Homicide in Rochester, NY 2012:
Comparison of Rates for a Selection of United States' and
International Cities
Working Paper #2013-02
January 25, 2013
Karyn Bower
John Klofas
Janelle Duda
Center for Public Safety Initiatives
Rochester Institute of Technology
585-475-2423
[email protected]
Recent events have brought discussion of homicides to the forefront of national news, and as a
result, many Americans have taken an interest in local, national, and international homicide data. Since
the early 1990s the overall homicide rate in the United States has steadily declined. In 2011, the national
homicide rate was 4.7 per 100,000 people (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2012)1. This rate may appear
to be rather low, but it means little without a comparison. How representative is this rate of homicide rates
in our nation's major cities? How do these compare to the homicide rates in metropolitan areas across the
world? And how do these compare to homicide rates locally in both New York and Rochester?
The goal of this paper is to compare homicide rates in Rochester to homicide rates in other US
cities and rates in international cities. But what exactly is a homicide rate? Instead of simply comparing
the total number of homicides that occur in each city, it is necessary to control for population. Comparing
the frequency of any crime without mention of population differences would be misleading; therefore the
rates of crimes must be compared. Most often, when comparing large metropolitan areas rates are
calculated per 100,000 people. The formula used here is [(number of homicides/population) x 100,000].
This way data can be analyzed between cities in a way that is practical and understandable. All data
presented is available in a table at the conclusion of this paper.
Homicide rates in cities throughout the United States vary immensely. It would likely come as a
surprise to many that the nation's most populous city, New York City, has a homicide rate that is much
lower than most major cities across the country. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Detroit and New Orleans have
two of the highest homicide rates in the US. Homicide rate comparisons have the potential to reveal many
interesting characteristics about our nation's cities. For instance, why is it that Detroit, which has a
population that is 12 times smaller than that of New York City, has a homicide rate that is over 10 times
larger? What are the factors that influence these statistics? Is it that these cities have different poverty
1
It is important to note that there is a technical difference between the terms "murder" and "homicide." The legal
definition of homicide includes justifiable homicides, which may not necessarily be criminal in nature (Legal
Dictionary, 2013). Murder is a category of criminal homicide. The FBI's Uniform Crime Report uses the term
"murder" to describe "murder and nonnegligent manslaughter as the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human
being by another" (Federal Bureau of Investigaions, 2011). For the purpose of this paper the two terms will be used
interchangeably to refer to the UCR definition of murder.
1
rates, population density, policing, unemployment rates, etc.? There is also a possibility that geography
has an impact on homicides. It is worth examining homicides in various parts of the country to see if rates
will vary by location. This data can not only reveal unexpected homicide trends, but also it can be used as
a starting point to determine the underlying causes of homicides.
What do homicide rates look like when compared across US cities? There is no typical rate that
can be assigned to an approximate population. In select cities with over 1 million people, the homicide
rates differ vastly.
Homicides in Cities with Populations Over 1
Million in 2012
25.0
20.0
21.5
18.7
15.0
Rate per 100,000
12.4
10.0
10.1
7.8
5.0
5.0
0.0
New York
Los Angeles
Houston
Dallas
Chicago
Philadelphia
2
The same seemingly unorganized rates apply when comparing cities with less than 500,000 people. There
appears to be no relationship between a city's population and its homicide rates.
2
(Kelleher & Allen, 2012), (Knowles, 2013), (Eisrer, 2013), (Turner, 2012), (Blumgart, 2013), (Galik, 2013),
(United States Census Bureau, 2013)
2
Homicides in Cities with Populations Under
500,000 in 2012
60.0
50.0
53.5
40.0
30.0
33.1
20.0
Rate per 100,000
24.6
10.0
13.7
17.1
18.8
19.7
8.4
0.0
San PittsburghRochester Buffalo
Francisco
Atlanta Cleveland Newark
New
Orleans
3
How does this apply locally in the city of Rochester? Rochester's population is 210,855, and in
2012 the city experienced 36 homicides (Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and
Performance, 2013)(United States Census Bureau, 2013). This gives Rochester a homicide rate of 17.1 for
the year 2012. Rochester's population and demographics closely resemble that of Buffalo (United States
Census Bureau, 2013). Rochester's homicide count and rate also most closely reflect those in Buffalo. The
state's smaller cities such as Syracuse and Albany, neither of which contain more than 150,000 residents,
each had less than 15 homicides in all of 2012 (Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research
and Performance, 2013) . Aside from Buffalo, Rochester has the highest homicide rate of all cities across
New York. As a community, this data is disturbing. Why is it that Rochester has a homicide rate that is
over 3 times greater than that of New York City's?
3
(Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (Bulwa & Berton, 2013),
(Galik, 2013), (Cameron, 2013), (Sheehan, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
3
City
Population
Albany
Homicides
Rate per 100,000
Firearm Homicides
97660
4
4.1
2
New York
8244910
414
5.0
237
Syracuse
145151
12
8.3
9
Rochester
210855
36
17.1
28
Buffalo
261025
49
18.8
42
4
Historically, Buffalo and Rochester have alternated having a higher homicide rate from year to
year.
Homicide Trends
30
Rate per 100,000
25
20
24.9
26.4
23.2
19.8
24.2
22.3
19.7
20.5
13.7
15
20.1
20.1
18.8
17.1
15.2
13.6
13.6
Rochester
Buffalo
10
5
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
5
Since 2005, Rochester’s homicide rate has been higher than Buffalo’s homicide rate 4 times. Buffalo’s
rate has been greater 3 times, and they were equivalent once in 2010. The two have been closely related
throughout the years. Rochester’s average homicide rate for 2005-2012 is 19.9 per 100,000, while
4
(Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (United States Census Bureau,
2013)
5
(Monroe Crime Analysis Center), (Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance,
2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
4
Buffalo’s average homicide rate for these same years is 19.3. Identifying common characteristics of the
two cities may give insight into why these cities have homicide rates that drastically differ from other
cities in New York.
United States’ Comparisons
Another interesting point of comparison for homicide rates is regional. Examining homicides by
geographical region may lend insight into what Rochester's homicide data really means.
Rochester vs Western US Homicides 2012
Seattle
4.2
Los Angeles
7.8
San Francisco
8.4
Las Vegas
13.6
Rochester
17.1
Oakland
33.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Rate per 100,000
6
Rochester's homicide rate is relatively high compared to most cities in the Western region of the
US. If it were not for the outlier Oakland, then Rochester clearly has the highest homicide rate. The
average of the all these Western US cities is 13.4, but when Oakland is removed from analysis the
average homicide rate becomes 8.5.
6
(Kiro Radio Staff, 2012), (Dean, 2013), (Bulwa & Berton, 2013), (Galik, 2013), (Knowles, 2013), (Division of
Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
5
Rochester vs Southern US Homicides 2012
Albuquerque
8.3
Houston
10.1
Nashville
10.7
Dallas
12.4
Rochester
17.1
Atlanta
19.7
Memphis
24.1
New Orleans
53.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Rate per 100,000
7
The average homicide rate of these Southern US cities is 19.8 per 100,000 residents. Rochester's
17.1 homicide rate falls slightly below this average. It seems that Rochester has slightly fewer homicides
than the average Southern US city.
Rochester vs Midwestern US Homicides 2012
Denver
6.6
Indianapolis
12.9
Oklahoma City
16.7
Rochester
17.1
Chicago
18.7
Kansas City
23.3
Cleveland
24.6
St. Louis
35.5
Detroit
54.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Rate per 100,000
8
7
(Tuohy, 2013), (Galik, 2013), (Cameron, 2013), (Turner, 2012), (Eisrer, 2013), (Dean, 2013), (Division of
Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
6
When looking at Midwestern US cities, a different story is revealed. Rochester also appears to be
on the low end of homicide rates when compared to these cities. These cities have an average homicide
rate of 24.1, much higher than Rochester's rate.
Rochester vs Northeastern US Homicides 2012
Boston
9.3
Pittsburgh
13.7
DC
14.2
Rochester
17.1
Philadelphia
21.5
Newark
33.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Rate per 100,000
9
Rochester seems to be on par with other cities in the Northeastern US. The average homicide rate
of these Northeastern US cities is 18.4, and Rochester's homicide rate falls just below this average. While
not displayed on the chart, Camden, New Jersey has an astounding homicide rate of 86.7 per 100,000
people (Queally, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013). This rate is far above that of Rochester, and
it is an anomaly compared to all of the other examined US cities.
Taken altogether, Rochester's homicide rate is actually lower than the average of these US cities.
The average of the homicide rates in the combined regional cities and the New York cities (excluding
8
(Dean, 2013), (Tuohy, 2013), (Galik, 2013), (Kansas City Missouri Police Department, 2012), (Gurman, 2013),
(Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (United States Census Bureau,
2013)
9
(Carroll, 2013), (Sheehan, 2013), (Blumgart, 2013), (Metropolitan Police Department, 2013), (Galik, 2013),
(Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (United States Census Bureau,
2013)
7
Rochester), amounts to 18.7 per 100,000. Compared to other cities in New York, Rochester's homicide
rate was quite high, but when examined across the entire US, Rochester's homicide rate is actually
slightly lower than many cities. This illustrates the importance of making comparisons across many
regions and not limiting data to specific areas.
International Comparisons
The homicide rate in Rochester may not be abnormal among US cities, but how does it relate to
cities in foreign nations?
Rochester vs Canada Homicides 2012
17.1
18.0
16.0
Rate per 100,000
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.8
1.6
2.1
2.1
Calgary
Toronto
Montreal
3.1
3.6
4.5
0.0
Ottawa
Vancouver Edmonton
Winnipeg
Rochester
10
Rochester's homicide rate appears to be drastically greater than the rates of those across Canadian
cities. The 2.1 average rate of these cites confirms that Rochester's homicide rate is over 8 times greater
than the average of the Canadian cities.
10
(Cabel, 2013), (Pruden, 2013), (Bolan, 2012), (Pagliaro, 2012), (Nease, 2012), (Global News, 2013), (Walsh,
2012), (Statistics Canada, 2012), (Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013),
(United States Census Bureau, 2013)
8
Rochester vs International Homicides
140.0
130.0
120.0
Rate per 100,000
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
17.1
20.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.4
Tokyo,
Japan
Mumba,
India
Sydney,
Australia
London,
England
8.0
9.0
9.6
Mexico
City,
Mexico
Moscow,
Russia
Hong
Kong,
China
0.0
Rochester Caracas,
Venezuela
11 12
The international cities also have relatively low homicide rates. The average rate of these cities is
20.1, which puts Rochester's rate below the international cities. However, when Caracas is removed, the
average rate of these cities becomes 4.4. From this perspective, Rochester's rate again sits significantly
above the rates of the remaining cities.
Border City Comparisons
The data presented above seems to indicate that Rochester experiences far more homicides than
many cities across the world. So how do other cities in the US compare to cities in neighboring countries?
One way to examine this is by comparing the homicide rates of cities along the northern and southern
US border to nearby cites in Canada and Mexico. The close proximity of these cites, despite their location
in different countries, might lead one to believe that their homicide rates will be similar.
11
(McClelland, 2012), ((Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (United
States Census Bureau, 2013), (Indian Express, 2012), (Indian Online Pages)
12
Data used for Mumbai, India collected from 2011.
9
North Pacific Coast Border Homicides 2012
Vancouver
3.1
Rate per 100,000
Seattle
4.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
13
Seattle and Vancouver are 119 miles apart on opposite sides of the US/Canadian border (Google
Maps, 2013). Seattle had a slightly higher homicide rate than Vancouver in 2012; however, the numbers
are similar enough as to argue that there is no major difference between the two cities.
South Pacific Coast Border Homicides 2012
San Diego
3.6
Rate per 100,000
Tijuana, Mexico
28.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
14
Just 15 miles separate Tijuana and San Diego, yet Tijuana has a homicide rate that is almost 8
times greater than that of San Diego (Google Maps, 2013).
13
14
(Kiro Radio Staff, 2012), (Bolan, 2012), (United States Census Bureau, 2013) (Statistics Canada, 2012)
(Leigh), (Davis, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
10
Southern Border Homicides 2012
El Paso
3.5
Rate Per 100,000
Juarez, Mexico
66.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
15
El Paso and Juarez are only 2.4 miles apart, which makes the difference homicide rates seem even
more remarkable (Google Maps, 2013). Juarez has a homicide rate that is 19 times larger than El Paso’s
homicide rate.
Northern Border Homicides 2012
Windsor
1.4
Rate per 100,000
Detroit
54.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
16
15
(Pachico, 2013), (Macias, 2012), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
(Wilhelm, 2013), (Detroit Police Department, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013), (Statistics Canada,
2012)
16
11
The opposite situation seems to occur when comparing the US to Canada. The US city of Detroit
has a homicide rate that is 39 times greater than the rate of the Canadian city, Windsor. The two cities are
separated by 4 miles (Google Maps, 2013).
Rochester Border Homicides 2012
Toronto
2.1
Rate per 100,000
Rochester
17.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
17
Again, Rochester has a much higher homicide rate than the neighboring city of Toronto. The two
cities are 95 miles apart, but Rochester has a homicide rate that is over 8 times larger than Toronto’s rate
(Google Maps, 2013).
Comparing US cities to nearby cities in bordering countries reveals an interesting pattern. The
selected cities in the US seem to have a much lower homicide rate than those in Mexico, but the US cities
have much higher homicide rates than that of the cities in Canada. The one exception may be Seattle and
Vancouver, as Seattle’s rate is only slightly larger than Vancouver’s rate. These observations could have
multiple implications. Does this mean that the Mexican and Canadian border cities represent two
extremes, while the US border city rates lie in the middle? Or perhaps the selected cities are anomalies,
and the situation between Seattle and Vancouver is more representative of all cities. Regardless, the large
17
(Pagliaro, 2012), (Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013), (Statistics
Canada, 2012), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
12
differences between rates at the northern and southern borders raise some interesting questions about
homicide rates in North American cities.
Firearm Homicides
In the United States, firearms account for the majority of homicides, therefore, looking at
homicides by firearm can be useful.
US Firearm Homicides 2012
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
75
78
83
86
86
88
66
50
56
57
54.6
17.1
4.1
6.6
5.0
8.4
23.3
Percentage Firearm Homicides
18.8
8.3
4.2
Homicide Rate per 100,000
18
Data collected on firearm fatalities implicates that guns have a large impact on homicides in cities
across the US. In each city, at least half of all homicides were committed with a firearm of some type.
Excluding Rochester, the average percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is 72. In 2012,
Rochester experienced 36 homicides, 28 of which were due to a shooting (Division of Criminal Justice
Statistics Office of Research and Performance, 2013). Rochester's 78 percent of homicides due to
firearms is slightly higher than the average of these other cities.
On a larger scale, it is interesting to compare the frequency of firearm homicides amongst nations.
Does the United States have more firearm homicides than nations around the world? Due to the limited
availability of data, statistics used to compare different countries ranges from 2008 to 2010.
18
(Kansas City Missouri Police Department, 2012), (Detroit Police Department, 2013), (Kiro Radio Staff, 2012),
(Gurman, 2013), (Bulwa & Berton, 2013), (Division of Criminal Justice Statistics Office of Research and
Performance, 2013), (United States Census Bureau, 2013)
13
World Firearm Homicides in Multiple Years
90
80
80
68
70
60
55
49.0
50
40
26
30
20
10
Percentage Firearm Homicides
32
8
7
2 0.5
1.2
Homicide Rate per 100,000
22.7
12
3.4
1.2
0.8
1.8
4.8
0
19
Looking at this data, the US seems to rank near the top for both homicide rate and parentage of
firearm homicides. The average homicide rate for these countries, excluding the United States, is 10.1 per
100,000 people. When Venezuela is eliminated the average homicide rate becomes 4.5, and when Mexico
is removed, the average rate is 1.5. The US homicide rate of 4.8 ranks towards the higher end in each
scenario. The average percentage of firearm deaths for all of the countries, excluding the US, is 28
percent. If Venezuela's 80 percent is removed the new average is 20 percent, and when Mexico's 55
percent is excluded the average becomes 14 percent. In the US, the percentage of homicides committed
with a firearm was 68 percent. The US percentage of firearm homicides ranks above every country's
percentage except Venezuela, and while being somewhat comparable to Mexico, the percentage of
homicides due to firearms in the US was far above that of the remaining countries.
19
(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011)
14
Availability of Data
News outlets and politicians have barraged the public with homicide statistics in order to argue
their views. Many have attempted to confirm this data only to find that it is much harder than expected to
find recent, reliable homicide statistics. The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports20 offer a comprehensive crime
data for the country based on police reports, however, data for 2012 will likely not be released for several
months. Some police departments make their statistics easily accessible to the public through their
websites, but often the data is not made available until months later. As a result, many independent
organizations and individuals have taken the initiative to track homicides throughout their community and
the nation. One of these is the Los Angeles Times Homicide Report21 which tracks homicides in Los
Angeles County. The website allows users to view the victim’s photo, their name, and the circumstances
surrounding their death. It is also possible to locate the place of their murder on a map of the county. Data
from 2007-2012 is also compiled to compare causes of death, characteristics of victims, and more
(Ardalani, et al., 2013). Another source has compiled a database which has tracked gun deaths in the US
since December 14, 2012, when 26 people were killed by firearm in Newton, Connecticut.22 The
homicides are mapped across the country and information on each individual victim can also be viewed.
It is also possible to search for victims by location, gender, age, and date of the victim's death (Kirk &
Kois, 2013). Rochester also has a similar resource available through the Democrat and Chronicle.23
Homicides in the Rochester area are tracked and mapped; in addition, information about victim and the
circumstances surrounding the death are available. Once an incident is selected, it is even possible to track
whether an arrest and conviction were made for the homicide. Data includes homicides from 2007 to
present (Democrat and Chronicle, 2013).
20
21
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/ucr
http://projects.latimes.com/homicide/blog/page/1/
22
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/crime/2012/12/gun_death_tally_every_american_gun_death_since
_newtown_sandy_hook_shooting.html
23
http://rocdocs.democratandchronicle.com/map/rochester-homicides?keywords=homicide
15
Comparing Rochester's homicide statistics to those in other cities allows one to gain some
perspective on homicides in the city. In comparison to cities across the US, Rochester's rates are nothing
alarming, but when examined next to other cities in New York, Rochester's rate stands as one of the
highest. Having one of the highest homicide rates in the state is certainly concerning, but when it comes
to homicides, even being average compared to the rest of the country is unsettling for residents of any city.
This data can be used to make public officials aware of the need make efforts to discover why these
homicides are occurring. In order to lower the number of homicides committed in the area, the underlying
causes of these deaths must first be determined. Only after this occurs can law enforcement develop
police practices that will have the greatest chance at reducing homicides.
Conclusion
This paper presents a straightforward look at homicide rates across a selection of cities.
Assembling the data began simply as a way of filling time between Bowl Games in a New Year, but now
it seems that considering the information carefully can have much more profound implications.
First, it makes us confront the great variation in rates of homicide across cities in the US and
around the world. The significance of that finding cannot be overstated. Variability is the essential
element to all of science. Without it there is nothing to explain.
That gets us to the second major point to be drawn from the data presented here: We should seek
to explain the large variation we find in homicide rates. Our focus on murder as an act of individuals may
sometimes distract us from trying to understand the large variation across communities. But those
explanations, important as they are, are not likely to come easily. That much is clear from the many
explanations of murder’s decline in New York City since the mid-1990s. But science dictates that we
should not be deterred by complexity.
Finally, if we can explain it or even some of it, it may follow that we can change it, and it
certainly follows that we should try. That of course, converts the great mystery to the great purpose and
sets an agenda for which the New Year’s Day homicide tally has more significance than may have been
immediately evident as we collected this information.
16
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19
City Data
City
Albany
Albuquerque
Atlanta
Rate per
Population
Homicides 100,000
97,660.00
4
Firearm
Homicides
4.1
552,804.00
432,427.00
46
85
8.3
19.7
Baltimore
Boston
Buffalo
Calgary
Camden
Chicago
619,493.00
625,087.00
261,025.00
1,096,833.00
77,283
2,707,120.00
217
58
49
18
67
506
35.0
9.3
18.8
1.6
86.7
18.7
Cleveland
Dallas
DC
Denver
Detroit
393,806.00
1,223,229.00
617,996.00
619,968.00
706,585.00
75
152
88
41
386
24.6
12.4
14.2
6.6
54.6
Edmonton
El Paso
812,201.00
665,568.00
29
23
3.6
3.5
1,253
116.6
2,145,146.00
216
9.6
10.1
827,609.00
94
12.9
1,200,000.00
797
66.4
Kansas City
463,202.00
108
23.3
Las Vegas
589,317.00
80
13.6
Guatemala
City,
Guatemala
Hong Kong,
China
Houston
Indianapolis
Juarez,
Mexico
London,
England
Percentage Firearm
Homicides
2
0.50
42
0.86
23
333
0.56
0.86
90
0.83
1.4
20
Los Angeles
Memphis
Mexico
City,
Mexico
Montreal
3,819,702.00
298
7.8
652,050.00
157
24.1
35
8.0
2.1
1,649,519.00
Moscow,
Russia
9.0
Mumbai,
India
20,500,000.00
Nashville
609,644.00
New
Orleans
360,740.00
193
53.5
New York
City
Newark
Oakland
8,244,910.00
277,540.00
395,817.00
414
92
131
5.0
33.1
33.1
Oklahoma
City
Ottawa
591,967.00
883,391.00
99
7
16.7
0.8
1,536,471.00
331
21.5
Pittsburgh
307,484.00
42
13.7
Rochester
210,855.00
36
17.1
San Diego
1,326,179.00
48
3.6
812,538.00
620,778.00
318,069.00
68
26
113
8.4
4.2
35.5
145,151.00
12
1.0
8.3
1,300,983.00
364
28.0
Philadelphia
San
Francisco
Seattle
St. Louis
Sydney,
Australia
Syracuse
Tijuana,
Mexico
Tokyo,
Japan
202
1.0
10.7
237
0.57
3
0.43
28
0.78
45
23
0.66
0.88
9
0.75
0.5
21
Toronto
2,615,060.00
54
2.1
Vancouver
Windsor
603,502.00
210,891.00
19
3
3.1
1.4
Winnipeg
663,617.00
30
4.5
33
0.61
Country Data
Country
Firearm
Homicides
Rate per
100,000
Percentage
Year
Homicide Rate
Japan
11
2
0.1
2008
0.5
England
41
7
0.1
2009
1.2
3093
8
0.3
2009
3.4
Australia
30
12
0.1
2009
1.2
Germany
158
26
0.2
2010
0.8
Canada
173
32
3.3
2009
1.8
Mexico
11309
55
10
2010
22.7
9960
68
3.2
2010
4.8
11,115
80
39.0
2009
49.0
India
US
Venezuela
Upstate New York Homicide Rates (per 100,000 population)
City
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Rochester
24.9
23.2
24.2
20.5
13.6
20.1
15.2
17.1
Buffalo
19.8
26.4
19.7
13.7
22.3
20.1
13.6
18.8
22