Communications
between
the Arctic states
and
North Pacific
Asian states
May 2, 2013
2013 Seoul Conference
on the Law of the Sea
Jong-Deog Kim
NSIDC
Contents
1
Arctic in Global Society
2
Why Communication?
3
Issues in the Arctic Ocean
4
NP Asian states in the Global Economy
5
Approaches by NP Asian states
6
Awareness of Communication
7
8
Possibility of Communication Expansion
Findings
Arctic in Global Society
 “This Arctic is the place where this global warming is
happening much faster than any other region in the world”
- The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon
 “The world increasingly looks to the North. Our goal
is certainly to promote peaceful cooperation”
- Former U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton
 “Russia sees the future of the NSR as an international
transport artery competitive against the traditional
maritime shipping lines”
- President of Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin
 “We live in an ice-dependent world. It is a wrong
scenario to think that this will only be of concern to
those people living in the Arctic"
- President of Iceland, Olafur Ragnar Grimsson
Arctic in Global Society
 Emerging new global environmental, geopolitical,
economic, and social agenda by transformative
change
• climate change, sea ice melting, ecosystem,
indigenous(local) people’s life and business opportunities
 Incomplete international regime
• Polar Code and shipping guidelines, uncertainty,
knowledge gaps
 Potential conflicts and cooperation
• continental shelf, international sea route, resources,
 Alternative regional connectivity between North
Atlantic and North Pacific
• distance advantage, new demand and supply
Why Communication?
 Communication
• the activity of conveying information through the
exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by
speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior
- Wikipedia –
 Arctic Council
• For the Arctic Council to be perceived as the preeminent
forum for international cooperation in the Arctic with
external target groups as well as internal groups
- Communication Strategy Final Draft, Mar. 2012 -
Issues in the Arctic Ocean
Arctic-based
Arctic-related
Environment
land-based pollution, ecosystem,
monitoring in territorial sea, indigenous
people, MPA
climate change of the Arctic and its impact
to outside, ship-based pollution, invasive
species, scientific monitoring
Shipping
marine environment, setting shipping route
in territorial sea, SAR
freedom of navigation, shipping service,
ship/plant guideline
Resource Dev.
resource management, marine pollution
resource logistics, high sea resources
Fisheries
resource management, indigenous people
high sea fisheries, migratory species,
regional fisheries org.
Tourism
SAR, tourism related services
tourist supply, ship building, international
regulation
Infrastructure
sea/air port, hinterland, water/power,
labours
Research/monitoring station,
meteorological facility, investment
Governance
AC, UNCLOS, IMO, International rules
UNCLOS, IMO, International rules
NP Asian states in the Global Economy
20.5%
78.7%
source: http://knoema.com/nwnfkne/gdp-ranking
Oil Consump., Mil.tons
% of Total World
2011
2010
2011
2010
Total
4059.07
4031.91
100.00
100.00
US
833.56
849.94
20.54
21.08
China
461.83
437.75
11.38
10.86
Japan
201.40
200.31
4.96
4.97
India
162.25
156.18
4.00
3.87
Russia
136.01
128.94
19.0%3.35
3.20
Saudi
127.81
123.21
3.15
3.06
Brazil
120.73
118.05
2.97
2.93
Germany
111.55
115.39
2.75
2.86
RO Korea
105.96
106.02
2.61
2.63
Canada
103.10
102.67
2.54
2.55
21.8%
FAO
NP Asian states in the Global Economy
West Europe
North Pacific Asia
25.6
%
26.0
%
19.1
%
2000
21.8
%
30.3
%
13.1
%
2010
15.3
%
38.4
%
8.3
%
2015
14.4
%
40.7
%
?
?
1990
North America
7.4
%
?
The share of world container port throughput, Sung-Woo Lee, KMI
Approaches by NP Asian states
China
• Huanghe station
• Arctic Expedition
• Scientific Cooperation
• Polar Research Institute
• Ice Breaker- Xuelong
• China-Nordic Arctic Sym.
• Test/Commercial Shipping
• Energy/Resources
Cooperation
• Summit Talks
• Direct Investments
• Joint Research Centers
• FTA w/ ICELAND
• Enhancement of SOA
• Ad hoc Observer in AC
• UNCLOS, IMO
Japan
Korea
• Ny Alesund station
• Scientific Cooperation
• Polar Research Institute
• Ice Breaker-Shirase
• Arctic Research Consortium
• INSROP, JANSROP
• Test/Commercial Shipping
• Energy Cooperation
• Arctic TF in MFA
• NSR Review Team in MLIT
• Arctic Security Parl. Union
• Arctic Ambassador
• Establishment of HQ of OA
• Ad hoc Observer in AC
• UNCLOS, IMO
• Dasan station
• Ice Breaker-Araon
• Scientific Cooperation
• Polar Research Institute
• NPAC Series
• Test/Commercial Shipping
• Energy Cooperation
• Summit Talks
• Setting as a National agenda
• FTA w/ EU(DEN, FIN, SWE),
EFTA(NOR, ICE), US
• Shipping Agreement
w/ US, NOR, RUS
• Establishment of MOF
• Ad hoc Observer in AC
• UNCLOS, IMO
Awareness of Communication(preliminary survey in Mar.)
Q : Communication level on the major Arctic
Ocean issues between Arctic and nonArctic states(on a 7 point scale)
7
6
5
4.66
4.45
4.08
3.84
4
Median point
3.53
2.97
3
2.82
3.05
2.55
2
1
CC
ME
RM
SL
OG
MM
FH
IG
GO
Total no. of respondents : 38 from C(3), J(6), K(29)
Awareness of Communication
Q : Communication level on the Arctic Ocean
issues at major international organizations or
forums between Arctic and non-Arctic states
7
6
5
4.67
4.11
4.64
4.44
4.03
3.91
4
3.43
3.20
3
2
1
UNCLOS
IMO
CBD
IPCC
AC
RFO
ISA
ICES
Median point
Awareness of Communication
Q : Expectation level on overall
cooperation in the Arctic Ocean
between Arctic and non-Arctic
states in the Future
24
4.66
14
11
9
7
4
3
1
0
1 1점
2 2점
3 3점
4 4점
5 5점
6 6점
7점
7
Possibility of Communication Expansion
AC
Observer group
Working Groups
Expert Groups
Task Forces
Standing Secretariat
International
UNCLOS
IMO
UNFCCC
ISA
FAO
CBD
CITES
CMS
Spitsbergen Treaty
WTO
Regional
WCPFC
NAFO
NEAFC
NASCO
NPAFC
CCBSP
ICCAT
APEC
Bilateral
FTA
Energy Agreement
Resource Agreement
Shipping Agreement
Aca./Biz
IASC
IASSA
ICES
Arctic Frontiers
FARO
PAG
ASF
Uarctic
NPAC
Other Academic
networks
Findings
 Transformative change in the Arctic asks
comprehensive global efforts to address issues
• climate change, environment/ecosystem, shipping route
 Communication is one of the most crucial elements
for a better and sustainable Arctic Governance
• Arctic Council, academic networks, business forums etc.
 Approaches w/o rules could be the worst disaster
• UNCLOS, IMO, living resources
 Effort to share knowledge and benefits should be
encouraged between AS including IP and non-AS
• M/R/D, training and education, economy dev.
Findings
 Beyond a region, region to region approach can
provide innovative and alternative opportunity for
issues
• North Atlantic – Arctic Ocean - North Pacific
 No doubt roles of the AC. Finding the ‘Golden Ratio
Solution’ on the Arctic issues among stakeholders
through communication might be one of the
essential challenges during 2nd round of Arctic
Council
• AS, IPG, observers, non-AS, business, international and
non-governmental organizations
www.kmi.re.kr
[email protected]
Note : The views expressed are the sole responsibility of the author
and do not necessarily reflect the views of KMI or Korean government.