13
15
15
16
18
21
22
24
25
25
29
32
34
37
43
44
45
47
49
54
59
65
72
79
87
95
105
115
127
139
153
168
185
203
223
245
269
12
13
14
17
23
28
30
30
37
46
50
47
52
58
61
63
67
72
77
84
90
102
116
131
148
168
190
215
243
275
311
351
397
449
507
573
647
730
825
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9
9
8
9
13
13
14
24
46
65
77
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
460
509
579
718
814
944
1,087
1,286
1,512
1,824
2,115
2,396
2,664
2,930
3,168
3,376
3,491
3,594
3,720
3,850
4,099
4,511
4,875
5,373
6,008
6,959
7,836
8,745
9,658
10,651
11,880
13,332
14,748
17,154
18,481
19,787
21,891
23,029
27,140
102
96
98
114
124
149
165
184
230
252
285
339
375
410
434
482
545
562
581
603
652
715
760
850
943
1,044
1,112
1,212
1,343
1,522
1,733
1,877
1,947
2,026
2,047
2,116
2,309
2,319
2,378
151
166
189
253
271
295
320
376
395
488
522
507
563
593
595
607
581
566
557
554
595
650
677
750
836
941
1,054
1,205
1,477
1,776
2,106
2,472
2,731
3,930
4,181
4,163
4,818
4,629
7,376
19
23
27
37
41
43
72
79
81
143
147
123
157
142
168
145
123
122
101
91
96
114
104
116
135
156
161
170
164
253
346
340
358
434
598
656
986
869
1,251
132
143
162
216
230
252
248
297
314
345
375
384
406
451
427
462
458
444
456
463
499
536
573
634
701
785
893
1,035
1,313
1,523
1,760
2,132
2,373
3,496
3,583
3,507
3,832
3,760
6,125
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
42
29
31
34
35
37
36
33
39
36
49
53
69
75
94
104
120
137
128
117
136
131
117
142
337
398
499
461
123
148
180
220
261
312
388
485
598
737
909
1,071
1,221
1,380
1,554
1,681
1,754
1,855
1,968
2,038
2,103
2,282
2,480
2,675
2,967
3,376
3,828
4,315
4,737
5,091
5,518
6,145
7,024
7,943
8,644
9,344
10,219
11,126
12,062
82
97
117
143
167
202
263
341
432
546
689
824
944
1,066
1,188
1,265
1,288
1,323
1,385
1,437
1,489
1,609
1,768
1,924
2,114
2,399
2,719
3,061
3,331
3,475
3,689
4,087
4,606
5,122
5,527
5,937
6,422
6,889
7,423
7
10
14
19
25
31
38
45
54
64
75
84
94
104
114
131
153
179
194
195
196
204
212
218
232
260
286
307
338
368
396
436
514
606
659
705
766
847
912
13
15
17
20
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
27
29
34
38
40
43
50
55
59
66
72
75
89
107
128
156
183
215
260
313
389
466
514
565
637
705
764
27
31
36
42
49
59
72
85
105
130
150
166
179
188
194
196
192
195
207
216
232
245
255
278
301
351
413
416
324
369
426
494
560
594
675
756
860
947
1,036
TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
27,604
28,743
29,651
29,610
32,799
36,921
35,372
38,935
42,752
47,727
51,902
56,089
57,731
61,321
62,996
68,061
72,149
75,824
77,187
78,466
2,419
2,621
2,547
2,689
2,680
2,746
3,003
3,347
3,765
4,260
4,511
4,664
4,697
4,770
4,716
4,621
4,957
5,441
5,091
4,875
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
6,528
6,427
6,514
5,569
7,498
9,795
5,853
6,645
7,040
8,053
7,547
8,330
7,835
8,667
8,384
11,268
12,368
14,784
16,371
16,563
712
466
436
190
650
1,029
1,002
1,108
925
754
888
1,386
1,072
1,108
1,444
2,780
1,475
1,340
1,406
1,615
5,816
5,961
6,078
5,379
6,848
8,766
4,851
5,537
6,115
7,299
6,659
6,944
6,763
7,559
6,940
8,488
10,893
13,444
14,965
14,949
Total
Total
Federal
474
492
503
530
708
625
568
557
547
552
534
299
175
136
652
2,258
2,423
2,629
2,848
2,761
12,910
13,646
14,401
15,147
16,042
17,654
19,365
21,022
22,910
25,225
28,505
31,310
33,415
35,454
37,205
38,929
40,582
39,982
39,415
40,952
8,058
8,638
9,139
9,634
10,092
10,924
11,941
12,892
13,960
15,541
17,930
20,127
21,702
22,788
23,312
23,673
24,149
24,098
24,499
25,662
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
941
952
992
1,070
1,149
1,248
1,330
1,432
1,549
1,663
1,812
1,967
2,083
2,155
2,285
2,499
2,679
2,573
2,383
2,402
814
851
890
945
1,032
1,175
1,315
1,421
1,499
1,519
1,512
1,493
1,545
1,667
1,840
2,037
2,218
2,161
1,978
1,989
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
Industry
Other
nonprofit
2,203
2,268
2,406
2,511
2,740
3,144
3,483
3,835
4,298
4,738
5,287
5,667
5,930
6,525
7,233
7,874
8,412
8,036
7,554
7,828
893
936
974
987
1,028
1,162
1,296
1,442
1,603
1,765
1,963
2,055
2,154
2,319
2,535
2,845
3,124
3,115
3,001
3,071
2,867
2,953
2,934
2,702
2,606
2,671
2,660
2,765
2,874
3,104
3,714
3,747
3,730
3,820
3,344
1,724
1,672
1,902
2,196
2,212
2,340
2,532
2,678
2,899
3,187
3,322
3,710
4,203
5,000
5,617
6,113
6,710
6,809
7,293
7,454
7,911
8,697
9,553
9,688
9,483
Total
1,114
1,157
1,137
1,170
1,248
1,317
1,461
1,734
2,099
2,464
2,575
2,714
2,788
2,903
2,849
2,829
3,073
3,498
3,417
3,108
295
324
356
390
428
449
477
517
566
571
554
567
578
614
656
698
722
698
702
702
931
1,051
1,186
1,338
1,510
1,557
1,773
1,952
2,334
2,582
2,984
3,429
3,443
3,776
3,948
4,384
4,901
5,357
5,568
5,673
67
72
75
75
79
108
213
397
616
915
979
1,029
1,070
1,181
1,242
1,350
1,451
1,533
1,578
1,619
37
52
70
90
111
132
155
180
212
251
299
356
432
520
642
710
741
805
838
99
110
124
137
152
171
194
220
253
286
324
348
351
366
393
413
444
471
495
223
270
301
338
403
469
515
570
667
774
908
1,020
1,092
1,164
1,246
1,252
1,178
1,088
987
297
337
380
428
488
566
654
731
872
1,049
1,168
1,217
1,303
1,355
1,366
1,345
1,307
1,277
1,289
167
190
217
242
274
323
393
457
558
682
779
849
896
915
916
890
831
800
811
56
67
78
87
85
88
98
113
117
126
130
128
146
156
161
168
186
181
176
74
80
84
99
130
154
164
161
197
241
260
240
261
283
289
286
290
296
302
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2005 constant $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
2,843
3,118
3,491
4,185
4,589
5,205
5,927
6,916
8,037
9,568
10,978
12,248
13,374
14,303
15,002
15,338
15,112
14,780
14,571
628
589
588
662
699
822
897
987
1,220
1,322
1,477
1,733
1,880
2,001
2,053
2,190
2,360
2,311
2,276
934
1,018
1,140
1,475
1,529
1,628
1,745
2,022
2,100
2,560
2,709
2,592
2,826
2,895
2,818
2,758
2,515
2,328
2,182
118
141
163
216
231
237
393
425
431
750
763
629
788
693
796
659
533
502
396
817
877
977
1,259
1,297
1,390
1,352
1,597
1,670
1,810
1,946
1,963
2,038
2,202
2,022
2,099
1,983
1,826
1,786
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
215
146
151
161
159
160
148
129
761
904
1,082
1,282
1,470
1,721
2,116
2,606
3,177
3,863
4,716
5,472
6,127
6,737
7,358
7,635
7,591
7,628
7,708
504
592
702
831
939
1,114
1,431
1,831
2,294
2,862
3,576
4,210
4,737
5,204
5,624
5,747
5,574
5,439
5,423
40
59
84
111
140
171
205
242
285
334
389
431
474
505
539
594
662
738
758
80
92
102
114
127
132
131
132
133
131
127
128
133
142
159
170
171
177
194
TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
14,455
14,582
14,709
14,524
15,140
15,916
17,224
17,907
18,314
18,492
19,221
20,624
22,306
23,951
27,255
28,536
29,538
31,489
31,896
36,302
36,068
36,744
37,123
36,315
39,475
43,664
41,366
44,872
48,186
52,605
56,295
59,584
59,648
61,321
61,024
64,072
2,262
2,319
2,331
2,264
2,395
2,498
2,585
2,542
2,539
2,571
2,746
3,008
3,140
3,162
3,219
3,161
3,159
3,321
3,212
3,181
3,160
3,350
3,189
3,298
3,225
3,247
3,511
3,857
4,243
4,696
4,892
4,955
4,853
4,770
4,568
4,350
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
2,080
2,116
2,120
2,017
2,113
2,215
2,329
2,409
2,524
2,828
3,205
3,656
4,136
4,435
6,244
6,456
6,215
6,931
6,411
9,866
8,530
8,216
8,156
6,830
9,024
11,584
6,845
7,658
7,935
8,876
8,186
8,849
8,095
8,667
8,122
10,608
342
341
372
310
327
358
386
368
356
314
457
601
569
581
690
923
979
1,418
1,204
1,673
930
596
546
233
782
1,217
1,172
1,276
1,043
831
963
1,472
1,108
1,108
1,399
2,617
1,738
1,775
1,748
1,707
1,786
1,857
1,943
2,041
2,168
2,514
2,748
3,055
3,567
3,854
5,555
5,532
5,235
5,512
5,208
8,193
7,599
7,620
7,610
6,597
8,242
10,367
5,673
6,381
6,892
8,045
7,223
7,377
6,988
7,559
6,723
7,990
Total
Total
Federal
146
128
160
158
194
199
233
238
251
262
231
203
228
213
186
219
503
573
691
617
619
629
630
650
852
739
664
642
616
609
580
318
181
136
632
2,126
7,650
7,481
7,440
7,388
7,536
7,858
8,356
8,746
9,037
9,069
9,187
9,579
10,281
11,407
12,620
13,346
13,948
14,700
15,410
16,134
16,868
17,445
18,029
18,576
19,306
20,878
22,647
24,228
25,823
27,803
30,917
33,260
34,524
35,454
36,040
36,647
5,395
5,295
5,247
5,268
5,421
5,600
5,938
6,213
6,409
6,378
6,270
6,403
6,837
7,479
8,137
8,533
8,862
9,238
9,541
9,929
10,529
11,043
11,441
11,815
12,146
12,920
13,964
14,858
15,734
17,129
19,448
21,381
22,423
22,788
22,582
22,285
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
734
698
665
633
613
614
643
653
643
647
664
687
729
835
962
1,017
1,053
1,101
1,173
1,220
1,230
1,218
1,241
1,312
1,383
1,476
1,556
1,650
1,746
1,832
1,965
2,090
2,152
2,155
2,213
2,353
206
208
215
213
211
236
264
291
326
350
389
451
523
632
740
794
843
917
977
1,022
1,064
1,088
1,114
1,159
1,242
1,390
1,538
1,637
1,690
1,675
1,640
1,586
1,597
1,667
1,783
1,918
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
811
794
816
785
798
885
986
1,065
1,139
1,178
1,293
1,417
1,531
1,747
2,005
2,161
2,284
2,466
2,672
2,845
2,878
2,900
3,013
3,079
3,297
3,718
4,073
4,420
4,845
5,222
5,735
6,020
6,127
6,525
7,007
7,413
503
486
497
489
492
523
526
523
519
516
572
621
661
714
775
842
906
978
1,047
1,118
1,167
1,197
1,220
1,211
1,238
1,374
1,516
1,662
1,807
1,945
2,130
2,184
2,225
2,319
2,455
2,679
1,014
1,220
1,352
1,417
1,567
1,766
2,242
2,398
2,443
2,459
2,466
2,666
2,859
2,911
3,043
3,221
3,391
3,411
3,421
3,554
3,746
3,775
3,673
3,313
3,136
3,159
3,111
3,186
3,239
3,421
4,028
3,980
3,854
3,820
3,239
1,623
1,303
1,318
1,307
1,281
1,334
1,380
1,480
1,574
1,520
1,286
1,370
1,498
1,647
1,802
1,923
2,110
2,286
2,488
2,662
2,848
3,058
3,236
3,353
3,555
3,836
3,929
4,339
4,843
5,636
6,192
6,630
7,128
7,035
7,293
7,220
7,447
811
823
799
760
782
798
869
943
871
620
666
739
827
909
943
1,043
1,129
1,237
1,312
1,386
1,456
1,479
1,423
1,435
1,502
1,557
1,708
1,998
2,366
2,716
2,793
2,884
2,881
2,903
2,760
2,663
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
176
174
176
177
184
190
195
198
200
201
208
220
233
248
267
285
303
320
339
359
385
414
445
479
516
531
558
596
638
630
601
602
597
614
636
657
315
320
333
344
369
392
415
434
450
465
496
539
588
645
713
783
855
930
1,012
1,103
1,217
1,343
1,485
1,642
1,817
1,841
2,073
2,250
2,631
2,846
3,237
3,643
3,557
3,776
3,825
4,127
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17
16
14
15
20
21
22
36
67
89
103
87
92
93
93
95
127
249
457
694
1,009
1,062
1,093
1,106
1,181
1,203
1,271
TABLE 3. U.S. basic research expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
66,446
69,101
69,543
69,218
4,565
4,958
4,587
4,300
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsb
Industrya
Total Federalb Industrye
11,390
13,473
14,750
14,611
1,358
1,221
1,267
1,424
10,032
12,252
13,483
13,187
Total
Total
Federal
2,231
2,396
2,566
2,436
37,374
36,437
35,512
36,126
22,241
21,961
22,073
22,637
U&Cc
Other
governmentf Industry
2,467
2,345
2,147
2,119
2,042
1,969
1,782
1,755
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsd
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federald
7,747
7,323
6,806
6,906
2,877
2,839
2,704
2,709
1,540
1,733
1,979
1,952
8,009
8,706
8,729
8,365
2,830
3,188
3,079
2,742
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
665
636
633
619
4,514
4,882
5,017
5,005
1,336
1,397
1,422
1,428
NA = not available; included in figures for federal support to industry and federal support to nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Character-of-work estimates
for industry revised for 1998 and later years; data are not directly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years.
for industry-administered FFRDCs for 1953–63 not separated from federal support for industry; thus, the figure for federal support to industry includes support to FFRDCs for those years.
c Figures for U&C R&D prior to 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Adjustments have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate
double counting of funds passed through from one academic institution to another. Character-of-work estimation procedure revised in 1998 and again in 2010; hence, these data not directly comparable with data reported in earlier years.
d Character-of-work estimates for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs for 1953–80 not separated from federal support for other nonprofits; thus, the figure for federal support to other nonprofit institutions includes support to FFRDCs for those
years.
e Industry sources of funds for industry R&D expenditures include all nonfederal sources of industry funds for R&D expenditures.
f Because of limitations in survey information, data on other government funding to performers other than U&C were not available and consequently are included in other sectors' support for their own R&D performance (e.g., other
government support to other nonprofits included in other nonprofit support for their own R&D).
b Character-of-work estimates
NOTES: Technical notes explaining methodological issues of measurement available on request. Data based on annual reports by performers, except for nonprofit sector. R&D expenditures of FFRDCs chiefly federal funds, but any
nonfederal funds also included in totals. For trend comparisons, use only historical data reported here; do not use data published earlier. Expenditures for industry and, prior to 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs collected by
calendar year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 25% of amount reported in
subsequent fiscal year. However, fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year approximations for academic
performers and federal performers prior to 1977 equal 50% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Constant-dollar estimates
derived from unrounded data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The tracks of R&D expenditures from 2006 to 2008 for both
industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series); NSF/NCSES, Business R&D and Innovation Survey; NSF/NCSES,
Higher Education R&D Survey; NSF/NCSES, Survey of Federal Funds for R&D; NSF/NCSES, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers R&D Survey, and NSF/NCSES, R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit
Organizations: FYs 1996–97. All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.