Korea Maritime Institute
Center for Oceans Law and Policy
Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea
"Globalization and the Law of the Sea"
"Marine scientific research"
Lic. Javier A. Valladares
September 2010
Sciences in UNCLOS
•Developing of new instruments
•Characteristics of operational/observation oceanography
•Comparative between MSR and OO
•IOC
•Prevention and reduction of the impacts of natural hazards
•Mitigation of the impacts of and adaptation to climate change
and variability
•Safeguarding the health of ocean ecosystems
•Management
procedures
and
policies
leading
to
the
sustainability of coastal and ocean environment and resources
•Toward Better Future for Society
•In what way sciences can help
•One Planet, One Ocean.
I UN Conference about The Law of the Sea
(1956 a 1958)
It came to 4 conventions that got in force but they have scarcely been applied.
II UN Conference about The Law of the Sea
(1960)
III UN Conference about The Law of the Sea
(1973 a 1982)
¨UN Convention about The Law of the Sea ¨
Approved by 130 votes against 4 with 17 abstentions
(119 in the first day )
Ratified by 160 states (Chad, Dominican Rep. and Switzerland in 2009)
¨UN Convention about The Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)
• In force since November 16th 1994
• Part XIII: Marine Scientific Research
• Parte XIV: Development and Transference of
Marine Technology
In 1982, UNCLOS
only regulate MSR
but…
Operational Oceanography was
already on the deck
Instruments
went on
developing
• No sensor required
• All MK III options available
• Low frequency measurements
with 1 cm precision
• No magnetic restrictions
• No handling restrictions
• Revive your old Waverider
Disadvantages:
• When GPS satellite contact is
lost, measurements fail
• Suitable up to 6m
• Increased power consumption
A Lot!!
• New Oceanographers
• Expendable and inexpensive
instruments that allow global and remote coverage
• Satellite observations and telecommunications
• Open data and services with speedy interaction
with users.
¿ What are the characteristics of
operational oceanography/
observation oceanography?
Temporal Scale (real or almost
real time) similar meteorology
Raw or fast processed data, with open distribution
Systematic data collection.
Last generation technology
Applied in broadcasting in the short
term, in safety, life, goods and
property protection, the environment,
etc.
Marine Scientific Research
Operational Oceanography
Oceanic Observation
Prediction Models based on sciences, and then applied for
sustainable development .
New global research programs allow going throw enclosed
exploration to the observation and systematic modeling (real or
almost real time)
Marine Scientific Research
Operational Oceanography
Oceanic observation
Transition form a single responsible researcher to interdisciplinary,
interagency programs with coordinated management.
Transition from an exploration for the purpose to discover, to a
sustainable observation of global scale to supply ocean services in
order to contribute to the sustainable development , the right use of
the ocean resources, ocean hazard protection and deliver greater
number of community benefits.
GOOS is a program that provides
data and information to both
objectives (global research and
ocean services)
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC)
•
Specialized mechanism of the UN system dealing with ocean science,
services and capacity-building at global and regional levels
•
Collective body of 138 Member States speaking for the ocean and
coastal zones
Promote international cooperation and coordinate programmes
in research, services and capacity building, in order to learn
more about the nature and resources of the ocean and coastal
areas and apply that knowledge for the improvement of
management, sustainable development, the protection of the
marine environment, and the decision-making processes of its
Member States
Thus, IOC has a key role to play as a
global knowledge broker involving
gathering, transfer, dissemination and sharing of
information, data, knowledge and best practices
related to Oceanography.
IOC High Level Objectives (HLOs)
(MEDIUM TERM STRATEGY 2008-2013)
1. Prevention and reduction of the impacts of natural hazards
Promote integrated & sustained monitoring/warning systems for coastal
and oceanic natural hazards
Educate communities at risk - impact prevention, preparedness and
mitigation measures
2. Mitigation of the impacts of and adaptation to climate change
and variability
Increase the understanding of the ocean’s role in climate variability and
climate change
Contribute to the better prediction of climate – global/regional ocean
observations and process studies
Increase the understanding of the impacts of climate change and
variability on marine ecosystems and their living resources
IOC High Level Objectives (HLOs)
3. Safeguarding the health of ocean ecosystems
contribute to the UN Regular Process for Global Reporting and
Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment (GRAME).
develop the research and monitoring - marine environment degradation,
biodiversity, marine habitats…
capacity-building focusing on the regional needs
4. Management procedures and policies leading to the
sustainability of coastal and ocean environment and resources
Enhance Member States’ involvement through capacity-building and
transfer of technology
Facilitate science related to ocean and coastal resource management
Enhance development and implementation of decision-support tools for
integrated ocean and coastal management
Observation & Research related to climate
observations
research
Oceans and Climate
Understanding the ocean’s role in climate variability and
climate change
Oceans and Climate
Understanding and anticipating the impacts of climate
change & variability on marine ecosystems and their
living resources
 Study on Ocean Acidification
 Earth System Engineering Measures,
including Ocean Fertilization
 Research on Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics
Bridge the research-operational divide
A comprehensive ocean observing system needs better
engage among researchers, governments and the private
sector, with willingness to commit multilaterally
Where are the challenges in GOOS?
Polar regions and deep ocean (technology)
Developing countries (Capacity building)
Non-physical variables (Biology, Chemistry, …)
Integrated data products (GODAE, CODAE…)
Real time operations (Hazard Warnings)
Sustainability - e.g. ARGO network, Satellite altimeters
Intersection with other systems (Coastal, Carbon, Geohazards, Cryosphere…)
Ocean Health and Marine Ecosystem
•
Assessment of Assessments (AoA):
Keeping the world’s oceans and seas under continuing review
 Established and endorsed by the
UN General Assembly
 Preparatory step toward the Global Reporting
on the State of the Marine Environment (GRAME),
for a global routine marine environment
assessment
 Science-based legal framework toward
societal benefits, assisting decision making
process for marine and environmental policy
AoA regions used for gathering information
Ocean Health and Marine Ecosystem
Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in High Seas
and MPA beyond national jurisdiction
 Marine Protected Area (MPA) – mechanism to combine long
term conservation of marine resources with economic
development and food security
 Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative (GOBI) – international
partnership advancing the scientific basis for conserving
biological diversity in the deep seas and open oceans.
Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007.
Ocean Health and Marine Ecosystem
Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in High Seas
and MPA beyond national jurisdiction
 Invasive species: Due to ballast water and hull-fouling from
increasing maritime traffic, aquaculture, aquarium fish trade, marine
debris, species migrate caused by climate change
 ICES-IOC-IMO
Working Group on
Ballast of Ships
and other Vectors
Major pathways and origins of invasive species infestations in the marine environment. UNEP/GRID-Arendal 2008
Marine Management and Policy
Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM):
Marine Spatial Planning
 Environmental Benefit
 Economic Benefit
 Identifies areas of biological or
ecological importance and reduces risk
of conflict with development
 Provides greater access and certainty to
private sector when it plans new
investments
 Enables biodiversity objectives to be at
heart of marine spatial planning and
management
 Identifies areas of compatible uses for
development
 Ensures space for biodiversity and
nature conservation
 Reduces conflicts among incompatible
uses and between uses and nature
 Streamlines permitting
 Provides context for network of Marine
Protected Areas
 Promotes efficient use of resources and
space and reduces cumulative impact on
marine environment
Marine Management and Policy
Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM):
Marine Spatial Planning
 Public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal
distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve
ecological, economic, and social objectives that have been specified
through a political process.
Marine Policy special issue
(September 2008, Volume 32:759-843)
Toward Better Future for Society
•
Integrated and sustained systems designed by Societal Needs
– Continuous interaction with users (through Member States) from identifying
user requirements to application/assessment
– A multi-user / multi-purpose system, while keeping focus on societal needs
– Better assessment of policies, management, and operation
– Strong link between the public sector, research community and the private
sector
– Stimulating co-operation between researchers and operators to explore new
directions
•
Communication and Capacity Building
– Better engagement of Nations (implementation by governments)
– Enhance public awareness on the critical importance of the ocean in our
future
– Transferring and sharing knowledge among all Nations
Community
Tests
Adoption and proceeding
tests in IOC
Proposals into the IIOO,
to incorporate changes
and encourage MSR and
MTT
Yes
No
To confirm proposals
and proceedings
Debate in the UNCLOS
System
Agreement and
Agreement and
implementation
Agreement and
implementation
Agreement
of the
changes in and
implementation
of the
changes in
implementation
the
UNCLOS
of the
changes in
the
UNCLOS
of the
changes in
the UNCLOS
the UNCLOS
Confirmar propuesta
con Procedimientos
Pruebas por la
comunidad
Adopción y prueba de
Procedimientos en la COI
Propuestas, en el marco
de OOII, para asimilar los
cambios y dinamizar la
ICM y la TTM
States
(NGO)
Debate en el sistema
de la CONVEMAR
Aceptación e
Aceptación e
implementación
Aceptación e
deimplementación
los cambios
en e
Aceptación
implementación
de
los cambios
el marco
de la en
implementación
demarco
los cambios
el
de la en
CONVEMAR
los cambios
eldemarco
de la en
CONVEMAR
el marco de la
CONVEMAR
CONVEMAR
But, MSR can give us
a good tool for other purposes in regions
Southern Ocean/South Atlantic
World Heritage
Scientific Diplomacy
New way of governance
Coordination and management of the Sea
To apply in a combined way the Marine Spatial Planning over
a zone with sharing management , as an international model,
for the biodiversity protection, monitoring of the global
change, evaluation of health of the ocean, the adoption of the
best practices to get a sustainable fisheries, to exploit
resources with a social and environmental responsibility,
stimulating the sustainable development of the region,…
One
Ocean.
One
Planet,
Together – understanding, using and protecting the oceans
[email protected]