Private Security Measures
Transnational Threats in the Maritime Domain
Commander James Kraska
Howard S. Levie Chair in Operational Law
United States Naval War College
Senior Fellow
Center for Oceans Law & Policy
University of Virginia School of Law
Threat
⇔ Escalation
• WFP, SLOCs
⇓ Ships & hostages
⇑ Ransoms
Response
IMO ⇒ UNSC
• CMF, NATO, EU
• Catch & release
• Trials
BMP
3
PMSC—PCASP
• Carriage of arms
• Use of force
• UNCLOS
• IMO—ISO
4
5
finis
6
US Carrier
A
B
C
D
E
F
ITAR
Personal
Exemption
(Crew)
+Export Lic.
Personal
Exemption
(Crew)
+Export Lic.
Personal
Exemption
(security
team)+Export Lic.
Personal
Exemptions
Export License
Weapons
loaded
outside US
AK-47
Side Arms
X4 AR-15
x1 .50cal S.
Auto;
x2 Shotgun
x4 Side Arms
M4/AR-15
Shotguns
Side Arms
NVG / Armor
x4 M4/AR-15
x1 Shotgun
x4 Side Arms
S. Auto Rifles
Shotguns
x3 Shotguns
Dubai, UAE –
Declared in
ship’s stores;
secured
master’s
cabin
Egypt & UAE
Jebel Ali, UAE
Suez, Egypt
Egypt & UAE
Declared in
ship‘s stores
Weapons
declaration from
CSO
Declared in ship’s
stores; inert;
firing
mechanisms
removed
Declared in ship’s
stores; secured
locker
Fujairah –
Procedures
not reported
by company
Unarmed
security in
Egypt, Malta,
UAE.
Armed
security
embarks in
Iraq.
Unarmed
security in
Suez.
Security aboard
continuously
Unarmed security
in Egypt and
Kuwait.
Cairo, Alexandria
Weapons
Port
Entry
Embark/Di
sembark
Weapons
secured
onboard
Debarks in
Dubai.
Weapons
secured
onboard
Disabled
weapons secured
onboard
Unarmed
security team
members in
Durban, Suez,
Sri Lanka,
Bahrain, and
Fujairah