The Correlations and Soil Properties Analysis of Temerloh, Pahang
The Correlations and Soil Properties Analysis
of Temerloh, Pahang
Muzamir bin Hasan1, Amizatulhani binti Abdullah2,
Aminaton binti Marto3
, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Jalan Tun Razak,
26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang.
1 2
Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 Skudai, Johor
3
2
Email: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The characteristics of silty clay soil are different compared to other soils due
to their low strength and high compressibility. It is also difficult to get an
undisturbed sample for this type of soil for laboratory testing. Hence, the
correlation between basic properties and clay/silt content or between basic
properties itself will be useful to engineers especially for preliminary design
purposes.An attempt was made to correlate the Atterberg limits itself and
Atterberg limits with clay/silt content. In general, the correlations show
that the liquid limit and plasticity index increase with the moisture content.
The plasticity index also tends to increase with liquid limit. From the
correlation between the liquid limit with the clay/silt content, it is found
out that the liquid limit increases with the increase of clay/silt content,
probably due to the clay particles tend to pull or absorb water to the surface
of soil particle, making the liquid limit to be much higher. The results give
an alternative for engineers to use the basic soil properties to predict the
strength of soil. One can also determine the shear strength of the soil at
certain depth below ground level. This will allows a quick and economic
design for construction on silty clay
KEYWORDS: Radial Basis Function, gender, entry qualification, student
performance, intelligence approach.
1.0INTRODUCTION
The emergence of development in construction industry has minimized
the preferred site of geotechnical quality for construction although
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
January-June 2010
63
Journal of Engineering and Technology
these sites are known to reduce technical problems and thus the cost
associated with their construction. By that, socio-economic and political
considerations have forced the use of sites of lower quality and in
particular, of sites covered by compressible soils. In developed country
such as Malaysia, the chances to have a good quality construction sites
become rarer and it seems like it is necessary to choose sites that include
compressible soils, especially for industrial structure and transportation
projects. Therefore, the tasks to do constructions on these compressible
soils have become a challenge for geotechnical engineers all over the
world.
Soils with characteristics of low strength and compressible exist all over
the world. One of the most significant problem arises because of its
characteristics is its difficulties in supporting loads on such foundation.
The problem arises with low strength is that leads to difficulties in
guaranteeing the stability of the embankment. On the other hand, this
type of soil also associated with high compressibility which leads to
large settlements and deformations of the structure.
2.0
BACKGROUND
The construction on soft cohesive soil is increasing lately because there
are not too many suitable sites for construction of infrastructures and
other development. The problems that related to this type of soil are
stability and settlement. By that, the understanding and knowledge
of engineering characteristics of soft clay soil are critical and should
be concentrated by people that related in this field. The selection of
construction method on this formation is restricted by costs, duration
of completion, and benefits.
The development in South East Asia had been so rapid that the
importance of studies in soft clay soil is very important. However, the
studies that been done concentrated on major cities, such as Bangkok,
Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Singapore, and many more. Because of that, the
coastal area in Pahang are chosen for this study to develop correlations
that hopefully will be use by the engineers for preliminary design
purposes as well as increasing database on engineering characteristics
of soil properties in future. All Pahang’s district area involved in this
research were Bentong, Bera, Kuala Lipis, Maran, Kuantan, Raub,
Rompin, Jerantut, Temerloh, Pekan and Kuala Lipis’s high population
residential area known as Cameron Highlands. Data are taken with
some helps from Public Work Department (JKR) Malaysia.
64
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
January-June 2010
The Correlations and Soil Properties Analysis of Temerloh, Pahang
3.0OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study can be shortlisted as follows:a) To determine the engineering properties and design
parameters for soil in Pahang State.
b) To produce correlations between engineering characteristics
and basic properties of soil for design purposes.
c) To produce correlations between engineering characteristics
and basic properties with depth of soil for design purposes.
d) To contribute to Pahang soil analysis development.
4.0SCOPE
This study was conducted specifically in Pahang. The map of Pahang is
shown in Figure 1. The samples data were taken at several construction
project sites in Pahang State at every of its district area. The samples
data are taken from construction project sites which chosen based on
the SI report given by JKR Malaysia. This paper presented the results
50
for Temerloh district.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE
1
The Map of Pahang (http://www.asiatour.com/malaysia/e-07paha/em-pah10.htm,
2010)
The Map of Pahang (http://www.asiatour.com/malaysia/e-07paha/empah10.htm, 2010)
5.0
IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
To overcome the problem encountered in soft soil, knowledge and deep understanding about the
engineering characteristics of the soft soil are very important. The data that had been obtained are
analyzed andISSN:
hopefully
will become a part
of soft
database
in Malaysia. This2010
is because there
2180-3811
Vol.
1 soil
No.
1 January-June
are lack of studies in soft soil properties and engineering characteristics in Malaysia. The result
from this study can be referred by engineers as useful guidance for them to apply in construction on
65
Journal of Engineering and Technology
5.0IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
To overcome the problem encountered in soft soil, knowledge and deep
understanding about the engineering characteristics of the soft soil are
very important. The data that had been obtained are analyzed and
hopefully will become a part of soft soil database in Malaysia. This is
because there are lack of studies in soft soil properties and engineering
characteristics in Malaysia. The result from this study can be referred
by engineers as useful guidance for them to apply in construction on
soft soil. Whereby, the correlation that been produced can be used as
preliminary design for structure on soft soil.
6.0LITERATURE REVIEW
There are only limited correlations on soil characteristics available to
date, in particular for soft soil. The generated correlations in the studies
are correlation between plasticity index with liquid limit, liquid limit
with clay/silt content, natural moisture content with clay/silt content,
natural moisture content with liquid limit and natural moisture content
51
with plasticity index.
51
6.1
6.1
Correlation between Plasticity Index and Liquid Limit
6.1
Correlation
betweenIndex
Plasticity
IndexLimit
and Liquid Limit
Correlation
between Plasticity
and Liquid
51
51
51
51
51
51
6.1
Correlation
between
Plasticity
Index and
Liquid
Limit
6.1
Correlation
between
Plasticity
Index
and
Liquid Limit
51
(Hussein,
1995)has
has
generated
the
correlation
between
plasticity
index
6.1
Correlation
between
Plasticity
Index
and
Liquid
Limit
(Hussein,
1995)
generated
the
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit with the
6.1
Correlation
between
Plasticity
Index
and
Liquid
Limit
(Hussein,(Hussein,
1995) has
generated
the
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit
with
the
1995)limit
hasbetween
generated
theequation
correlation
between
plasticity
and liquid limit with the
6.1
Correlation
Plasticity
Index
and
Limit index
and
liquid
with
the
asLiquid
follows:
(Hussein,
1995)
has
generated
the
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit
with the
equation
as
follows:
equation
as
follows:
6.1
Correlation
between
Plasticity
Index and
Liquidplasticity
Limit index and liquid limit with the
equation
follows:
(Hussein,
1995) as
has
generated
the correlation
between
equation
as
follows:
(Hussein,
1995)
has
generated
the
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit
with
the
(Hussein,
1995) hasbetween
generated
the correlation
between
6.1
Correlation
Plasticity
Index and
Liquidplasticity
Limit index and liquid limit with the
equation
as -follows:
6)0.7(w
(1)
Ip = 0.7(w
-follows:
IIp1995)
- 6)
(1)
equation
follows:
(Hussein,
has
generated
the correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit with the
pL==0.7(w
L6)
equation
asLas
0.7(w
(1)
I
equation
as
follows:
(Hussein,
1995)
p=
L - 6)has generated the correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit with the
(1)
I(Abdullah
p = 0.7(w
L - 6)
(Abdullah
et 6)
al., also
1987)generated
also generated
a correlation
between
plasticity
indexand
andliquid
liquidlimit.
limit. The
al., as
1987)
correlation
plasticity
index
= 0.7(w
(1) liquid limit. The
I(Abdullah
equation
p et
L -follows:
al.,
1987)
alsoa generated
abetween
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
-et6)
(1)
Iequation
p = 0.7(w
L
of
the
correlation
is:
of
the
correlation
is:
(Abdullah
et.al.,
1987)
also
generated
a
correlation
between
plasticity
=
0.7(w
6)
(1)
Iequation
p
L et al., 1987)
(Abdullah
etthe
al.,
1987)
alsois:
generated
abetween
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid limit. The
equation
of
correlation
(Abdullah
also
generated
a
correlation
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit.
The
(Abdullah
al., 1987) also generated a correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit. The
- 6)
(1)
Ip = 0.7(w
Let
index
and
liquid
limit.
The
equation
of the correlation
is:
equation
is:generated
equation
of
correlation
is:
(Abdullah
et
al.,correlation
1987)
a correlation
between plasticity
index and
Iequation
0.64(w
- the
8.8)
(2) liquid limit. The
p =the
Lthe
ofof
correlation
is:also
I
=
0.64(w
8.8)
(2)
p
L
(AbdullahI et=al.,
1987) -also
generated a correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit. The
0.64(w
8.8)
(2)
equation
of
the
correlation
is:
p
L 1987)
(Abdullah
et al.,
also generated
a correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit. The
equation
the
correlation
is:
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit with (2)
the
Ip = 0.64(w
-0.64(w
8.8)
-L8.8)
Iof
=
-correlation
8.8)
(2)
equation
ofgenerated
is: another
L 0.64(w
Lthe
p=
(Saiful,
2004)
has
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit
with
the
equation as follows:
2004)
has generated another correlation between plasticity index and liquid
limit with (2)
the
I(Saiful,
0.64(w
as
p =follows:
L - 8.8)
Iequation
=
0.64(w
8.8)
(2)
p
(Saiful,
2004)
hashas
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
andliquid
liquid
limitand
withliquid
the
Ip L= -0.64(w
(2)
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
limit
with
the
L - 8.8)
(Saiful,
2004)
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
limit
with
the
equation
as
follows:
I
=
0.77(w
10)
(3)
p
Lfollows: has generated another correlation between plasticity
equation
as2004)
(Saiful,
equation
as
follows:
equation
as follows:
Ip = 0.77(w
(3)
(Saiful,
2004)
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
L - 10)
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
andand
liquid
limit
with
the
(Saiful,
2004)
hashas
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
liquid
limitand
withliquid
the limit with the
index
and
liquid
limit
with
the
equation
as
follows:
where,
I
=
0.77(w
10)
(3)
Ipp=follows:
0.77(w
- follows:
(3)
equation
as
equation
as
L10)
equation
as
Lfollows:
Iwhere,
(3)
p = 0.77(wL - 10)
Ip = 0.77(wL - 10)
(3)
IIpp = -0.77(w
= plasticity
index
(3)
L - 10)
Iwhere,
10)
(3)
p = 0.77(w
where,
Iwhere,
10)
(3)
p LL= 0.77(w
L -limit
= liquid
w
Ip
=where,
plasticity
index
I
=
plasticity
index
where,
p
= liquid
limit
wL
where,
Iplasticity
=liquid
plasticity
index
Liquid
andlimit
plasticity
index obtained by (Saiful, 2004) is 31% to 142% and 17% to 101%
Ip
=where,
index
where,
pL
=limit
w
Whileindex
theindex
liquid limit and plastic limit obtained by (Hussein, 1987) is 40% to 125%
IIrespectively.
==plasticity
plasticity
=
liquid
limit
w
liquid
limit
w
pp L
=
L
and toplasticity
index obtained by (Saiful, 2004) is 31% to 142% and 17% to 101%
ILiquid
=limit
plasticity
index
p
and
10%
40%
respectively.
Liquid
andlimit
plasticity
index obtained by (Saiful, 2004) is 31% to 142% and 17% to 101%
=limit
liquid
limit
Iw
=liquid
plasticity
index
p LL While
respectively.
the
liquid
limit
and
plastic
limitlimit
obtained
by by
(Hussein,
1987)
isis40%
to 125%
=
liquid
limit
w
L
Irespectively.
and limit
= plasticity
index
While
the
liquid
limit
andbyplastic
obtained
(Hussein,
1987)
40%
125%
Liquid
limit
plasticity
index
obtained
(Saiful,
2004)
is 31%
to 142%
and
17%
toto 101%
p
Liquid
and
plasticity
index
obtained
by (Saiful,
2004)
is
31%
to 142%
and 17% to 101%
=
liquid
limit
w
and 10% and
to
respectively.
L 40%
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
10%
to
40%
respectively.
Liquid
limit
andliquid
plasticity
index
obtained
by (Saiful,
2004)
is
31% to 142%
and
17% to
to 125%
101%
w
=
liquid
limit
respectively.
While
the
limit
and
plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
1987)
is
40%
Liquid
limit
and
plasticity
index
obtained
by
(Saiful,
2004)
is
31%
to
142%
and
respectively.
While
the
liquid
limit
and
plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
1987)
is17%
40% to
to 101%
125%
L
Liquid
limit
and respectively.
plasticity
index
obtained
byplastic
(Saiful,
2004)
is 31%
to 142%1987)
and is17%
respectively.
While the
liquid
limit and
limit
obtained
by (Hussein,
40%toto101%
125%
and
to 40%
respectively.
While
the liquid
limit
and
plastic
limit
obtained
(Hussein,
1987)
40% to
to 101%
125%
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
moisture
clay
6.2 10%
Correlation
between
Natural
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
and
10%
40%
respectively.
Liquid
limit
and
plasticity
index
obtained
by
(Saiful,
2004)
isby31%
to 142%
andis 17%
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
respectively.
While
the
liquid
limit
andMoisture
plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
1987)
iscontent
40%
toand
125%
and
10%
to to
40%
respectively.
content
with
equations
follows:limit and plastic limit obtained by (Hussein, 1987) is 40% to 125%
and
10%
tothe
40%
respectively.
While
theasliquid
and
10% respectively.
to 40%
respectively.
6.2
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
66
ISSN:
2180-3811
Vol.
1 Content
No.
1and
January-June
2010content
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
moisture
content
and clay
(Saiful,Correlation
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
moisture
and
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Clay/Silt
Content
6.2 10%Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
and
tow40%
respectively.
Upper
limit:
=
1.93
(%clay)
+
53
(4)
content
the equations
as follows:
contentCorrelation
with
the with
equations
as Natural
follows:
6.2
between
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
(Saiful, 2004) has generated the upper and lower limit between natural moisture content and clay
(Saiful, 2004) has generated the upper and lower limit between natural moisture content and clay
II(Hussein,
= 0.64(w
0.64(w
- 8.8)
(Saiful, 2004)
has 1995)
generated
another correlation
between
plasticity index
and liquid
limit
with
the
8.8)
(2)
pp =
L -Lfollows:
has generated
correlation
between
liquid
limit
withThe
the
as
(Abdullahequation
et al., 1987)
also
generatedthe
a correlation
betweenplasticity
plasticityindex
indexandand
liquid
limit.
equation
as
follows:
equation
as
follows:
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit with the
Ipp =
0.64(w
(2)
L -L8.8)
equation
correlation
is: anotheranother
Iof
=the
0.77(w
- 10)
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
correlation
between plasticity
and liquid
limitand
withliquid
the
2004)
has
generated
another
correlation
betweenindex
plasticity
index
equation (Saiful,
as
follows:
The Correlations
and Soil Properties
Analysis
of Temerloh,
Pahang limit with
I
=
0.77(w
10)
p
L
equation
as
follows:
- 6)follows:
(1)
Ip =
Ip = 0.77(w
10)2004)
Las
L -0.7(w
(Saiful,
has generated another correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit with (3)
the
equation
Ip = 0.64(w
(2)
L - 8.8)
where,
equation
as
follows:
Ip = 0.77(w
10) et
(3)
L -0.77(w
I(Abdullah
10)1987) also generated a correlation between plasticity index and liquid limit. The
(3)
p=
L -al.,
where, where,
IIequation
10)
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity
index
and
liquid
limit
with
the
p = 0.77(w
L -correlation
Liquid
limit
and
plasticity
index
obtained
by
(Saiful,
2004)
is
31%
to
of
the
is:
(3)
= plasticity
index
L - 10)
pp = 0.77(w
where, Iwhere,
equation
as follows:
142%
and
17%
to
101%
respectively.
While
the
liquid
limit
and
plastic
Ip
=w
Iplasticity
plasticity
= index
liquid
limitindex
IppL= 0.64(wL - 8.8)
(2)
where,
where,
=
limit
w
=plasticity
liquid limit
w
obtained
by (Hussein, 1987) is 40% to 125% and 10% to 40%
Iliquid
=
index
p L - 10)
IIpp L= 0.77(w
=limit
plasticity
index
(3)
L
=
liquidhas
limit
L
Liquid
limit
and
plasticity
index
obtained
by (Saiful,
is 31%
142%
and 17% to 10
(Saiful,
2004)
generated
another
correlation
between
plasticity2004)
index and
liquid to
limit
with the
=respectively.
liquid
limit
wL
Iw
=
plasticity
index
p
ILiquid
plasticity
index
p and =
Liquid limit
plasticity
by obtained
(Saiful,
2004)
is 31%
to 142%
17%
to 1987)
101%
equation
as
follows:
limit
and index
plasticity
index
by (Saiful,
2004)
is and
31%
to 142%
and
10
While
theobtained
liquid
limit
and plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
is 17%
40% to 12
= liquid limit
wL
where, respectively.
=plasticity
liquid
limit
w
Liquid
limit
andliquid
plasticity
index
by (Saiful,
2004)
is
31%
to
142%
and
17% to
101%
respectively.
While
the
limit
and obtained
plastic
limit
obtained
by31%
(Hussein,
1987)
is 17%
40%
toto1987)
125%
L and
Liquid limit
index
obtained
by
(Saiful,
2004)
is
to
142%
and
101%
respectively.
While
the
liquid
limit
and
plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
is
40%
to
12
and
10%Correlation
to While
40% respectively.
between
Natural
Content
and
Clay/Silt
the liquid
limitobtained
and plastic
limit Moisture
obtained
by31%
(Hussein,
1987)
is 17%
40%
to 101%
125%
and 10%6.2
to
respectively.
Irespectively.
0.77(w
-and
10)liquid
(3) p =40%
L the
Liquid
limit
plasticity
index
by
(Saiful,
2004)
is
to
142%
and
to
While
limit
and
plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
1987)
is
40%
to
125%
and
10%
to
40%
respectively.
Irespectively.
=
plasticity
index
p
10% limit
to
40%
respectively.
and
Content
and
plasticity
index
obtained
(Saiful,
2004) is1987)
31%is to
and 17% to 10
respectively.
While
the
liquid limit
and plastic
limit by
obtained
by (Hussein,
40%142%
to 125%
and
10%
to
40%limit
respectively.
=Liquid
liquid
w
L
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and Clay/Silt Content
where,
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
andlimit
Clay/Silt
Content
and 10% to 40%While
respectively.
respectively.
the liquid
limit Content
and plastic
obtained
by (Hussein, 1987) is 40% to 12
6.2
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content and
Clay/Silt
Content
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
and
10%
tobetween
40%has
respectively.
6.2
Correlation
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
(Saiful,
2004)
generated
the
upper
andand
between
Liquid
limit
and
plasticity
index
obtained
(Saiful,
2004)
islower
31%
tolimit
142%
and
17% natural
to 101% content and c
I6.2
= plasticity
index
p
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
theby
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
Clay/Silt
Content
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
moisture
contentmoisture
and clay
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
moisture
content
clay
respectively.
While
the
liquid
limit
and
plastic
limit
obtained
by
(Hussein,
1987)
is
40%
toand
125%
=
liquid
limit
w
L
moisture
content
and clay
content
with
the equations
as natural
follows:
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upperlimit
and
lower
limit
between
moisture
content and c
content
with
the
equations
asand
follows:
content
with
thehas
equations
as
follows:
content
with
the
equations
as
follows:
(Saiful,
2004)
generated
the
upper
lower
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
and 10%6.2
to 40% 2004)
respectively.
(Saiful,
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay
content
with
the
equations
as
follows:
content with
thelimit
equations
as follows:
Liquid
andequations
plasticity
obtained by (Saiful, 2004) is 31% to 142% and 17% to 101%
content
with
the
asindex
follows:
Upper limit:
w=
1.93w
(%clay)
+liquid
53
(4)
Upper
limit:
= 1.93
(%clay)
+
53 and
(4)
Upper
limit:
w
= the
1.93
(%clay)
+ 53plastic
respectively.
While
limit
limit obtained
by (Hussein,
1987) is 40% to 125%
6.2
Correlation
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and Clay/Silt
Content
(Saiful,
2004)whas
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
natural moisture content and c
Upper
limit:
=
1.93
(%clay)
+
53
and
10%
to
40%
respectively.
Upper limit:
w
=
1.93
(%clay)
+
53
(4)
Upper limit:
w=
1.93
(%clay) +as
53
(4)
content
with
the
equations
Lower
limit:
= 0.43
(%clay)
+ 11follows:
(5)
Lower limit:
w=
0.43w(%clay)
+ 11
(5)
Lower
limit:
w
= 0.43
(%clay)
11 limit between natural moisture content and clay
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
the upper
and+lower
6.2 w =
Correlation
Natural
Content and Clay/Silt Content
Lower
=w0.43
(%clay)
+ 11 +Moisture
(5)
Lower limit:
0.43w(%clay)
+ 11
(5)
Lower
limit:
=asbetween
0.43
(%clay)
11
content
with
thelimit:
equations
follows:
where,
where, Upper
limit: w = 1.93 (%clay) + 53
where,
(Saiful, 2004) has generated the upper and lower limit between natural moisture content and clay
where,
where, limit:
Upper
w = 1.93
(%clay)
+ 53
where,
w
natural
moisture
content
content
the
follows:
w
=where,
natural=with
moisture
Lower
limit:
wequations
=content
0.43 as
(%clay)
+ 11
(4)
w
natural
moisture
content
w
==natural
moisture
content
w
= Upper
natural
moisture
content
Natural
content
obtained
Lower
limit:
w limit:
=moisture
+ 11
(5)
w (%clay)
= 1.93
(%clay)
+content
53 by (Saiful, 2004) and (Ting et al., 1977) is 18% to 139% and
(4)
w
=0.43
natural
moisture
Natural moisture
content
obtained
by
(Saiful, 2004) and (Ting et al., 1977) is 18% to 139% and
20%
to 140%
respectively.
where,
w
=
natural
moisture
content
Natural
moisture
content
obtained
by
(Saiful,
2004)
and
(Ting
et
al.,
1977)
is
18%
to
139%
and
Natural
moisture
content
obtained
by (Saiful,
2004)
and1977)
(Tingis et18%
al.,to1977)
18% to 139%
20%
to 140%
respectively.
Natural
moisture
content
obtained
(Saiful, 2004)
and (Ting
et al.,
139%isand
Lower
wrespectively.
= 0.43
(%clay)by+ 11
(5)
where,
20%
tolimit:
140%
Natural
moisture
contentLiquid
obtained
(Saiful,
2004)and
and
(Ting
et al., 1977) is 18% to 139%
20%
toCorrelation
140%
respectively.
6.3 respectively.
between
Limitby
Moisture
Content
Clay
Content
20% to 140%
w
=140%
natural
moisture
content
6.3
Correlation
between
Liquid
Limit
Moisture Content
and Clay
Content
Natural
moisture
content
obtained
byContent
(Saiful,
and (Ting et.al.,
20%
toCorrelation
respectively.
6.3
between
Liquid Limit
Moisture
and 2004)
Clay Content
w
= where,
natural
moisture
content
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquid
limit
and Clay
clay content
with
6.3
Correlation
between
Liquid
Limit
Moisture
Content
and
Content
1977) is 18%
to 139%
20%
to 140%
respectively.
6.3
Correlation
between
Liquidand
Limit
Moisture
Content
and Clay Content
Natural
moisture
content
obtained
bylower
(Saiful,
2004)
and
(Ting
etclay
al.,
1977)
is
18% to 139%
the
equations
ashas
follows:
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
thebetween
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquid
limit
and
content
with
w
=2004)
natural
moisture
content
(Saiful,
generated
the
upper
and
limit
between
liquid
limit
and
clay
content
6.3
Correlation
Liquid
Limit
Moisture
Content
and
Clay
Content
Natural moisture
contentrespectively.
obtained by (Saiful, 2004) and (Ting et al., 1977) is 18% to 139% with
and
20%
to
140%
the
equations
as
follows:
the equations
as follows:
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquidbetween
limit Content
andliquid
clay content
with
(Saiful,
2004)
generated
the
upper
andLimit
lower
limit
limit
and
20%
to 140%
Upperrespectively.
limit:
wL =has
1.92the
(%clay)
+ 56
(6)clay content w
6.3
Correlation
between
Liquid
Moisture
Natural
moisture
content
obtained
by (Saiful,
2004)
and (Ting
et al., 1977)
is 18% toand
139% and
the equations
as
follows:
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquid
limit
and
clay content w
the
equations
as
follows:
20%wtoLlimit:
140%
Upper limit:
=Correlation
1.92
+ 56 + 56Liquid Limit Moisture Content and Clay Content
(6)
Upper
wrespectively.
=Content
1.92 (%clay)
(6)
6.3
Clay
L(%clay)
between
6.3
Correlation
between
Liquid
Limit Moisture Content and Clay Content
the equations
as follows:
Upper limit:
=
1.92 w
(%clay)
+ 56
(6)
6.3 wL Correlation
Liquid Limit
Upper
limit:
1.92
(%clay)
+ 56 Moisture Content and Clay Content
L =between
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquid
limit
and
clay content w
(Saiful,
2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquid
(Saiful, 2004)
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
between
liquid
limit
and
clay
content
with
Upper limit: wL = 1.92 (%clay) + 56
(Saiful,
2004)clay
has
upperthe
and equations
lower limit between
liquid limit and clay content with
the
equations
as generated
follows:
the equations
asand
follows:
limit
contentthewith
as follows:
the equations as follows:
Upper limit:
wL =
1.92 w
(%clay)
+ 56
Upper
limit:
(%clay) + 56
L = 1.92
5252
(6)
Lower
w=L0.39
= 0.39
Lower
(%clay)
+ 24 + 24
Lower limit:
wL limit:
=limit:
0.39wL(%clay)
+ 24(%clay)
(7)
(7)
Upper limit: wL = 1.92 (%clay) + 56
where,
wL
7.0
(6)
where,
where,
where,
w
= liquid limit
L
= liquid
wL limit
= liquid limit
wL
7.0
= liquid limit
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
From the results, some correlations were generated. The correlations are liquid limit and plasticity
From the 7.0RESULTS
results,
some
correlations
wereDISCUSSIONS
generated.
The correlations
are natural
liquid limit
andcontent
plasticity
index
with
natural
moisture
content,
plasticity index
with liquid limit,
moisture
with
AND
the
results,
somelimit
correlations
were
generated.
The
correlations
are
liquid
limit and plasti
clay/silt
content
andcontent,
liquid
with clay/silt.
Table
1 and Table
2natural
shows
the
generated
correlations
index withFrom
natural
moisture
plasticity
index
with
liquid
limit,
moisture
content
with
and
correlations
with
upper
and
lower
limit,
respectively.
index
with
natural
moisture
content,
plasticity
index
with
liquid
limit,
natural
moisture
content w
clay/silt content and liquid limit with clay/silt. Table 1 and Table 2 shows the generated correlations
From
the
results, liquid
somelimit,
correlations
were
generated.
correlations
clay/silt
content
limit
with clay/silt.
Table
1 and TableThe
2 shows
the generated correlati
and correlations
with
upper and lower
respectively.
TABLE 1with natural moisture content,
are
liquid limit
plasticity
and correlations
withand
upper
and lowerindex
limit, respectively.
Simplified Correlations Produced
plasticity index with liquidTABLE
limit, 1natural moisture content with clay/
2
No.
1
2
No.
1
Correlations
Equations
Simplified
Correlations Produced
TABLEwL1 = 1.9391(w) + 13.34
Liquid limit (%) & natural moisture content (%)
R
0.4518
2
Correlations
Equations
R
Simplified Correlations
Produced
Liquid
limit
(%)
&
natural
moisture
content
(%)
w
=
1.9391(w)
+
13.34
0.4518
0.7698
2
Plasticity index (%) & natural
moisture content (%) L Ip = 1.2915(w) - 1.744
No.
Correlations
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1 No. 1 January-June 2010 Equations 67
1
Liquid limit (%) & natural moisture content
(%)
wL+=1.5301
1.9391(w)
+ 13.34
0.7698
I =I 1.2915(w)
= 0.4384(w- )1.744
0.6822
Plasticity
indexPlasticity
(%) & natural
moisture
content
(%)
3
index (%)
& liquid
limit (%)
p
p
L
R2
0.451
where,
wL of Engineering
= liquid limit and Technology
Journal
7.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
silt content and liquid limit with clay/silt. Table 1 and Table 2 shows
52
the results, correlations
some correlations and
were generated.
The correlations
are liquidand
limitlower
and plasticity
theFrom
generated
correlations
with upper
limit,
index with natural moisture content, plasticity index with liquid limit, natural moisture content with
respectively.
clay/silt content and liquid limit with clay/silt. Table 1 and Table 2 shows the generated correlations
Lower
limit: wL =
0.39
(%clay)
24 limit, respectively.
and correlations
with
upper
and +
lower
(7)
TABLE
1
TABLE 1
Simplified
Correlations
Produced
Simplified
Correlations Produced
where,
w
L
No.
1
= liquid limit
Correlations
Liquid limit (%) & natural moisture content (%)
7.0
2
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSIONS
Plasticity
index
(%)
& natural moisture content (%)
Equations
wL = 1.9391(w) + 13.34
R2
0.4518
Ip = 1.2915(w) - 1.744
0.7698
From
some index
correlations
are liquid
limit and 0.6822
plasticity
3 the results,
Plasticity
(%) & were
liquidgenerated.
limit (%) The correlations
Ip = 0.4384(w
L) + 1.5301
index with natural moisture content, plasticity index with liquid limit, natural moisture content with
clay/silt content and liquid limit with clay/silt. Table 1 and Table 2 shows the generated correlations
and correlations with upper and lower limit, respectively.
TABLE 2
Correlation withTABLE
upper and2lower limit equation
TABLE 1
No
Correlation
Upperlower
Limit
Lower Limit
Correlation
with
upper
and
limit equation
Simplified
Correlations
Produced
1
Natural moisture content
(%) & w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40 Equations
w = 0.04(% clay/silt) R
+25.5
No.
Correlations
clay/silt
content
(%)
1
Liquid limit (%) & natural moisture content (%)
w = 1.9391(w) + 13.34
0.4518
L
22
0.23(%(%)
clay/silt)
wL = 0.44(%
+3
Liquid limit
(%)
&&
clay/silt
wL =content
Plasticity
index
(%)
natural moisture
Ip +
= 1.2915(w)
- 1.744clay/silt)
0.7698
105
content (%)
3
7.1
Plasticity index (%) & liquid limit (%)
Ip = 0.4384(wL) + 1.5301
0.6822
Moisture Content
TABLE 2
Correlation
upper
and lower
equation
Moisture
moisture
content Content
with
depth forwith
three
locations
in limit
Temerloh
is shown in Figure 2. The
percentage
of moisture
content in Temerloh generally
high from 1.5m to 9.5m
depth.
But then it
No
Correlation
UpperisLimit
Lower
Limit
decreases
frommoisture
11m to 20m
depth.
of moisture
this
area isclay/silt)
in the range
1
Natural
content
(%)The
& percentage
w = - 0.07(%
clay/silt)content
+ 40 in
w=
0.04(%
+ 5.5of
The
13%moisture
to 25%.clay/siltcontent
content (%)with depth for three locations in Temerloh is
7.1
The
shown in Figure 2. The percentage of moisture content in Temerloh
wL = 0.44(% clay/silt) + 3
2
Liquid limit (%) & clay/silt
wL = 0.23(% clay/silt) +
generally
is high
But then
it decreases from
105
contentfrom
(%) 1.5m to 9.5m depth.
53 is in
11m to 20m depth. The percentage of moisture content in this area
the range of 13% to 25%.
7.1
Moisture Content
NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT vs DEPTH (TEMERLOH)
The moisture content with depth Natural
for three
locations in Temerloh is shown in Figure 2. The
Moisture Content, w (%)
percentage of0 moisture5 content10in Temerloh
generally
is high
to 9.5m
15
20
25 from 1.5m
30
35 depth.
40 But then it
decreases from
11m to 20m depth. The percentage of moisture content in this area is in the range of
0
13% to 25%.
5
Depth (m)
10
15
Sek Keb Kerdau, Temerloh
20
Sek Keb Jalan
Bahagia, Temerloh
Sek Men Keb Temerloh
Jaya, Temerloh
25
FIGURE 2
2
FIGURE
Natural Moisture Content with Depth
Natural Moisture Content with Depth
7.2
68
Plasticity
The percentage of liquid limit in this area is roughly decreases from 3.5m to 20m depth. The range
for the percentage
liquid limit for thisVol.
site is1fromNo.
20.3%
ISSN: of
2180-3811
1 to 71%.
January-June 2010
The percentage of plastic limit in this area is also decreases from 1.5m to 20m depth though
sometimes the percentage appears to be inconsistent. The range for the percentage of plastic limit
The Correlations and Soil Properties Analysis of Temerloh, Pahang
7.2
Plasticity
The percentage of liquid limit in this area is roughly decreases from
3.5m to 20m depth. The range for the percentage of liquid limit for this
site is from 20.3% to 71%.
The percentage of plastic limit in this area is also decreases from 1.5m to
20m depth though sometimes the percentage appears to be inconsistent.
The range for the percentage of plastic limit for this site is from 24% to
37%.
The percentage of plasticity index in the area had showed some
inconsistency. The percentage is increases at the beginning from 0.2m
to 3.5m depth. But then start to be inconsistent where it increases and
decreases often but the percentage getting smaller with depth.
Figure 3 show the correlation between liquid limit with natural
moisture content. It shows that liquid limit increases with the increase
of moisture content. The same trend also appear in correlation between
plasticy index with liquid limit (as shown in Figure 4) and correlation
between plasticity index and natural moisture content (as shown in
Figure 5), where plasticity index increases with the increase of liquid
limit. While plasticity index increases with the increase of natural
moiture content.
The plasticity is controlled by fine particles (clay and silt) and in
particular, the plasticity of the soil is strongly influenced by clay content.
Natural moisture contents are increases with clay content. Plasticity
index are also increases with the increases of natural moisture content
and liquid limit. Liquid limit and natural moisture content are also
increase to one other. For liquid limit and clay content, the value had
showed unsimilarity.
The plasticity is controlled by fine particles (clay and silt) and in
particular, the plasticity of the soil is strongly influenced by clay content.
Liquid limit increases with the increase of clay content. Clay particles
tend to pull or adsorb water to soil surface particle, making the liquid
limit to be much higher.
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
January-June 2010
69
The plasticity is controlled by fine particles (clay and silt) and in particular, the plasticity of the soil
Journal of Engineering
and Technology
is strongly influenced by clay content. Liquid limit increases with the increase of clay content. Clay
particles tend to pull or adsorb water to soil surface particle, making the liquid limit to be much
higher.
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
100
90
wL = 1.9391(w) + 13.34
R2 = 0.4518
80
Liquid Limit, wL (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Natural Moisture Content, w (%)
35
40
FIGURE 3
Correlations between Liquid Limit and Natural Moisture Content
FIGURE 3
55
Correlations between Liquid Limit and Natural Moisture Content
55
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
50
45
50
Ip = 0.4384(wL) + 1.5301
R2 = 0.6822
Ip = 0.4384(wL) + 1.5301
R2 = 0.6822
Plasticity
Index,
Ip (%)
Plasticity
Index,
Ip (%)
40
45
35
40
30
35
25
30
20
25
15
20
10
15
5
10
05
0
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Liquid Limit, wL (%)
50
FIGURE
4 w 60(%)
Liquid Limit,
L
70
80
90
100
70
80
90
100
FIGURE
4 and Liquid Limit
Correlations between
Plasticity Index
FIGURE 4
Correlations Correlations
between
Plasticity
Index
and Limit
Liquid
between Plasticity Index
and Liquid
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
Limit
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
50
45
50
Ip = 1.2915(w) - 1.744
R2 = 0.7698
Ip = 1.2915(w) - 1.744
R2 = 0.7698
Plasticity
Index,
Plasticity
Index,
Ip (%)Ip (%)
40
45
35
40
30
35
25
30
20
25
15
20
10
15
5
10
05
0
0
5
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Natural Moisture Content, w (%)
15
20
25
30
FIGURE 5
Natural Moisture Content, w (%)
35
40
35
40
Correlations between Plasticity Index and Natural Moisture Content
FIGURE 5
FIGURE
5 Natural Moisture Content
Correlations between Plasticity
Index and
Correlations between Plasticity Index and Natural Moisture Content
70
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
January-June 2010
The Correlations and Soil Properties Analysis of Temerloh, Pahang
7.3
Correlation with Upper and Lower Limit equation
56
56
56
56
7.3
Correlation with Upper and Lower Limit equation
56 limit correla
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
56
7.3
Correlation with Upper and Lower Limit equation
as
7.3follows:
Correlation
with
Upper
and Lower
Limit
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
hasequation
generated the upper and lower limit correlat
7.3
Correlation
with Upper
and Upper
Lower
Limit
equation
7.3
Correlation
withwith
Upper
and Lower
equation
7.3
Correlation
and Limit
Lower
Limit
equation
7.3
Correlation
with
Upper
and
Lower
Limit
equation
7.3
Correlation
with
Upper
and
Lower
Limit
equation
as
follows:
Natural
Moisture
Content
and+Limit
Clay/Silt
Content has generated the
56 limit correla
7.3
Correlation
Upper
andClay/Silt
Lower
equation
Upper
Limit:
wUpper
=with
- 0.07(%
clay/silt)
40
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Content
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
NaturalCorrelation
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
hasequation
generated
the the
upper
andand
lower
limit
7.3
with
and
Lower
Limit
Natural Moisture
Content
and Clay/Silt
Content
hasfollows:
generated
upper
lower
limitcorrelation
correlation
upper
and
lower
limit
correlation
as
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
has
generated
the
upper
and
lower
limit
correlation
as
follows:
56 limit correla
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
has
the the
upper
andand
lower
as
follows:
as follows:
Upper
Limit:
wContent
= - 0.07(%
clay/silt)
+ 40generated
Natural
Moisture
and Clay/Silt
Content
has generated
upper
lowerlimit
limitcorrelation
correlation
as
follows:
as
follows:
Lower
Limit:
= 0.04(%
5.5
as follows:
Natural
Moisture
Contentwand
Clay/Siltclay/silt)
Content +
has
generated the upper and lower limit correlation
as follows:
7.3
Correlation
with
Upper
and+Lower
equation
Upper
Limit:
w=
-=
0.07(%
clay/silt)
40 +Limit
(8)
56
Upper
Limit:
w
=
0.07(%
clay/silt)
+
40
(8)
Upper
Limit:
w
0.07(%
clay/silt)
40
as
follows:
Lower
w
==
0.04(%
+ +5.5
Upper
w
==Limit:
-- 0.07(%
clay/silt)
++clay/silt)
40
(8)
Upper
Limit:
w
0.07(%
clay/silt)
40
Upper Limit:
Limit:
w
0.07(%
clay/silt)
40
(8)
Upper
Limit:
w
=
0.07(%
clay/silt)
+
40
(8)
where,
7.3
Correlation
with Upper
and Lower
Limit equation
Natural
Moisture
and Clay/Silt
Lower
Limit:
w =Content
0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5Content has generated the upper and lower limit correlation
(9)
LowerLimit:
Limit:
w
=
0.04(%
clay/silt)
+
5.5
(9)
Upper
w
=
0.07(%
clay/silt)
+
40
(8)
Lower
wclay/silt)
= 0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
as follows:
Lower
w
==Limit:
0.04(%
+Upper
5.5
(9)
where,
7.3
with
Limit equation
Lower
wCorrelation
=wContent
0.04(%
clay/silt)
+and
5.5Lower
(9)
Lower Limit:
Limit:
wLimit:
0.04(%
clay/silt)
5.5
(9)
Natural
Moisture
and+Clay/Silt
Content
has generated the upper and lower limit correlation
Lower
Limit:
= 0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
w
= natural
moisture
content
where,
as
follows:
where,
Lower Limit:
w Limit:
= Natural
0.04(%
+ and
5.5Clay/Silt
(9)
Content
Upper
w Moisture
= -clay/silt)
0.07(%
clay/silt)
+ 40 Content has generated the upper and lower limit correlation
(8)
where,
where,
where,
= natural
moisture
content
as follows:
where, w
where,
w = natural
moisture content
Figure
6
illustrates
the
correlation
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay/silt
content.
Upper
Limit:
w
== -0.04(%
0.07(%clay/silt)
clay/silt)++5.5
40
(8)
where,
w = natural
moisture
content
where,
Lower
Limit:
wLimit:
(9)
Upper
wcontent
= - 0.07(% clay/silt)
+ 40
(8)
w
=
natural
moisture
w
=
natural
moisture
content
w
=moisture
natural
moisture
content
w = natural
content
Figure
illustrates
correlation
between
naturalcontent
moisture
and clay/silt content.
Figure
66illustrates
the the
correlation
between
natural moisture
and content
clay/silt content.
w
= natural
moisture
content
Lower
Limit:
w
= 0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
(9)
Lower
Limit:
w = 0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
(9)
where,
Figure
6w
illustrates
the
correlation
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay/silt
content.
w
= natural
moisture
content
Figure
6 illustrates
the correlation
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay/silt
content.
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
= natural
moisture
content
Figure
6
illustrates
the
correlation
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay/silt
content.
Figure
6
illustrates
the
correlation
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay/silt
content.
Figure 6 illustrateswhere,
the correlation between natural moisture content and clay/silt content.
where,
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
Figure
6
illustrates
the
correlation
between
natural
moisture
content
and
clay/silt
content.
w
=
natural
moisture
content
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
Figure 6 illustrates the correlation between natural moisture content and clay/silt content.
40
40
40
40
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
w6= illustrates
natural moisture content
Figure
the TEMERLOH,
correlation
between
natural moisture content
PAHANG
w
=40
natural
moisture
PAHANG
Figure
6 illustrates
thecontent
correlationTEMERLOH,
between natural
moisture
contentPAHANG
and clay/silt content.
TEMERLOH,
40
and40clay/silt
content.
Figure 6 illustrates
the correlation between natural
moisture
content
clay/silt
Upperand
Limit
: wcontent.
= - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
Natural Moisture Content, w (%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
w w(%)
Natural
Natural
Moisture
Moisture
Natural
Content,
Natural
Content,
Moisture
w Moisture
(%)
w (%)
Content,
Content,
(%)
(%)
Natural
Moisture
ww(%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
wContent,
(%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
w
(%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
(%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
w (%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
w
(%)
Natural
Moisture
Content,
ww(%)
35
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
Upper
Limit :content
w = - 0.07(%
clay/silt) +content.
40
35 6 illustrates the correlation between natural
Figure
moisture
and clay/silt
40
Upper
Limit
:
w
=
0.07(%
clay/silt) + 40
TEMERLOH,
PAHANG
Upper
Limit
:
w
=
0.07(%
clay/silt)
+
35
TEMERLOH,
35
Upper LimitPAHANG
: w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 4040
40
40
35
Upper Limit : w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40
30
30
35
Upper
Limit
:
w
=
0.07(%
clay/silt)
+
40
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
40
35
40
Upper Limit : w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40
35
30
Upper Limit : w Upper
= - 0.07(%
clay/silt)
40
35
30
Limit
: w = -+ 0.07(%
clay/silt) + 40
30
35
Upper Limit : w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40
40
35
25
30
Upper Limit : w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40
25
35
30
25
30
30
Upper Limit : w = - 0.07(% clay/silt) + 40
30
35
25
25
20
30
25
30
25
20
20
25
25
30
25
15
20
20
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
25
10
20
20
15
20
15
15
15
20
10
15
Lower Limit : w = 0.04(% clay/silt) + 5.5
10
20
5
10
15
15
10
Lower Limit : w = 0.04(% clay/silt) + 5.5
15
10
5
10
Lower Limit : wLower
= 0.04(% Limit
clay/silt) :+ w
5.5 = 0.04(% clay/silt) + 5.5
10
15
5
15
Lower Limit : w = 0.04(% clay/silt) + 5.5
05
10
105
Lower Limit : wLower
= 0.04(%
clay/silt)
5.5
Limit
: 100
w =++0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
Lower
clay/silt)
5.5
20
40
60 Limit : w =
800.04(%
120
10
0 0
5
0
5
5
Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
Lower
Limit
:
w
=
0.04(%
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
10
10
Lower
Limit : w
=800.04(% 100
clay/silt)
+ 5.5
0
20
40
60
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
120
50
FIGURE
6 (%)(%) Lower Limit : w = 0.04(% clay/silt) + 5.5
50
Clay/Silt
Content
Clay/Silt
Content
Lower LimitLower
: w = 0.04(%
+ 5.5
0
5
Limitclay/silt)
: w = 0.04(%
clay/silt) + 5.5
FIGURE 66Content
Correlations
Natural
Moisture
Content
20 between
40FIGURE
60
80
120
0 0
50 0
20
40
60
80 and Clay/Silt100
120100
FIGURE
6
5
Correlations
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
0
0
20 Correlations between
40
60
80
100
120
Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
40Content
60 and Clay/Silt
80 Content
100
120
Correlations
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
Clay/Silt
(%)
00
20 20
40
120
Clay/Silt
(%) 80 80
FIGURE
6 (%) 100100
FIGURE
660
00
0 Figure
20 the correlations
40 between
60Content
120 limit
Clay/Silt
Content
Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
7
shows
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content.
The
upper
and
lower
FIGURE
66 and
the correlations
between
liquid
limit
clay/silt
content.
The upper
and lower limit
0Correlations
FIGURE
Clay/Silt
Content
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
0 Figure 7 shows
20
40
60 (%)
80Content
100Clay/Silt 120
Correlations
between
and
Content
20 liquid
40Natural
60 Clay/Silt
80
120
FIGURE
6Moisture
for correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
: and
for correlations
between
limit
and
clay/silt
content
: clay/silt
FIGURE
6content. The
Correlations
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
Content
Figure
70shows
the
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
upper and lower100
limit
Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
Correlations
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
0
20 between Natural
40Moisture
60
80
100
120
FIGURE
6 Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
Correlations
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
for correlations
between
liquidcorrelations
limit
and
clay/silt
content
Correlations
between
Moisture
Content
and Clay/Silt
Content
FIGURE
6 : and
Figure
7 shows
between
liquid
limit
clay/silt
Upper
w
0.23(%
clay/silt)
+Moisture
105 Natural
Clay/Silt
Content
(%)
L =the
between
Natural
Content
Clay/Silt
Contentand (10)
UpperCorrelations
Limit:
wLimit:
clay/silt)
+ 105
(10)
L = 0.23(%
FIGURE
6
Correlations
between
Natural
Moisture
Contentcontent.
and Clay/Silt
Content
Figure 7content.
shows
the
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
The upper
and (11)
lower
limit
The
upper
and
lower
limit
for
correlations
between
liquid
FIGURE
6Content
Upper the
Limit:
wLimit:
0.23(%
clay/silt)
+ between
105
(10) and lower li
Figure
7Lower
shows
the
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content.
The
upper
wL correlations
=between
0.44(%
clay/silt)
+ 3limit
L =Correlations
between
Natural
Moisture
and
Clay/Silt
Content
Figure
77 shows
correlations
liquid
and
clay/silt
content.
The
upper
and
limit
Figure
shows
the
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content.
The
upper
and
lower
limit
Figure
7
shows
the
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content.
The
upper
andlower
lower
limit
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
:
Lowerand
Limit:clay/silt
wL =Correlations
0.44(%
clay/silt)
+3
(11)
between
Natural
Moisture
Content
and
Clay/Silt
Content
limit
content
:
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
:
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
:
for correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
: content.
Figure
7 shows
correlations
liquid
and clay/silt
content.
The limit
upper
for correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
: limit
Figure
7 shows
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
TheThe
upper
and
Lower
wLthe
=the
0.44(%
clay/silt)
+between
3 liquid
(11) and lower li
Figure the
7Limit:
shows
correlations
between
limitclay/silt
and clay/silt
content.
upper
andlower
lower limit
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
:
Upper
Limit:
w
=
0.23(%
clay/silt)
+
105
(10)
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
:
L
for
correlations
liquid
clay/silt
Upper Limit:
wLLimit:
= 0.23(%
+ limit
105
(10)
Upper
Limit:
w= clay/silt)
= 0.23(%
clay/silt)
+ 105content :
(
Upper
w between
0.23(%
clay/silt)
+and
105
(10)
Figure
correlations
L Lthe
Upper Limit:
wL 7= shows
0.23(%
clay/silt)
+ 105 between liquid limit and clay/silt content. The upper
(10) and lower li
Figure
7= shows
the
correlations
between
liquid limit
and clay/silt
content. The upper
and lower l
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
clay/silt
content
:
LowerLimit:
Limit:
w
0.44(%
clay/silt)
+
3
(11)
Upper
w
=
0.23(%
clay/silt)
+
105
(10)
L
Upper LLimit:
w
==L0.23(%
clay/silt)
++ 105
(10)
Upper
Limit:
= 0.23(%
clay/silt)
105clay/silt content :
(
Lower
Limit:
wLLw
0.44(%
clay/silt)
3 ++
(11)
Lower
Limit:
w
=
0.44(%
clay/silt)
+
3
(11)
for
correlations
between
liquid
limit
and
L
Lower
Limit:
w
=
0.44(%
clay/silt)
3
(
Lower Limit: wL = 0.44(%Lclay/silt) + 3
(11)
Lower
Limit:
w
=
0.44(%
clay/silt)
+
3
(11)
LwLclay/silt)
Upper
clay/silt) +
+ 3105
Lower Limit:
wL Limit:
= 0.44(%
+ 3clay/silt)
(11)
Lower
Limit:
w =
= 0.23(%
0.44(%
(
Upper Limit: wLL = 0.23(% clay/silt) + 105
Lower Limit: wL = 0.44(% clay/silt) + 3
Lower Limit: wL = 0.44(% clay/silt) + 3
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
(
January-June 2010
71
Journal of Engineering and Technology
57
where,
where,
wL
=wliquid
limit
= liquid
limit
L
TEMERLOH, PAHANG
100
Upper Limit : wL = 0.23(% clay/silt) + 105
90
80
Liquid Limit, wL (%)
70
60
50
40
30
Lower Limit : wL = 0.44(% clay/silt) + 3
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
Clay/Silt Content (%)
100
120
FIGURE 7
FIGURE
7 and Clay/Silt Content
Correlations between
Liquid Limit
Correlations between Liquid Limit and Clay/Silt Content
8.0
8.0
CONCLUSIONS
Several conclusions can be drawn from the study as follows:
CONCLUSIONS
a) The correlation developed shows that the clay content influences the liquid limit.
b) The liquid limit plasticity index with moisture content show that all the parameters increase with
the increase of moisture content.
Several conclusions
can be
drawn
from
the
studywithasliquid
follows:
c) The correlation developed
show
that plasticity
index are
proportional
limit.
d) The liquid limit is not increase with clay/silt content.
e) Natural moisture content with clay/silt content had produced a proportional increases in this
area.
f) The plasticity index is also increases with natural moisture content.
g) The correlation had showed that soil content for every district area are largely dominated by
clay follow by sand and lastly gravel.
h) Percentage of moisture content in Temerloh is high from 1.5m to 9.5m depth. But then it is
getting decreases from 11m to 20m depth. The percentage of moisture content in this area is in
13% to 25% range.
a) The correlation developed shows that the clay content
influences the liquid limit.
b) The liquid limit plasticity index with moisture content show
that all the parameters increase with the increase of moisture
content.
c) The correlation developed show that plasticity index are
proportional with liquid limit.
d) The liquid limit is not increase with clay/silt content.
e) Natural moisture content with clay/silt content had produced
a proportional increases in this area.
f) The plasticity index is also increases with natural moisture
content.
g) The correlation had showed that soil content for every district
72
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
January-June 2010
The Correlations and Soil Properties Analysis of Temerloh, Pahang
area are largely dominated by clay follow by sand and lastly
gravel.
h) Percentage of moisture content in Temerloh is high from
1.5m to 9.5m depth. But then it is getting decreases from
11m to 20m depth. The percentage of moisture content in
this area is in 13% to 25% range.
i) The percentage of liquid limit in this area is roughly decreases
from 3.5m to 20m depth. The range for the percentage of
liquid limit for this site is from 20.3% to 71%.
j) The percentage of plastic limit in this area is also decreases
from 1.5m to 20m depth though sometimes the percentage
appears to be inconsistent. The range for the percentage of
plastic limit for this site is from 24% to 37%.
k) The percentage of plasticity index in the area had showed
some inconsistency. The percentage is increases at the
beginning from16.7% at 0.2m to 33.9% at 3.5m depth. But
then start to be inconsistent where it increases and decreases
often but the percentage getting smaller with depth.
l) The correlation of undrained shear strength with moisture
content shows that the undrained shear strength decreases
with the increase of moisture content.
m) The correlations from undrained shear strength with liquid
limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index show that undrained
shear strength decreases with the increase of liquid limit,
plastic limit, and plasticity index.
n) Liquid limit increases with the increase of clay content. Clay
particles tend to pull or absorb water to the surface of soil
particles, making the liquid limit to be much higher.
10.0ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) for
funding this research under UMP Short Research Grant RDU070351
and also Public Work Department (JKR) Malaysia for providing Site
Investigation Reports for this study.
ISSN: 2180-3811
Vol. 1
No. 1
January-June 2010
73
Journal of Engineering and Technology
11.0REFERENCES
Abdullah, A. I. M. B. and Chandra, P. (1987). Engineering Properties for Coastal
Subsoils in Peninsula Malaysia. Proceeding of the 9th Southeast Asia
Geotechnical Conference. Vol. 1. Bangkok: Thailand. 127-138.
Hussein, A.N. (1995). The Formation, Properties and Behaviour of Coastal
Soft Soil Deposits at Perlis and Other Sites in Peninsula Malaysia.
University of Stratchlyde, PhD Thesis, Vols I and II.
Saiful Azhar (2004). Ciri-ciri Kejuruteraan, Mineralogi, and Mikrostruktur
Tanah Liat Lembut di Semenanjung Malaysia. Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Master Thesis.
Ting, W.H. and Ooi, T.A. (1977). Some Properties of the Coastal Alluvia of
Peninsula Malaysia. Proceeding of International Symposium on Soft
Clay. Bangkok, 89 – 101.
74
ISSN: 2180-3811
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January-June 2010