TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
Industry
FFRDCsa
Industry
Total Federala Industryd
Total
Total
U&Cb
Other
Federal governmente Industry
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsc
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
Total Federalc
37
40
42
46
51
56
61
67
75
84
96
114
136
165
200
221
233
259
290
312
343
393
432
480
569
679
785
920
1,058
1,207
1,357
1,514
1,743
2,019
2,262
2,527
2,852
3,187
3,458
27
29
32
36
40
45
50
55
62
70
78
88
101
114
126
139
155
171
182
195
211
239
272
300
337
364
386
419
463
534
595
654
713
780
882
1,003
1,131
1,249
1,358
131
161
187
217
267
316
349
385
440
500
580
629
630
652
696
722
731
727
735
785
841
926
1,067
1,266
1,467
1,772
2,013
2,306
2,484
2,544
2,840
3,243
3,616
3,973
4,287
4,581
4,756
4,894
5,120
112
123
131
146
167
195
234
264
304
363
408
417
472
537
561
596
642
677
709
771
882
988
1,062
1,139
1,213
1,353
1,564
1,658
1,784
1,915
2,176
2,511
2,761
2,867
3,013
3,213
3,669
4,126
4,652
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
26
31
35
37
37
38
42
48
49
54
55
55
62
70
74
81
93
95
98
101
105
114
124
135
147
160
174
189
206
224
244
265
289
314
342
372
405
440
479
28
31
32
38
51
62
67
68
86
109
119
112
124
138
145
151
161
172
184
198
211
235
262
292
326
363
405
452
504
561
626
698
778
867
967
1,078
1,202
1,340
1,494
NA
NA
9
11
14
18
22
48
92
130
165
205
215
210
225
235
245
230
215
200
190
210
225
245
275
333
390
469
524
536
585
620
655
541
509
510
547
636
696
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
5,160
5,617
6,281
8,500
9,908
10,915
12,490
13,711
14,564
15,636
17,519
19,103
20,252
22,072
23,346
24,666
25,996
26,271
26,952
28,740
30,952
33,359
35,671
39,435
43,338
48,719
55,379
63,224
72,292
80,748
89,950
102,244
114,671
120,249
126,360
133,881
141,891
151,993
160,876
1,015
963
973
1,130
1,297
1,507
1,681
1,801
1,987
2,188
2,558
2,965
3,156
3,308
3,444
3,497
3,790
4,154
4,409
4,676
4,837
5,132
5,561
5,890
6,211
6,962
7,471
7,831
8,605
9,501
10,830
11,916
13,093
13,504
13,588
14,342
15,231
15,671
15,249
3,630
4,070
4,517
6,272
7,324
8,066
9,200
10,032
10,353
11,037
12,216
13,049
13,812
15,193
15,966
17,014
17,844
17,594
17,829
19,004
20,704
22,239
23,460
26,107
28,863
32,222
37,062
43,228
50,425
57,166
63,683
73,061
82,376
85,932
90,160
94,893
99,860
107,404
114,675
1,430
1,750
2,057
2,995
3,928
4,436
5,217
5,604
5,685
6,008
6,856
7,257
7,367
7,977
7,946
8,145
7,987
7,306
7,175
7,469
7,600
7,572
7,878
8,671
9,523
10,107
11,354
12,752
14,997
17,061
19,095
21,657
25,333
26,000
28,757
28,221
26,359
25,802
24,095
2,200
2,320
2,460
3,277
3,396
3,630
3,983
4,428
4,668
5,029
5,360
5,792
6,445
7,216
8,020
8,869
9,857
10,288
10,654
11,535
13,104
14,667
15,582
17,436
19,340
22,115
25,708
30,476
35,428
40,105
44,588
51,404
57,043
59,932
61,403
66,672
73,501
81,602
90,580
NA
NA
123
333
407
323
418
477
555
426
414
463
373
355
419
415
464
473
491
548
545
648
727
890
962
1,082
1,164
1,277
1,385
1,484
1,585
1,739
1,863
1,891
1,995
2,122
2,195
2,323
2,277
273
301
342
391
433
491
586
705
834
993
1,178
1,375
1,595
1,818
2,035
2,187
2,280
2,418
2,565
2,757
2,953
3,216
3,570
3,899
4,346
4,996
5,715
6,455
7,085
7,603
8,251
9,154
10,308
11,540
12,807
14,221
15,634
16,939
18,206
149
165
191
221
242
280
356
453
557
687
839
995
1,167
1,335
1,491
1,586
1,624
1,686
1,760
1,890
2,009
2,160
2,400
2,619
2,893
3,329
3,848
4,335
4,670
4,879
5,210
5,748
6,388
7,028
7,768
8,593
9,317
9,939
10,667
40
45
50
57
64
72
81
90
101
112
125
138
150
160
168
185
208
237
262
282
302
320
348
369
394
443
482
519
581
621
658
721
834
969
1,065
1,165
1,274
1,399
1,483
21
24
27
32
37
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
45
52
58
61
66
72
79
90
104
118
131
155
182
215
264
314
363
432
518
630
745
831
933
1,061
1,166
1,242
58
61
64
71
79
95
125
148
169
200
234
250
286
329
342
364
388
410
427
472
566
639
675
711
740
830
985
1,017
1,075
1,129
1,306
1,548
1,694
1,686
1,704
1,762
2,062
2,346
2,679
TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
165,350
165,730
169,207
183,625
197,346
212,152
226,457
245,318
268,905
279,716
279,387
293,060
304,547
327,185
352,567
379,454
405,630
403,803
406,708
414,035
15,853
16,531
16,355
16,904
16,585
16,819
17,362
18,142
19,247
22,374
23,798
24,982
24,898
26,322
28,240
29,859
29,839
30,560
31,217
31,505
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsa
Industry
Total Federala Industryd
116,757
115,435
117,392
129,830
142,371
155,409
167,102
182,090
199,961
202,017
193,868
200,724
208,301
226,159
247,669
269,267
290,681
282,393
278,977
283,784
22,369
20,844
20,261
21,178
21,356
21,798
22,086
20,496
17,117
16,899
16,401
17,798
20,266
21,909
24,304
26,585
36,360
39,573
34,199
39,274
94,388
94,591
97,131
108,652
121,015
133,611
145,016
161,594
182,844
185,118
177,467
182,926
188,035
204,250
223,365
242,682
254,321
242,820
244,778
244,510
Total
Total
2,353
1,965
2,202
2,273
2,297
2,130
2,078
2,039
2,001
2,020
2,263
2,458
2,485
2,601
3,122
5,165
6,346
6,646
7,214
7,037
19,388
20,495
21,607
22,617
23,718
24,884
26,181
28,176
30,693
33,720
37,888
41,959
44,782
47,006
48,951
51,149
53,917
56,939
60,235
63,102
U&Cb
Other
Federal governmente Industry
11,528
12,307
12,996
13,592
14,084
14,530
15,174
16,264
17,719
19,767
22,654
25,727
27,872
29,019
29,600
30,160
31,178
33,433
36,561
38,710
1,525
1,557
1,623
1,751
1,861
1,922
1,972
2,098
2,246
2,395
2,610
2,856
3,008
3,060
3,182
3,438
3,706
3,808
3,782
3,832
1,320
1,392
1,456
1,548
1,672
1,808
1,950
2,082
2,174
2,189
2,178
2,166
2,231
2,368
2,563
2,803
3,069
3,196
3,139
3,173
U&C
FFRDCs
Nonprofit
FFRDCsc
Other nonprofit
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
3,569
3,709
3,938
4,110
4,436
4,838
5,163
5,619
6,231
6,826
7,617
8,226
8,562
9,265
10,076
10,833
11,640
11,884
11,990
12,488
1,448
1,531
1,595
1,617
1,666
1,786
1,922
2,112
2,324
2,542
2,828
2,984
3,109
3,294
3,530
3,915
4,324
4,617
4,764
4,899
5,259
5,289
5,294
5,367
5,395
5,463
5,559
5,652
5,742
6,225
7,102
7,301
7,659
7,817
7,306
5,567
4,766
5,052
5,315
5,294
4,993
5,267
5,599
5,827
6,209
6,626
7,332
8,207
9,734
11,167
12,150
13,141
13,779
14,452
14,336
15,132
16,363
18,002
18,294
17,756
226
242
253
268
288
306
333
360
396
441
498
580
683
803
945
1,002
1,009
1,063
167
178
193
210
226
246
270
296
330
365
405
450
505
554
594
629
671
703
811
984
1,127
1,265
1,503
1,741
1,903
2,070
2,340
2,623
3,008
3,215
3,160
3,180
3,296
3,280
3,165
2,988
690
751
790
848
939
1,076
1,273
1,420
1,616
1,904
2,118
2,132
2,370
2,619
2,657
2,708
2,777
2,782
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
2,806
2,843
2,911
2,847
2,906
3,014
3,281
3,761
4,510
5,488
5,778
5,945
6,537
6,545
6,044
5,980
6,236
7,097
7,000
6,274
521
567
617
671
730
809
859
931
1,020
1,029
998
1,020
1,041
1,107
1,182
1,257
1,301
1,258
1,265
1,264
1,666
1,857
2,071
2,308
2,574
2,804
3,192
3,516
4,204
4,650
5,374
6,176
6,201
6,800
7,111
7,896
8,827
9,647
10,029
10,218
748
749
758
808
772
821
843
1,013
1,526
2,192
2,319
2,494
2,644
2,828
2,943
3,316
3,718
4,212
5,457
5,558
356
371
386
411
443
524
679
796
899
1,049
1,215
1,278
1,436
1,604
1,620
1,654
1,678
1,684
161
190
211
216
209
210
229
258
261
283
285
281
311
342
350
368
403
391
173
190
193
222
288
342
365
366
457
572
618
573
623
674
687
686
697
707
NA
NA
51
64
79
99
120
258
487
682
856
1,048
1,079
1,025
1,066
1,068
1,061
946
Total Federalc
2005 constant $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
31,931
34,437
37,871
49,548
55,893
60,220
68,106
73,737
77,444
82,022
90,932
97,653
101,672
107,747
110,576
112,063
112,544
108,038
6,281
5,902
5,865
6,590
7,318
8,312
9,167
9,684
10,567
11,476
13,280
15,158
15,845
16,147
16,314
15,888
16,409
17,082
22,463
24,955
27,234
36,561
41,315
44,501
50,168
53,951
55,051
57,897
63,407
66,706
69,340
74,167
75,620
77,298
77,253
72,353
8,849
10,730
12,402
17,459
22,158
24,474
28,448
30,137
30,229
31,516
35,586
37,098
36,985
38,941
37,635
37,004
34,578
30,045
13,614
14,225
14,832
19,102
19,157
20,027
21,719
23,813
24,821
26,381
27,821
29,609
32,356
35,226
37,985
40,294
42,674
42,308
NA
NA
742
1,941
2,296
1,782
2,279
2,565
2,951
2,235
2,149
2,367
1,873
1,733
1,985
1,885
2,009
1,945
1,686
1,846
2,062
2,279
2,443
2,709
3,195
3,789
4,432
5,206
6,114
7,026
8,005
8,875
9,638
9,936
9,871
9,942
922
1,009
1,152
1,288
1,362
1,545
1,939
2,433
2,959
3,601
4,352
5,086
5,859
6,517
7,059
7,206
7,029
6,931
244
273
301
329
361
397
439
484
534
588
649
703
751
781
796
838
901
975
127
144
163
184
206
215
215
215
213
212
210
207
208
220
244
261
262
269
TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
105,561
107,905
110,098
108,784
106,282
111,118
114,802
120,589
126,549
132,407
138,425
145,722
156,156
171,072
186,227
191,059
195,108
199,858
204,107
210,515
215,189
216,053
211,865
211,847
225,206
237,513
250,901
264,829
282,726
303,084
308,304
303,036
311,319
314,660
327,185
341,532
357,212
17,268
17,555
17,204
16,737
16,570
16,597
16,454
17,233
17,073
16,399
16,476
17,146
18,800
19,937
21,263
21,457
20,981
21,410
21,909
21,705
20,398
20,714
21,132
20,477
20,731
19,960
19,891
20,304
20,908
21,693
24,661
25,812
26,539
25,724
26,322
27,356
28,109
Industry
FFRDCsa
Industry
Total Federala Industryd
69,830
71,351
73,647
72,522
69,899
73,563
76,458
79,756
84,692
90,531
96,554
103,165
110,556
122,244
133,780
136,534
139,213
141,657
143,647
148,758
153,391
152,559
147,569
146,975
159,229
171,348
183,794
195,416
209,856
225,378
222,664
210,278
213,230
215,218
226,159
239,917
253,484
28,102
28,042
27,034
24,692
23,472
24,433
25,226
25,017
25,946
26,706
28,716
30,789
33,150
36,236
41,141
41,311
44,403
42,128
37,917
35,737
32,230
29,228
26,646
25,367
25,974
25,703
25,779
25,828
23,621
19,293
18,626
17,789
18,907
20,939
21,909
23,543
25,027
41,728
43,308
46,612
47,829
46,426
49,131
51,231
54,739
58,747
63,825
67,838
72,376
77,406
86,008
92,639
95,224
94,810
99,528
105,730
113,022
121,161
123,331
120,922
121,608
133,255
145,646
158,015
169,588
186,235
206,085
204,038
192,488
194,323
194,279
204,250
216,374
228,457
Total
Total
1,923
2,057
1,939
2,113
2,166
2,508
2,548
2,678
2,660
2,674
2,652
2,678
2,752
2,910
3,026
3,005
3,080
3,168
3,157
3,217
3,046
3,075
2,512
2,757
2,788
2,765
2,519
2,430
2,350
2,255
2,227
2,455
2,611
2,568
2,601
3,024
4,862
10,046
10,351
10,504
10,486
10,635
10,985
11,512
12,365
13,058
13,518
13,566
13,720
14,324
15,315
16,740
18,336
19,775
21,229
22,489
23,461
24,353
25,333
26,200
27,051
27,738
28,545
29,429
30,617
32,472
34,595
37,166
41,094
44,573
46,269
47,006
47,419
48,151
U&Cb
Other
Federal governmente Industry
6,891
7,096
7,144
7,044
7,151
7,380
7,662
8,239
8,793
9,078
8,941
8,804
9,045
9,617
10,374
11,166
11,994
12,828
13,402
13,766
14,268
15,062
15,733
16,270
16,670
16,951
17,183
17,745
18,744
19,971
21,787
24,572
27,330
28,798
29,019
28,673
28,393
1,026
1,059
1,072
1,044
1,037
1,040
1,044
1,097
1,100
1,086
1,112
1,121
1,142
1,206
1,354
1,540
1,644
1,739
1,833
1,938
1,983
1,993
1,990
2,031
2,148
2,240
2,273
2,306
2,418
2,532
2,640
2,831
3,034
3,108
3,060
3,083
3,237
U&C
FFRDCs
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
282 1,134
297 1,170
318 1,220
339 1,280
352 1,286
369 1,353
409 1,506
449 1,681
490 1,794
552 1,926
601 2,025
655 2,177
750 2,355
866 2,533
1,023 2,831
1,184 3,207
1,283 3,493
1,393 3,772
1,526 4,103
1,614 4,413
1,661 4,625
1,724 4,663
1,779 4,741
1,823 4,930
1,898 5,041
2,012 5,338
2,138 5,722
2,280 6,038
2,399 6,476
2,450 7,023
2,413 7,523
2,362 8,262
2,301 8,739
2,305 8,846
2,368 9,265
2,483 9,760
2,638 10,198
713
730
749
779
810
844
891
900
881
877
887
963
1,032
1,093
1,158
1,239
1,361
1,497
1,627
1,730
1,816
1,891
1,957
1,996
1,983
2,004
2,113
2,247
2,434
2,620
2,802
3,068
3,169
3,212
3,294
3,420
3,685
2,877
2,947
2,992
3,020
3,179
3,566
3,887
4,385
4,599
4,829
4,757
4,590
4,931
5,427
5,872
6,312
6,620
6,838
6,841
6,778
6,849
6,872
6,761
6,628
6,583
6,493
6,461
6,501
6,514
6,472
6,862
7,703
7,756
7,913
7,817
7,078
5,241
Nonprofit
FFRDCsc
Other nonprofit
Total Federalc
2,775
2,893
3,137
3,222
3,163
3,208
3,214
3,350
3,575
3,473
3,417
3,456
3,777
4,202
4,483
4,556
4,653
4,796
5,277
5,715
6,223
6,524
6,734
7,009
7,146
7,473
7,837
8,574
9,458
10,971
12,308
13,179
13,960
14,236
14,452
13,888
14,245
1,670
1,770
2,013
2,082
2,011
2,003
1,961
2,054
2,251
2,130
2,058
2,038
2,266
2,590
2,751
2,678
2,632
2,631
2,966
3,249
3,583
3,666
3,635
3,645
3,492
3,497
3,565
3,837
4,334
5,083
6,049
6,267
6,315
6,754
6,545
5,854
5,629
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
384
379
373
373
370
381
390
396
398
397
395
405
424
444
469
499
528
555
582
610
641
681
725
772
823
879
956
1,005
1,073
1,149
1,134
1,083
1,084
1,076
1,107
1,145
1,183
721
743
751
767
781
824
864
900
926
946
964
1,013
1,087
1,168
1,264
1,378
1,493
1,610
1,729
1,856
1,999
2,177
2,374
2,592
2,831
3,097
3,316
3,733
4,052
4,739
5,125
5,829
6,561
6,407
6,800
6,888
7,433
842
751
676
685
670
690
728
823
891
982
1,003
967
1,016
1,038
1,063
860
786
761
787
881
931
977
958
949
991
929
971
986
1,168
1,720
2,416
2,515
2,649
2,732
2,828
2,851
3,121
TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2011
Year
Performer:
All
performers
Federal
Funding
source:
All sources
Federal
373,569
368,000
366,434
365,239
27,480
27,850
28,126
27,792
2008
2009
2010
2011 estimated
Industry
FFRDCsa
Industry
Total Federala Industryd
267,706
257,355
251,351
250,339
33,486
36,064
30,812
34,645
234,219
221,290
220,539
215,693
Total
Total
5,844
6,057
6,499
6,207
49,656
51,891
54,270
55,665
U&Cb
Other
Federal governmente Industry
28,714
30,469
32,941
34,147
3,413
3,471
3,408
3,381
2,827
2,913
2,828
2,799
U&C
FFRDCs
U&C
Other
nonprofit
Total
10,720
10,831
10,802
11,016
3,982
4,207
4,292
4,322
4,389
4,604
4,789
4,670
Nonprofit
FFRDCsc
Other nonprofit
Total Federalc
15,070
16,406
16,482
15,663
5,743
6,468
6,307
5,534
Industry
Other
nonprofit
Total
1,198
1,146
1,140
1,115
8,129
8,792
9,036
9,014
3,424
3,838
4,916
4,903
NA = not available; included in figures for federal support to industry and federal support to nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded research and development center; U&C = universities and colleges.
a Federal support
for industry in 1953–54 did not separate federal support for industry and for industry-administered FFRDCs; thus, the figures for federal support to industry include support to FFRDCs for those years.
for U&C R&D prior to 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Non-S&E R&D was $1.4 billion in 2003 and $3.2 billion in 2011. Also, adjustments
have been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate double counting of (since 1998) S&E R&D and (since 2010) non-S&E funds passed through from one academic institution to another. For FY 1998, $479 million in
total pass-through funds and $421 million in federal pass-through funds were reported. For FY 2011, total pass-through was an estimated $3,065 million and federal pass-through was an estimated $2,726 million.
c Federal support for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs in 1953–54 did not separate federal support for other nonprofits and for nonprofit-administered FFRDCs; thus, the figure for federal support to other nonprofit institutions includes
support to FFRDCs for those years.
d Industry sources of funding for industry R&D expenditures include all nonfederal sources of funding for industry R&D expenditures.
e Because of limitations in survey information, data on other government funding to performers other than U&C were not available and consequently are included in other sectors' support for their own R&D performance (e.g., other
government support to other nonprofits included in other nonprofit support for their own R&D).
b Figures
NOTES: Technical notes explaining methodological issues of measurement available on request. Data based on annual reports by performers, except for nonprofit sector. R&D expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funds,
but any nonfederal funds also included in totals. For trend comparisons, use only historical data reported here; do not use data published earlier. Expenditures for industry and, prior to 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs collected
by calendar year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 25% of amount reported in
subsequent fiscal year. However, fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October. Therefore, calendar-year approximations for academic
performers and federal performers prior to 1977 equal 50% of amount reported in same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in subsequent fiscal year. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Constant-dollar estimates
derived from unrounded data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The tracks of R&D expenditures from 2006 to 2008 for both
industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series); NSF/NCSES, Business R&D and Innovation Survey; NSF/NCSES,
Higher Education R&D Survey; NSF/NCSES, Survey of Federal Funds for R&D; NSF/NCSES, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers R&D Survey; and NSF/NCSES, R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit
Organizations: FYs 1996–97. All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.