ED79.12
Introduction –
Needs and Issues
• Needs
– Housing
– Infrastructure and services
• Problems and Issues
–
–
–
–
–
–
Housing and Land
Transportation
Water supply
Sanitation and Drainage
Solid waste
Impact on health
Based on:
ADB (1996), Megacity Management in the Asian and Pacific Region, Vol.1
WB (1994), World Development Report 1994 – Infrastructure for
Development
Dr. Vilas Nitivattananon, AIT
ED79.12
Needs of Housing and
Services
• Habitat is important to the quality of life – central
to the comfort, convenience, health of residents,
th i consumption
their
ti
off energy and
d interaction
i t
ti
with
ith
other people
• Shelter and water are primary human needs,
followed by the need to secure access to private,
convenient and sanitary place for defecation
• Further needs are for the removal of wastewater
from household and local environment, and from
the city itself – requiring mitigating measures for
impacts on surface water, aquatic ecology and
other environmental values
• Neighborhood drainage and sanitation, urban
slums, transportation, and access are other
aspects of urban infrastructure
ED79.12
1
ED79.12
ED79.12
Needs of Infrastructure and
Services
• The adequacy of infrastructure and services
helps
p determining
g country’s
y success – in
diversifying production, reducing poverty and
improving environmental conditions
• Good infrastructure raises productivity and
lower production costs – but it has to expand
fast enough to accommodate the growth
• Infrastructure capacity normally goes or
expands step by step with economic output
ED79.12
2
ED79.12
Issues of Inadequate
Housing
• Access – who gets what type of
accommodation
• Finance – who pays what and how much
• Tenure – the varied advantage of owneroccupation, public renting and private
renting
• Policy
P li llacked
k d clear
l
objectives
bj ti
or strategy
t t
of housing standards and quality
• Housing that the environment is protected
and enhanced should be considered
ED79.12
ED79.12
3
ED79.12
Issues of Infrastructure
• Level of Achievements
– Inadequate infrastructure capacity in
expanding urban areas results in serious
constraints on (environmentally sustainable)
economic growth and on poverty reduction
• Challenges
–
–
–
–
–
–
Inefficiency of operation
Inadequate maintenance
Financial inefficiency and fiscal drain
Unresponsiveness to user demand
Neglect of the poor
Neglect of environment
ED79.12
ED79.12
4
ED79.12
ED79.12
Housing and Land Use
• Improving housing is difficult because of lack of
effective land use controls and building standards
• The introduction of higher standards of land for
public use tends to exclude large segments of the
population from access to public space
• Housing deficiencies associated with slum and
squatter communities affect between 25-30 % of
urban population in Asia, over one half of urban
dwellers in some cities inhabit substandard
housing
• Legislative measures to place larger proportions
of total available land in the hands of average
wage earners have little success - due to
distortions in the market pricing.
ED79.12
5
ED79.12
Transport
• Transport directly affects
– city
y output
p ad incomes – efficient cities are p
productive
– land use and city structure – congested cities are
sprawling cities, with weak centers
– low income people – congestion means unaffordable or
high bus and transit fares
– pollution levels – congested cities are polluted
• Congestion undermines economic efficiency,
creates a p
polluted urban environment and often
degrades the city as a civilized place to live
• Control traffic congestion is key objective – wide
ranging changes toward sustainability can follow
ED79.12
Transport
• In most cities, the demand (on transport systems capable
of moving large volumes of passengers and freight at
affordable prices) is not met – leading to familiar problems
of air pollution and congestion
• The impact is magnified because of density of land use,
shortage of road space, and inadequacy of public of public
transport
• Critical problem in megacity transport is lack of
coordination within institutional structures dealing with
– Links between transport and land use planning
– The various components of transport planning
– The relative roles of public and private sectors in
planning, funding and implementation of transport
investment
• Other factors include environmental impacts of roads, the
type of private sector involvement, and complementary
actions in the areas of demand management
ED79.12
6
ED79.12
Water Supply
• Cities throughout Asia report shortages of
sources for raw water, and infrastructure for
provision
i i
off h
household,
h ld industrial,
i d t i l and
d
commercial water supply.
• Meeting the problem of water for human use will
require application of macroplanning policies to
improve the allocation of water among competing
interests, and better microcontrols on, and
technology for, water use within households,
industries and commerce.
• Focused technological alternatives, analysis of
costs and benefits on a broad scale, and
consensus building through various forms of
public and stakeholder participatory techniques
are required to arrive at politically successful
solutions.
ED79.12
Sanitation and Drainage
• Less than 60% of urban population had access to
adequate sanitation and about 1/3 was connected
to sewer systems.
y
• Where sewerage collection existed, about 90% of
the wastewater was discharged w/o treatment
• Conveyance systems are often inadequately
designed and poorly maintenance – clogging from
solid waste causing flooding with bad water quality
• Improper drainage is a related environmental
problem that affects poor communities living on
marginal
i l llands.
d
• Some cities suffer from persistent drainage
problem related to monsoon flooding – drainage
and flooding may be of greater concern than
sanitation especially among upper class of
population
ED79.12
7
ED79.12
ED79.12
ED79.12
8
ED79.12
Solid Waste
• The major urban centers in developing countries
of Asia generate over 1 million tons of SW
annually,
ll less
l
than
th
half
h lf is
i transported
t
t d to
t disposal
di
l
• Low income countries generate 0.4-0.7
kg/day/person, while in higher income countries
produce much more (6 times in Seoul)
• Inadequate SWM gives rise to many
environmental problems from disposal to open
water, leaching into groundwater, production of
air pollution for open burning
burning, and from spread of
insects and disease vectors
• Pilot efforts at waste minimization and refuse
recovery are underway in a number of locations
throughout Asia – composting, recycling, and
other community based SW techniques.
ED79.12
Impact on Health
• Environmental health risks due to
inadequate housing,
housing drainage,
drainage water
supply and waste management
infrastructure are numerous in
megacities
• Standardization and consolidation of
risk estimates is a difficult
undertaking – a number of studies
are being carried out
ED79.12
9
ED79.12
ED79.12
ED79.12
10