Technical Assistance Report
Project Number: 36354
November 2005
Technical Assistance
Kingdom of Cambodia: Preparing the Transport
Infrastructure Development and Maintenance Project
(Financed by the Japan Special Fund)
Prepared by [Author(s)]
[Firm]
[Address]
Prepared for [Executing Agency]
[Implementing Agency]
The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s
members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(as of 30 October 2005)
Currency Unit
–
riel (KR)
KR1.00
=
$0.00024
$1.00
=
KR4,208
ADB
AIDS
CRIP
DMS
EIRR
EMDP
FRMR
GDPW
GMS
HIV
IEE
JICA
MPWT
NR
NRDP
NRSAP
NRSC
PPWD
RP
STI
TA
UXO
VOC
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Targeting Classification
Sector
Subsector
Themes
Subthemes
ABBREVIATIONS
Asian Development Bank
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Cambodia Road Improvement Project
detailed measurement survey
economic internal rate of return
ethnic minority development plan
Fund for Repair and Maintenance of Roads
General Department of Public Works
Greater Mekong Subregion
human immunodeficiency virus
initial environmental examination
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Ministry of Public Works and Transport
national road
Northwestern Rural Development Project
National Road Safety Action Plan
National Road Safety Council
provincial public works department
resettlement plan
sexually transmitted infection
technical assistance
unexploded ordnance
vehicle operating cost
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CLASSIFICATION
– General intervention
– Transport and communications
– Roads and highways
– Sustainable economic growth, regional cooperation
– Fostering physical infrastructure development, developing rural
areas
NOTE
In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.
Vice President
Director General
Director
L. Jin, Operations Group 1
R. Nag, Mekong Department (MKRD)
J. Cooney, Infrastructure Division, MKRD
Team leader
Team members
Y. Tanaka, Transport Specialist, MKRD
P. Broch, Transport/Project Economist, MKRD
S. Tu, Environment Specialist, MKRD
P. Vallely, Senior Transport Specialist, MKRD
o
o
103 00'E
107 00'E
CAMBODIA
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND
MAINTENANCE PROJECT
LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
ROAD NETWORK
Figure 1
O’smach
ODDAR MEANCHEY
Samrong
THAILAND
o
14 00'N
Siem Peng
Cheom Ksan
RATTANAK KIRI
o
14 00'N
Thma Puok
BANTEAY MEANCHEY
Tbeng Meanchey
Banlung
STUNG TRENG
Poipet
SIEM REAP
Sisophon
PREAH VIHEAR
Kralanh
Stung Treng
Lumphat
Mongkol Borey
Siem Reap
BATTAMBANG
Tonle
Sap
Pailin
KOMPONG
THOM
Moung Roessei
PAILIN
Mekon
g R.
Battambang
Sambor
Kompong Thom
Krakor
MONDUL KIRI
Sandan
Kompong Thmo
Sen Monorom
Kratie
Pursat
Prek Kak
PURSAT
Gulf of Thailand
Chhlong
KOMPONG CHAM
Sdok
KOMPONG
CHHNANG
Sre Khtum
KRATIE
Kompong Chhnang
Kompong Cham
Snuol
Phuni Tonle Bet
Memot
VIET NAM
Krek
Koh Kong
KOMPONG SPEU
KOH KONG
Primary National Road
Kompong Speu
Trapeng Phlong Pir
PHNOM PENH
Figure 2
Prey Veng
Takmau
Secondary National Road
o
11 00'N
KANDAL
Sre Umbell
National Capital
Provincial Capital
Kaaong
Angtassom
City/Town
Sihanoukville
Provincial Boundary
Tani
Tuk Meas
Kampot
75
100
o
11 00'N
Kilometers
Mekong R.
South China Sea
o
103 00'E
o
107 00'E
Map 1
05-2557d RM
Figure 3
Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
50
Kep
KEP
International Boundary
25
.
River
SIHANOUKVILLE
0
Svay Rieng
cR
Port
SVAY
RIENG
ssa
Veal Renh
N
Ba
KAMPOT
Airport
Kompong
Trabek
Takeo
TAKEO
PREY
VENG
103o00'E
104o00'E
O'smach
CAMBODIA
THAILAND
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE PROJECT
ODDAR MEANCHEY
Anlong Veaeng
Samrong
ROAD NETWORK
o
14 00'N
68
o
14 00'N
BANTEAY
MEANCHEY
56
PREAH VIHEAR
Thma Puok
SIEM REAP
Poipet
Sisophon
Provincial Capital
City/Town
Airport
Kralanh
Project Road
Mongkol Borey
Banteay Srei
National Road
Provincial Road
River
Provincial Boundary
Siem Reap
International Boundary
BATTAMBANG
103o00'E
Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
104o00'E
Figure 1. National Roads 56 and 68
106o00'E
o
104 00'E
KOMPONG THOM
12o15’N
12o15’N
o
11 00'N
TAKEO
KOMPONG CHAM
Kompong Cham
KOH KONG
o
11 00'N
SIHANOUKVILLE
KOMPONG
CHHNANG
KRATIE
KOMPONG SPEU
Chob
Phum Tani
0
Kampot
Memot
Krek
KANDAL
Kompong Trach
Trapeng Phlong Pir
50
75
Kilometers
Lork
VIET NAM
Figure 3. National Road 33
Map 2
05-2557c RM
Figure 2. National Road 72
VIET NAM
o
104 00'E
25
33
KEP
72
106o00'E
N
KAMPOT
I.
INTRODUCTION
1.
The Government of Cambodia has requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) technical
assistance (TA) to prepare the Transport Infrastructure Development and Maintenance Project,
which will cover (i) improvement of about 230 kilometers (km) of priority secondary national
roads, (ii) essential road maintenance on the national road system, and (iii) road safety
improvements. The TA is included in the Country Strategy and Program for Cambodia 2005–
2009. 1 The Fact-Finding Mission visited Cambodia from 31 January to 7 February 2005 to
obtain the Government’s concurrence on the goals, purpose, scope, implementation
arrangements, cost, financing arrangements, and terms of reference for the TA. 2 Another
mission visited Cambodia from 24 June to 4 July 2005 for additional discussions on the TA with
the Government. A preliminary TA design and monitoring framework is given in Appendix 1.
II.
ISSUES
2.
Cambodia’s transport system suffered severe damage during the years of civil strife.
Most of the road network was rendered impassable. ADB,3 World Bank, and other development
agencies have invested substantial resources in rehabilitating the primary national roads
network. As a result, most of the country’s core access network has been reestablished.
Similarly, development agencies and the Government have expended substantial resources on
rehabilitating rural infrastructure, including rural roads, to enable resettlement of the many
displaced people and recovery of agriculture. Until recently, however, the secondary national
network, which links provinces to the national network and provides intraprovincial linkages to
the tertiary and rural network, and so to Cambodia’s still largely rural population, has received
little attention. The result is that the road network is split into two networks of primary and
tertiary roads, respectively, that are only loosely and unreliably interconnected. The situation
hinders the development of cash crop production in the rural areas, where markets in many
places are limited to the local area due to lack of access. It also leaves provincial centers and
numerous natural and cultural sites with tourism potential inaccessible from the outside world,
and it imposes substantial diversion cost on the transport system because many routes that are
important for bilateral cross-border trade are inaccessible and must be circumvented by going
via border crossings served by a primary road.
3.
As the improved road network extends further throughout the country, and as the rural
economy comes to depend more and more on it, the network’s long-term sustainability is
becoming an issue. In this context, lack of adequate road maintenance is becoming a concern.
The Government is aware of this and, in 2000, addressed the issue by establishing the Fund for
Repair and Maintenance of Roads (FRMR), which is a road fund financed from surcharges on
fuel. Although the FRMR is functioning, it will take about 10 years before road sector revenues
1
ADB. 2005. Country Strategy and Program (2005-2009): Kingdom of Cambodia. Manila.
The TA first appeared in ADB Business Opportunities (internet edition) on 29 March 2005.
3
ADB. 1998. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Proposed Loans to the
Kingdom of Cambodia and to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for the Greater Mekong Subregion: Phnom Penh to
Ho Chi Minh City Highway Project. Manila (Loan 1659-CAM); ADB. 1999. Report and Recommendation of the
President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan and Technical Assistance Grant to the Kingdom of
Cambodia for the Primary Road Restoration Project. Manila (Loan 1697-CAM); and ADB. 2002. Report and
Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to the Kingdom of Cambodia for
the Greater Mekong Subregion: Cambodia Road Improvement Project. Manila (Loan 1945-CAM). ADB’s project
roads include National Road (NR) 1 (Neak Leoung–Bavet) under Loan 1659-CAM, NR5 (Kampong Chnang–
Battambang), NR6 (Kampong Thom–the provincial boundary between Seam Reap and Kampong Thom), and NR7
(Tonle Bet–Kratie) under Loan 1697-CAM; and NR5 (Sisophon–Poipet) and NR6 (Siem Reap–Sisophon) under
Loan 1945-CAM.
2
2
reach a level where they can fully finance road maintenance needs. The reason is a small
revenue base due to low traffic levels. The most immediate problem, however, is that
disbursements from the existing FRMR resources have been inadequate, partly because of a
lack of contractors that can execute the works, partly because of lack of technical standards
and central-level maintenance management expertise, and partly because of insufficient
capacity for maintenance planning and management in the provinces, which are responsible for
maintaining most national and provincial roads. ADB has provided the Ministry of Public Works
and Transport (MPWT), the agency with overall responsibility for the country’s transport system,
with policies and technical standards for road maintenance management, 4 and ADB,
International Labor Organization, and World Bank are executing pilot road maintenance
management projects5 in six provinces to test practical means of strengthening provincial road
management. More will however be needed to secure a sustained road maintenance program.
4.
In the context of road network sustainability, MPWT has expressed concern about the
appropriateness of construction techniques adopted for pavement construction in previous
projects. On sections of rehabilitated roads, pavements have deteriorated more rapidly than
would normally be expected. It is not clear whether these problems are due to shortcomings in
design, construction quality, or unforeseen changes in traffic. This issue will be studied under
the TA, and technical standards for rehabilitation and maintenance works that address these
concerns will be developed and implemented in the ensuing project.
5.
Finally, deteriorating road safety is a growing concern. In 2003, about 1,000 deaths and
20,000 serious injuries were recorded in Cambodia. Compared with the figure for 2000, the total
number of accidents increased by 14% while the number of fatalities increased by 77%. From
work done in similar developing countries, it can be assumed that road accidents cost the
country annually between 1% and 3% of the gross domestic product. Moreover, traffic accidents
disproportionately impact on pedestrians and cyclists, typically from the poorer levels of society.
Thus, for economic and social reasons, Cambodia’s rapidly worsening road safety situation
needs to be addressed while it is still manageable. In this context, ADB and the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations have launched a joint regional road safety program6 that is recording
best practices for road safety improvement and disseminating them to countries in the region.
III.
A.
THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Impact and Outcome
6.
The outcome of the resulting Project and the impact of this TA will be to initiate
rehabilitation of the network of secondary national roads to reestablish dependable and
economically efficient links between the rural roads networks and the primary national roads
network. The Project will (i) provide reliable all-year road access from provincial towns and rural
4
ADB. 1999. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan and
Technical Assistance Grant to the Kingdom of Cambodia for the Primary Road Restoration Project. Manila (Loan
1697-CAM). Technical Assistance to the Kingdom of Cambodia for Strengthening the Maintenance Planning and
Management Capabilities at Ministry of Public Works and Transport. Manila (TA 3257-CAM) was attached to the
Primary Road Restoration Project.
5
ADB. 2004. Proposed Grant Assistance (Financed by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction) to the Kingdom of
Cambodia for Mainstreaming Labor-Based Road Maintenance to the National Roads Network. Manila; International
Labor Organization. 2001. Rural Road Investment, Maintenance and Sustainability – A Case Study on the
Experience in the Cambodian Province of Battambang. Cambodia; and World Bank. 2003. Project Appraisal
Document to the Kingdom of Cambodia for Provincial and Rural Infrastructure Project. Washington, DC.
6
ADB. 2002. Technical Assistance for Road Safety in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Manila (TA 6077REG).
3
areas to markets, employment, and social services such as advanced health and education
facilities; (ii) provide access from the outside world to historical and natural sites that can form
the basis for development of the tourism industry; and (iii) increase the efficiency of the
transport sector by enabling more direct routes to international border crossings that facilitate
bilateral trade. The roads will promote economic development in rural areas and provincial
centers and facilitate social development by reducing remoteness (Appendix 2). The Project will
achieve this by improving selected secondary national highways, specifically: (i) rehabilitating
National Road (NR) 33 from Kampong Trach to Lork (17 km) and upgrading the border post;7 (ii)
rehabilitating NR56 from Sisophon to Samraong (114 km), (iii) rehabilitating NR68 from Kralanh
to O’smach (79 km) and upgrading the border post; (iv) improving NR72 from Kreak to
Trapeang Phlong Pir (14 km) and upgrading the border post, a total of about 230 km. These
road links have been selected in consultation with the Government, after assessing traffic
demand; linkages to existing areas with high agricultural potential for contract farming, for
example, but with poor access; and linkages to areas of cultural and tourism interest.
7.
The Project will also ensure a sustainable maintenance works program by developing an
approach to effectively utilizing the FRMR. The institutional structure of the Government for
planning and delivery of road maintenance services, already in place but inadequate for the
demands placed on it, will be strengthened. Road maintenance skills of local contractors and
cost efficiency of road maintenance works will be improved.
8.
In summary, the TA will enhance the sustainability and efficiency of the roads sector by
(i) preparing the Project for immediate rehabilitation of the identified secondary national roads
and three important secondary border crossings (para. 6), (ii) preparing a proposal for mediumterm ADB funding of secondary road rehabilitation, (iii) identifying supplementary funding for
road maintenance and promoting improved disbursement and effective use of these funds,
(iv) assisting the Government in implementing its road safety action plan, and (v) undertaking a
study to investigate the causes of road pavement defects.
9.
Specifically, the output of the project preparation component of the TA will include (i) a
preliminary design for rehabilitating the identified secondary national roads (para. 6) based on
the road pavement defects study and preliminary design for the three border-crossing facilities;
(ii) economic project analysis including sensitivity and project risk analyses; (iii) an initial
environmental examination (IEE); (iv) a resettlement plan (RP); (v) an ethnic minority
development plan (EMDP), if required; (vi) technical, financial, and institutional analyses of road
maintenance planning and implementation; (vii) contract documents for design-build road
rehabilitation works and for road maintenance works; and (viii) a component to assist the
Government in implementing its road safety action plan.
10.
The advisory component of the TA will prepare (i) a proposal for a future ADB-supported
program for rehabilitating secondary national roads over the next 10 years, (ii) an action plan for
restructuring and financing road maintenance, and (iii) a program for countrywide road safety
initiatives.
7
While NR33 is an integral part of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Southern Coastal Corridor, only the 17-km
section has not yet been improved. ADB. 2005. Technical Assistance for Preparing the Greater Mekong Subregion
Southern Coastal Corridor Project (Financed by the Japan Special Fund). Manila (TA 6235-REG) will examine the
economic feasibility of the 17 km section.
4
B.
Methodology and Key Activities
11.
A team comprising experienced individual consultants will make a feasibility analysis for
project preparation, which will cover engineering, economic, social, and environmental aspects.
The engineering study will include geological, topographical, hydrological, unexploded ordnance
(UXO) surveys; pavement design; and detailed cost estimates. The economic study will assess
the economic feasibility of the Project. The social and environmental study will prepare an RP
and an EMDP if required for the Project, and conduct an IEE. A final report will consolidate
these outputs. The consultants will also assist MPWT in resettlement activities, including
undertaking detailed measurement surveys, updating the RP, and monitoring resettlement
activities. The consultants will assist the Government in holding coordination meetings with the
governments of Thailand and Viet Nam to discuss the cross-border facilities along NR33, NR68,
and NR72, in line with the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Cross-Border Agreement and its
Annexes and Protocols8, and prepare work packages and cost estimates for undertaking civil
works for the cross-border facilities.
12.
The road maintenance planning study will assist the Government to (i) formulate an
action plan for replication of pilot road maintenance projects nationwide and for associated
reform of central road maintenance planning and maintenance funding mechanisms;
(ii) propose a strategy for developing domestic contractor capacity; and (iii) identify additional
road sector-based revenue sources, such as road tolls, and sources of interim funding, such as
loans that can be tapped until traffic has grown to a point where road sector revenues can cover
road maintenance needs. This work will be supplemented by a study to investigate pavement
defects. The study will identify the causes of those defects across the design, construction, and
operational phases of roads that have been rehabilitated within the last 10 years. The objective
will be to identify the causes of those defects and to propose appropriate measures to be
incorporated in the design, construction, and operation of new projects.
C.
Cost and Financing
13.
The total cost of the TA is estimated at $1,180,000 equivalent, of which ADB will finance
$1,000,000 equivalent. The TA will be financed on a grant basis by the Japan Special Fund,
funded by the Government of Japan. The Government of Cambodia will finance $180,000
equivalent to cover counterpart staff, provide office accommodation for the TA consultant team,
and provide necessary inputs in kind: data, statistics, reports, and maps. The Government has
been informed that approval of the TA does not commit ADB to finance any ensuing project.
The cost estimates and financing plan for the TA are in Appendix 3.
D.
Implementation Arrangements
14.
The Executing Agency for the TA will be MPWT. MPWT has designated the General
Department of Public Works (GDPW) as the implementing unit. The director general of GDPW
will have overall responsibility for implementing the TA, and will provide guidance, technical
support, counterpart staff, documentation, and other services that may be required. GDPW will
set up a subunit suitably staffed with counterpart personnel for day-to-day coordination and to
work with the TA consultants and other government agencies, particularly the Ministry of
Economy and Finance, provincial public works departments, nongovernment organizations, and
other interested parties.
8
ADB. 2003. Technical Assistance for Implementing the Agreement for Facilitation of the Cross-Border Transport of
Goods and People in the GMS-Phase 1. Manila (TA 6098-REG).
5
15.
The TA will be implemented over about 9 months, starting in January 2006 and ending in
September 2006, allowing for submission of final reports and accounts. About 33 personmonths international and about 42 person-months domestic consulting services will be required
in the fields of transport planning, transport economics, highway design, bridge design,
hydrology, resettlement, social development, environmental impact assessment, road
maintenance, road safety, and ancient monument conservation. International consultants will
comprise a transport planner/road maintenance specialist, a highway design engineer/road
safety specialist, a bridge engineer/hydrologist, a transport economist, an environmental
specialist, a social/resettlement specialist, and an ancient monument conservationist. Domestic
consultants will comprise three highway engineers for highway design, road maintenance
planning, and road safety; a pavement engineer; a structural engineer; a UXO specialist; an
environmental specialist; two social/resettlement specialists; a procurement specialist; and an
ancient monument conservationist. ADB will select and engage the specialists on an individual
basis, either through a firm or as independent consultants, in accordance with its Guidelines on
the Use of Consultants and other arrangements satisfactory to ADB for engaging domestic
consultants. The international transport planner/road maintenance specialist will lead the
consultant team, provide direction to the consultants, and be responsible for preparing a
consolidated study report. The outline terms of reference are in Appendix 4.
16.
Reports will be prepared and submitted as follows: (i) an inception report, 1 month after
the services start; (ii) an interim report at the end of the fifth month of the services; (iii) a draft
final report at the end of the eighth month, which will present all aspects of the study results
including surveys, findings, and recommendations; and (iv) a final report, 1 month after
comments on the draft final report are received from GDPW and ADB. In addition, brief progress
reports will be submitted monthly. Tripartite meetings will be held after the submission of the
inception, interim, and draft final reports.
17.
All procurement under the TA will be in accordance with ADB’s Guidelines for
Procurement.
IV.
THE PRESIDENT'S DECISION
18.
The President, acting under the authority delegated by the Board, has approved the
provision of technical assistance not exceeding the equivalent of $1,000,000 on a grant basis to
the Government of Cambodia for preparing the Transport Infrastructure Development and
Maintenance Project, and hereby reports this action to the Board.
6
Appendix 1
DESIGN AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK
Design
Summary
Impact
Poverty reduction in the
project area (part of the
Tonle Sap basin)
Regional cooperation
with Thailand and Viet
Nam
Development of the
private sector for road
maintenance
Outcome
Upgrade of NR56 and
NR68: promote
economic development
in rural and remote
areas by reducing
isolation and providing
safe, cost-effective, allyear road access to
markets, employment,
and social services
Upgrade of NR33,
NR68, and NR72:
establish economically
efficient international
links with adjacent
countries, and
intermediary links
between rural roads and
the core network of
primary national
highways
Enhancement of road
maintenance program
and sustainable fund for
road maintenance
Performance
Targets/Indicators
Data Sources/Reporting
Mechanisms
Proportion of people
whose income is less
than $1 per day in the
project area down to
the national average
level.
Direct measure of income
of households, transport
costs, freight and
passenger charges
through periodic surveys
Provincial and national
trade statistics and
Quantity of goods
customs reports
moving across
Cambodia/Thailand and
MPWT’s annual report for
Cambodia/Viet Nam
road maintenance works
borders increasing by
5% a year in both
Road traffic accident
directions
statistics to be prepared
by MPWT
By project completion,
50% transition from
force account to private
sector for road
maintenance works
funded by the
Government
365 days operation of
the project roads in a
year
Start of daily bus
operation service along
the project roads
Cross-border operation
in accordance with the
GMS Agreement on
Facilitation of CrossBorder Transport of
Goods and People
Road maintenance
contract with private
sector under
competitive bidding
process
Alleviate shortfall of
budget for road
maintenance, and
efficient allocation of
the budget
Field traffic surveys
Provincial and national
trade statistics and
customs reports
Road maintenance
records to be prepared by
the Ministry of Economy
and Finance, MPWT, and
PPWDs
Road traffic accident
statistics to be prepared
by MPWT
Assumptions
and Risks
Assumptions
• As a result of the
upgrade of NR56 and
NR68, contract farming
in the area is promoted
by Thailand.
• Private companies for
road maintenance works
will be selected through
competitive bidding
process.
Risks
• The project roads
deteriorate due to
insufficient road
maintenance works.
• Increased through traffic
between Thailand and
Viet Nam, especially
overloaded trucks, will
damage the national
road system in
Cambodia.
Assumptions
• GMS Agreement on
Facilitation of CrossBorder Transport of
Goods and People is
implemented for the
border along the project
roads.
• The borders are crossing
points for international
traffic.
Risk
• Project implementation
is delayed due to
procurement, social and
resettlement-related
issues.
Appendix 1
Design
Summary
Implementation of
National Road Safety
Action Plan
Outputs
1. Design of the Project
for immediate
rehabilitation of the
above road links that
provide access to
agricultural and tourist
areas in the northern
parts of Cambodia, and
to 3 important secondary
border crossings
2. Proposal for mediumterm ADB funding of
secondary road
rehabilitation
3. Supplementary
funding for road
maintenance, and
improved disbursement
and effective use of
FRMR
4. Assistance in
implementing the road
safety action plan
Performance
Targets/Indicators
Stabilize growth of
traffic accident fatalities
by project completion
Data Sources/Reporting
Mechanisms
Development of costeffective engineering
road design for the
secondary national
road network
Tripartite meetings at
initial, midterm,
completion stages of the
feasibility study
Design of cross-border
facilities in line with the
GMS Agreement on
Facilitation of CrossBorder Transport of
Goods and People
Consultant reports
including engineering
design, economic
analysis, IEE, RP, EMDP,
road maintenance
planning, and road safety
improvement studies
Economic viability of
each project
component and the
project as a whole, and
of medium-term ADB
funding projects
Consultation with Ministry
of Economy and Finance,
MPWT, PPWDs,
nongovernment
organizations, and other
project stakeholders
Sustainable fund for
road maintenance
including FRMR and
supplemental funds
Consultation with
development partners like
the World Bank, the
International Labor
Organization, and Japan
International Cooperation
Agency
Implementation of the
National Road Safety
Action Plan
5. Study to investigate
causes of road
pavement defects
Activities with Milestones
1. Preparation for the Transport Infrastructure Development and Maintenance
Project
1.1 Engineering road design, economic analysis, IEE, RP, EMDP if required,
and other social studies such as poverty analysis and HIV/AIDS (May 2006)
1.2 Preparation of road maintenance planning (May 2006)
1.3 Preparation of road safety improvement actions (May 2006)
1.4 Assistance in cross-border coordination meetings with Thailand and Viet
Nam (May 2006)
2. Programming for future ADB-funded projects
2.1 Engineering road design, economic analysis, IEE, RP, EMDP if required,
and other social studies such as poverty analysis and HIV/AIDS (August 2006)
7
Assumptions
and Risks
Assumptions
• Assignment of full-time
counterpart staff
• Satisfactory performance
of the consultants
Risks
• Delay in consultant
selection and consulting
services
• Access to operational
data of the FRMR
Inputs
• ADB
Grant ($1,000,000) for
consulting services–33
person-months for
international consultants and
42 for domestic consultants–
equipments, conference, and
miscellaneous cost
• Government
Counterpart fund ($180,000)
in kind for office
accommodation, and fulltime counterpart staff
ADB = Asian Development Bank, EMDP = ethnic minority development plan, FRMR = Fund for Repair and Maintenance
of Roads, GMS = Greater Mekong Subregion, HIV/AIDS = human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, IEE = initial environmental examination, MPWT = Ministry of Public Works and Transport, NR = national road,
PPWD = provincial public works department, RP = resettlement plan.
8
Appendix 2
INITIAL POVERTY AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS
A.
Linkages to the Country Poverty Analysis
Is the sector identified as a national
priority in country poverty analysis?
Yes
No
Is the sector identified as a national
priority in country poverty partnership
agreement?
Yes
No
Contribution of the sector or subsector to reduce poverty in Cambodia:
Improvements in the infrastructure sector will strengthen linkages between rural and urban areas and
between regions of the country, and promote economic growth and development activities that are
geographically balanced.
The majority of the poor in Cambodia live in rural areas and their livelihood activities are based on
agriculture. Many face food shortages for several months and are vulnerable to external shocks due to
their reliance on subsistence agriculture and lack of access to social services. Improved infrastructure will
lead to increased openness for communities deprived of adequate access to information, markets, off-farm
employment, and social services.
B.
Poverty Analysis
What type of poverty analysis is needed?
Targeting Classification: General intervention
In connection with the ongoing Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia Road Improvement Project1
(CRIP) covering road rehabilitation of National Road (NR) 5 and NR6, and the repair and replacement of
about 50 bridges in NR68 and NR56 in the provinces of Banteay Meanchey, Oddar Meanchey, and Siem
Reap, a study using socioeconomic survey and focus group discussion methods was conducted in 2002 to
investigate poverty and vulnerability and likely impacts of increased access.2
Findings of the study suggest that poverty is widespread in the area and accessibility is a severe problem
during the rainy season. No less than 60% of the households suffer from food deficiency. Most households
find their food stocks depleted within 4 months of harvest. The overall poverty estimates for the project
area was 40%, and areas serviced by poor roads like NR56 and NR68 have very high poverty levels of
over 60%. Livelihood security is a chief concern of the poorest 40%. They are primarily subsistence
farmers growing one (rain-fed) crop a year, often of low quality or yields.
The incidence of disabled persons is high (2.2 per 1,000 compared with the national average of 1.5), and
reflects the prolonged civil strife and the presence of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the area. Indigenous
ethnic minorities are not found in the immediate project area, as war and insecurity led them to move
northeast.
Transport and Employment
NR68 and NR56, which begin from NR6 in Kralanh and Sisophon, respectively, and meet in Samraong
thus forming a loop, will directly feed into the Asian Development Bank (ADB)-financed Northwestern
Rural Development Project3 (NRDP). The proposed rehabilitation of NR68 and NR56 will enhance the
poverty impacts of the CRIP and the NRDP. In line with the objectives of the CRIP, the rehabilitation of
NR68 and NR56 will strengthen the linkage of feeder roads under the NRDP and the national roads. This
would increase the poverty reduction effects of NRDP, CRIP, and the proposed project.
Recent studies of the impact of feeder roads show that the competitiveness of transport facilities has an
important effect on poverty reduction. In a competitive environment, reduced vehicle operating costs will
benefit users of transport facilities. Key impacts include higher prices for producers and a wider span of
marketing options for agricultural produce, and increased opportunity for trade to reduce food shortages.
Access to NR5 and NR6, a main trade route with growing markets, will further increase farmers’ abilities to
reach a variety of markets. All-year access along NR68 and NR56 and into the target villages of the NRDP
will reduce the costs of accessing social services like health care and education.
Appendix 2
9
The most immediate impact of the proposed project includes employment opportunities during road
construction. Although this impact is short-term, the design of local maintenance contracts under the
project will act to promote longer-term wage and employment impacts.
C. Participation Process
Is there a stakeholder analysis?
Yes
No
A stakeholder analysis employing focus group discussions and supported by a socioeconomic survey of
the project area will be undertaken to determine or establish (i) who are the primary and secondary
beneficiaries of the project; (ii) baseline information on the poverty situation in project impact areas and
influence areas; (iii) what are the perceived and anticipated negative and positive impacts of the project;
(iv) suggestions on how to maximize project benefits; (v) suggestions on how to avoid and mitigate any
negative impacts; and (vi) ways in which the local population, especially those adversely impacted, may
participate in planning and implementing the project, including the resettlement plan (RP).
Is there a participation strategy?
Yes
No
Stakeholders will be consulted and their opinions solicited at various stages of the project cycle and in a
way that will help engender ownership of the project among the local population.
D. Gender Development
Migration and Trafficking
Due to its proximity to Thailand, the area is prone to labor mobility, both inward and outward. Most of the
migrants are very poor with inadequate landholdings. Short-term migration takes place in response to
underemployment during off-peak agricultural seasons. The majority of the migrants are women who work
just across the border. Long-term migrants, the majority of whom are men, belong to households with
sufficient assets to finance their trips. However, migration might end up in exploitative circumstances in the
hands of traffickers.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infection (HIV/STI)
All three provinces of Banteay Meanchey, Oddar Meanchey, and Siem Reap rank low in terms of women’s
knowledge of HIV/STI prevention. SIV surveillance testing in 2000 in Banteay Meanchey found HIVpositive people in the groups tested: 7.3% of the police, 37.3% of direct commercial sex workers, 13.3% of
indirect sex workers, and 4% of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Given the rather high
incidence of HIV/AIDS (acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome) in Banteay Meanchey and low awareness
together with an expected increase of truck drivers going through the area, there is the risk that HIV/AIDS
may further spread to and from the project area. To reduce this risk, a participatory approach to raising
HIV/AIDS awareness will be followed. This will be based on best practices developed under TA 5881REG: Preventing HIV/AIDS Among Mobile Population in the Greater Mekong Subregion.
In conjunction with stakeholder analysis, gender assessment in the project impact area and influence area
will be undertaken to identify potential gender issues for consideration in the RP.
Has an output been prepared?
Yes
No
E. Social Safeguards and Other Social Risks
Item
Significant/
Not Significant/
None
Significant
Resettlement
Not significant
None
Strategy to Address Issues
Plan Required
A RP needs to be prepared and implemented in
accordance with ADB’s policy on involuntary
resettlement and with the full participation of
affected persons. The Interministerial Resettlement
Committee, Project Management Unit 3, and the
Social and Environmental Unit, Department of
Full
Short
None
10
Appendix 2
Planning of the Ministry of Public Works and
Transport need support in terms of orientation and
training in connection with preparing and
implementing the RP.
Significant
Yes
Not significant
No
Affordability
None
Significant
Labor
Not significant
None
Significant
Indigenous
Peoples
Not significant
Mobility of labor will be addressed through local
labor contracts to address the surplus-labor
situation. Other risks associated with mobility of
labor are addressed under the HIV/AIDS prevention
component. A proposed activity, funded by the
Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction, to mainstream
labor-based approaches in the national road
network will further increase opportunities for labor
absorption.
The technical assistance consultant will determine
whether indigenous peoples will be affected and, as
necessary, prepare an appropriate plan.
Yes
No
Yes
No
None
HIV/AIDS prevention component
Other Risks
and/or
Vulnerabilities
Significant
Yes
Not significant
No
None
1
ADB. 2002. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to the
Kingdom of Cambodia for the GMS: Cambodia Road Improvement Project. Manila (Loan 1945-CAM).
2
A similar study needs to be conducted for NR72 in the southeastern side of Cambodia bordering Viet Nam. NR72 is
located in Pon Nhea Kreak, Kampong Cham Province.
3
ADB. 2001. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on a Proposed Loan to the
Kingdom of Cambodia for the Northwestern Rural Development Project. Manila (Loan 1862-CAM).
Appendix 3
COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING PLAN
($'000)
Item
A. Asian Development Bank Financinga
1. Consultants
a. Remuneration and Per Diem
i. International Consultants
ii. Domestic Consultants
b. International and Local Travel
c. Surveys
d. Reports and Communications
2. Equipment
3. Conferences
4. Representative for Contract Negotiations
5. Contingencies
Subtotal (A)
Total Cost
B. Government Financingb
1. Office Accommodation and Transport
2. Remuneration and Per Diem
of Counterpart Staff
3. Others
Subtotal (B)
Total
a
Financed by the Japan Special Fund, funded by the Government of Japan.
b
In kind.
Source: Asian Development Bank estimates.
873.00
648.00
55.00
75.00
90.00
5.00
20.00
5.00
2.00
100.00
1,000.00
100.00
50.00
30.00
180.00
1,180.00
11
12
Appendix 4
OUTLINE TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTANTS
A.
Objectives
1.
The objectives of the consulting services in this technical assistance (TA) are to (i) verify
the economic, technical, social, and environmental feasibility of the proposed Transport
Infrastructure Development and Maintenance Project; (ii) propose a future Asian Development
Bank (ADB) loan program for rehabilitating secondary national roads over the next 10 years;
(iii) propose an action plan for restructuring and financing road maintenance; (iv) propose a
program for road safety initiatives in the project area; and (v) investigate the causes of road
pavement defects in Cambodia. The outputs from the consulting services will be used to prepare
the Project to be funded by ADB. Therefore, all economic and social analyses, an initial
environmental examination (IEE), a resettlement plan (RP), and an ethnic minorities development
plan (EMDP), if required, must meet the requirements of ADB’s policies and guidelines as well as
the requirements of the Government of Cambodia. Technical designs for the project roads and
cross-border facilities will be prepared in accordance with Cambodian highway standards and/or
internationally recognized highway standards, the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Agreement
on Facilitation of Cross-Border Transport of Goods and People (the GMS Cross-Border
Agreement), and the laws and regulations of Cambodia.
B.
Scope of Works and Terms of Reference
2.
The Project will cover (i) rehabilitating National Road (NR) 33 from Kampong Trach to Lork
(17 kilometers [km]) and upgrading the border post, 1 (ii) rehabilitating NR56 from Sisophon to
Samraong (114 km), (iii) rehabilitating NR68 from Kralanh to O’smach (79 km) and upgrading the
border post, (iv) improving NR72 from Kreak to Trapeang Phlong Pir (14 km) and upgrading the
border post, and (v) road maintenance works and road safety improvements. The consultants will
review the loan documents of the GMS: Cambodia Road Improvement project (Loan 1945-CAM)
and the final reports of TAs preparing this project, and undertake engineering, economic, financial,
social, and environmental studies, which may be modified in discussions with the ADB project team
during further processing.
1.
Project Preparation Study
3.
The consultants’ tasks will include, but will not be limited to, the following engineering
studies:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1
Carry out all necessary topographical, hydraulic, hydrological, and geotechnical
investigations including centerlines and flood surveys, to provide a reasonable basis for the
detailed design and cost estimates. Prepare horizontal and vertical realignments of existing
project roads including planning of new alignments, if needed.
Survey the extent to which unexploded ordnance (UXO) may be present within the right-ofway of the project roads. Develop an approach to clearing it if the survey indicates
contaminated areas. Include UXO clearance in the TA if it is required to complete surveys
and ground investigation work for the feasibility studies.
Identify roadside infrastructure (cables, pipelines, etc.) where permanent or temporary
relocation is required, and prepare detailed plans for relocation in cooperation with the
concerned infrastructure owners.
While NR33 is an integral part of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Southern Coastal Corridor, only the 17-km
section has not yet been improved. TA for preparing the GMS Southern Coastal Corridor Project (6235-REG) will
examine the economic feasibility of the NR33 component.
Appendix 4
13
(iv)
Determine roadside and cross-drainage requirements, highway finished levels, and slope
protection works. Prepare an inventory of the existing drainage systems including their
location, condition, adequacy, and need for replacement or rehabilitation.
(v) Confirm the suitability and availability of material in the borrow pits and quarries for
pavement. If required, identify and evaluate additional sources of materials. Also, carry out
geotechnical investigations at the sites where new bridge foundations may have to be
constructed, and develop bridge designs for NR72.2
(vi) Survey the pavement condition of the roads financed by ADB and other funding
organizations. Analyze specific reasons for the short lifetime of pavements in Cambodia.
Develop cost-effective pavement designs applicable to the project roads.
(vii) Identify locations where road disasters such as erosion, landslides, and slope collapse may
occur, and prepare designs for disaster prevention works.
(viii) Review the existing cross-border facilities at the end of NR68 and NR72, and determine
what these crossings need for them to operate as international crossings under the GMS
Cross-Border Agreement. Assist the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) in
conducting coordination meetings with Thailand and Viet Nam on the cross-border facilities.
Based on directions from coordination meetings with Viet Nam and Thailand, prepare work
packages and cost estimates for undertaking any improvement works.
(ix) Prepare detailed technical specifications for each work item, taking into account inclusive
design issues with drawings and data required for tendering the Project. Calculate
quantities for all the work items. Based on the quantities, and taking into account works
done for similar projects in Cambodia and elsewhere, prepare cost estimates for each work
item.
4.
The consultants will undertake the following economic studies based on ADB’s Guidelines
for Economic Analysis of Projects:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Conduct necessary surveys for traffic counts, origin and destination for each major category
of vehicle, travel speed, and demographic, social, and economic surveys for the project
influence area along the project roads. Based on these surveys, prepare traffic forecasts by
representative traffic types taking into account population growth, production increases,
economic growth, and income increase. Forecast traffic flows across the international
borders at the end of NR68 and NR72 by main commodities and passengers.
Describe the provision of transport services both within the country and between countries
along the project roads, make an initial evaluation of competitive forces on the provision of
services and tariffs, and determine the potential of the Project to improve those services.
Estimate economic vehicle operating costs (VOCs) with and without the proposed project
road sections, based on estimated changes in road surface roughness; and quantify the
benefits for each project road section, including VOCs savings, time savings, road
maintenance cost savings, reduction of traffic accidents, etc. Calculate the economic
internal rate of return (EIRR) for each homogenous road section, and make appropriate
sensitivity and switching values analyses by varying the major parameters. The analysis
identifies risks and undertakes appropriate risk and sensitivity analyses with respect to the
EIRR in accordance with ADB’s Handbook for Integrating Risk Analysis in the Economic
Analysis of Projects. Also prepare the analysis for the Project as a whole.
5.
The consultants will undertake the following social and environmental studies for the project
roads, in accordance with ADB’s safeguard policies and the Government’s laws and regulations:
2
Bridge construction works on NR56 and NR68 are included in the GMS: Cambodia Road Improvement Project (Loan
1945-CAM).
14
Appendix 4
(i)
Conduct an IEE, and prepare IEE and summary IEE reports in accordance with the relevant
ADB guidelines and environment policy. For adverse impacts during construction or
thereafter, develop suitable mitigating measures to be included in the project designs, cost
estimates, and contract documentation.
(ii) Identify and prepare socioeconomic profiles of the project-affected communities in the
project areas in terms of household sizes, demographic trends, income sources and levels,
occupations, socioeconomic conditions, social service infrastructure, and social
organizations, in accordance with relevant ADB guidelines and publications, including
Handbook on Poverty and Social Analysis (2001), Handbook on Resettlement (1998), and
Handbook for Incorporation of Social Dimensions in Projects (1994). Include gender and
local ethnic minority profiles. Carry out further surveys as necessary.
(iii) Undertake social analysis as per the guidelines above and ADB's Policies on Involuntary
Resettlement (1995), Indigenous Peoples (1998), and Gender and Development (1998).
Review and assess the impacts of land acquisition or loss of land use on affected people (in
terms of loss of homes, and of agricultural and other lands; or loss of access to current
income-generating activities), including impacts caused by permanent or temporary
acquisition.
(iv) Prepare an implementable RP as per ADB’s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement and
Handbook on Resettlement: A Guide to Good Practice. Ensure full stakeholder participation,
including participation of MPWT in the preparation. Prepare an information brochure to be
distributed to project-affected people by the Government. Include a brief description of the
Project, the types of impacts, basic compensation policy and entitlements, implementation
schedule, implementing organizations, public consultation mechanisms, and grievance
procedures. Undertake the detailed measurement survey (DMS), update the approved RP
based on results of the DMS, and monitor the resettlement activities including the
consultation process with project-affected persons and compensation for them.
(v) If the social analysis determines that ethnic minority people are likely to be significantly
affected by the Project or that ethnic minority people are disadvantaged or vulnerable
because of their social or cultural identity, develop a time-bound EMDP including specific
measures and approaches to be taken to address the concerns of ethnic minority people in
accordance with ADB’s policy on indigenous people.
(vi) Assess the risk of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(HIV/AIDS), sexually transmitted disease, and trafficking of women and children. Design
appropriate mitigating measures as needed, including an awareness and preventive
education program that complements existing programs.
(vii) Prepare a gender strategy responding to the needs identified during the assessment of
gender issues in resettlement, human trafficking and HIV/AIDS, and employment
opportunities during road construction and maintenance.
(viii) Assess the capacity of responsible institutions at central and provincial levels to plan,
implement, manage, finance, and monitor effective land acquisition and resettlement,
environmental impact assessments, and environmental management. To address
weaknesses, identify capacity-building measures to be included in the Project.
6.
As a result of the preceding studies, the consultants will confirm the scope, objective, and
rationale of the Project; develop a draft logical framework including goals, purpose, outputs with
corresponding measurable performance indicators/targets, monitoring mechanisms and
risks/assumptions; and prepare draft terms of reference for a construction supervision consultant to
be engaged during project implementation.
Appendix 4
2.
15
Road Maintenance Planning Study
7.
With reference to the final report of the TA (3257-CAM): Strengthening the Maintenance
Planning and Management Capabilities at MPWT and other road maintenance studies made by
World Bank and International Labor Organization, the consultants will undertake the following
study to form the road maintenance component of the Project and prepare an action plan for
restructuring and financing road maintenance:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Review (a) national roads conditions, (b) revenue and expenditures of the Fund for Repair
and Maintenance of Roads (FRMR), (c) budget allocation criteria of FRMR, (d) standard
unit price for each maintenance work and contract/actual cost, (e) procurement procedure
and type of contract, and (f) performance level of force account/local contractors, and
identify issues to be solved.
Assess the capacity of responsible institutions at central and provincial levels with respect
to road maintenance works. To address weaknesses, prepare training needs and
recommend improvements to institutional arrangements.
Analyze the available contractor resources in the project area in terms of number,
capability, resources, etc., and develop an approach to effectively involve these local
contractors in the Project. Prepare draft procurement documents for road maintenance
works under the local competitive bidding procedure, and contract packages for the road
maintenance components of the Project, taking into account the capacity of local
contractors.
Assist the Government to (a) formulate an action plan for replicating provincial-level pilot
road maintenance projects nationwide and for associated reform of central road
maintenance planning and maintenance funding mechanisms, (b) propose a strategy for
developing domestic contractor capacity, and (c) identify additional road sector-based
revenue sources.
Examine the viability of tolling of national roads to increase revenues for FRMR. If it is
viable, propose a toll table by vehicle classification, taking the FRMR shortfall into account;
analyze the impact of tolling of national roads on local shippers and carriers; and make a
toll sensitivity analysis.
Prepare cost-effective annual road maintenance plans for the coming 3 years in line with
the national road conditions survey and the formulated action plan. Make a detailed cost
estimate for the annual road maintenance plans.
3.
Road Safety Improvement Study
8.
With reference to the final report of TA (6077-REG): Road Safety in the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations and the National Road Safety Action Plan (NRSAP), the consultants will
undertake the following road safety study to prepare the road safety improvement component of
the Project:
(i)
(ii)
Undertake road safety audits for all the project roads; develop road traffic safety
improvement measures, and include them in the road designs as appropriate. Make
recommendations for improving safety on the project roads.
Assist the National Road Safety Council (NRSC) to become fully operational; prepare a 5year operations plan for the NRSC based on the NRSAP, including identification of
sustainable sources of funding for long-term activities; and prepare a project component to
assist the NRSC to implement the 5-year operations plan.
16
Appendix 4
4.
Study of Future Loan Program
9.
The consultants will review Japan International Cooperation Agency’s (JICA) study report
on road network development in Cambodia. In line with findings and recommendations of the
study, the future ADB loan program for secondary national roads will be determined in coordination
with JICA. The consultants will undertake engineering studies and economic analysis, and prepare
draft IEE and summary IEE reports, draft RP, and draft EMDP if required, for the selected road
links. Terms of reference for this study are referred in paras. 3–6.
C.
Required Expertise
10.
A consultant team comprising international and domestic consultants will undertake the
consulting services. The required inputs will be 33 person-months of international consulting
services (person-months are in parentheses)–a transport planner/road maintenance specialist (9),
a highway design engineer/road safety specialist (6), a bridge engineer/hydrologist (3), a transport
economist (4), an environmental specialist (3), a social/resettlement specialist (6), and an ancient
monument conservationist (2)–and about 42 person-months of domestic consulting services–three
highway engineers for highway design, road maintenance planning, and road safety (14); a
pavement engineer (3); a structural engineer (2); a UXO specialist (4); an environmental specialist
(3); two social/resettlement specialists (12); a procurement specialist (2); and an ancient
monument conservationist (2).
D.
Schedule and Reporting Requirements
11.
The consulting services will last for 9 months starting in January 2006 and ending in
September 2006.
12.
Reports will be prepared and submitted as follows: (i) an inception report, to be submitted 1
month after services start; (ii) an interim report, to be submitted at the end of the fifth month of the
services; (iii) a draft final report, to be submitted at the end of the eighth month, presenting all
aspects of the study results including surveys, findings, and recommendations; (iv) a final report, to
be submitted 1 month after comments on the draft final report are received from the General
Department of Public Works (GDPW) and ADB. The draft interim report will set out results of the
engineering studies and economic analysis for the Project, draft IEE and summary IEE reports,
draft RP, and draft EMDP if required. In addition, brief progress reports will be submitted monthly.
Tripartite meetings among GDPW, ADB, and the consultants will be held after the submission of
the inception, interim, and draft final reports.