Mata kuliah : J0084 / Introduction to Management
and Business
Tahun
: 2007
Versi
:1/3
Pertemuan 09 (Ninth Meeting)
Leadership
Halaman 1
Learning Outcome
Student should be able to implement style
of leadership that appropriate with the
situation within the organization -> C3
Halaman 2
Learning Outline
• Who Are Leaders and What Is Leadership
• Early Leadership Theories
• Contingency Theories of Leadership
• Contemporary Views on Leadership
• Leadership Issues in the Twenty-First Century
Halaman 3
1. What Are Leaders
Leader is someone who can
influence others and who
has managerial authority
Halaman 4
What is Leadership
Leadership is what leaders
do, more specifically, it’s
process of influencing a
group to achieve goals
Are Managers
leaders?
Halaman 5
2. Early Leadership Theories
a. Trait Theories
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Drive
Desire to lead
Honesty and integrity
Self-confidence
Intelligence
Job-relevant knowledge
Extraversion
Halaman 6
b. Behavioral Theories
University of Iowa
Ohio State University
1)
2)
3)
1)
2)
Democratic style
Autocratic style
Laissez-faire style
Consideration
Initiating structure
University of Michigan 1) Employee oriented
2) Production oriented
Managerial Grid
1) Concern for people
2) Concern for
production
Halaman 7
The Managerial Grid
Concern for People
Country Club
Management
9 1,9
8
Tim
9,9 Management
7
6
5
Middle of
the Road
Management
5,5
4
3
2
1 1,1
Impoverished 1 2
Management
3
4
5
6
7
9,1 Task
8 9 Management
Concern for Production
Halaman 8
3. Contingency Theories of Leadership
a. The Fiedler Model
Developed least preferred co-worker
(LPC)
Questionnaire – contained 18 pairs of
contrasting adjectives
Three contingency dimensions:
1) Leader member relations: good or poor
2) Task structure
: high or low
3) Position power
: strong or weak
Halaman 9
There are eight possible
situations as follows:
Situation I, II, and III: were very
favorable for the leader
Situation IV, V, and VI: were
moderately favorable for the leader
Situation VII and VIII: were
unfavorable for the leader
Halaman 10
b. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational
Leadership Theory
Four specific leaderships style:
Telling (high task-low relationship)
R1: People are both unable and unwilling
Selling (high task-high relationship)
R2: People are unable but willing
Participating (low task-high relationship)
R3: People are able but unwilling
Delegating (low task-low relationship)
R4: People are both able and willing
Halaman 11
Halaman 12
c. Leader Participation Model
Five specific leaderships
style:
1) Decide
2) Consult Individually
3) Consult Group
4) Facilitate
5) Delegate
Halaman 13
d. Path-Goal Model
Leader Behavior
•Directive
•Supportive
•Participative
•Achievement Oriented
Environmental
Contingency Factors
•Task Structure
•Formal Authority System
•Work Group
Outcomes
•Performance
•Satisfaction
Subordinate
Contingency Factors
•Locus of control
•Experience
•Perceived Ability
Halaman 14
4. Contemporary Views on Leadership
a. Transformational-Transactional Leadership
1) Transactional Leadership
2) Transformational Leadership
b. Charismatic-Visionary Leadership
1) Charismatic Leadership
2) Visionary Leadership
c. Team Leadership
Halaman 15
Specific Team Leadership Roles
Coach
Conflict
Manager
Liaison with
External
Constituencies
Team Leader
Roles
Troubleshooter
Halaman 16
5. Leadership Issues in the Twenty-first Century
1) Managing power
Five sources of
leader power
a) Legitimate power
b) Coercive power
c) Reward power
d) Expert power
e) Referent power
Halaman 17
2) Developing Trust
Five dimensions that
make up the concept
of trust
a) Integrity
b) Competence
c) Consistency
d) Loyalty
e) Openness
Halaman 18
3) Providing Ethical Leadership
4) Empowering Employees
5) Cross-Cultural Leadership
6) Gender Differences and Leadership
7) The Demise of Celebrity Leadership
8) Substitute for Leadership
Halaman 19