癌
從光與
症關係談
環境、心理、與生理友善OLED製作
周卓煇
國立清華大學材料系 教授
中華有機電子協會 理事長
電動車輛發協會 創會理事長
0932-938168
[email protected]
Outline
Effect of Light on Circadian Rhythm
Effect of light at night (LAN) on Health
Wavelength Effect on MLT secretion
CT Effect on MLT secretion
Fabrication of Very-Low CT OLEDs
Fabrication of Very-High CRI OLEDs
Conclusion
相對傳統燈泡
XXLED照明節省80%用電
每年電費省20,000多元
全台灣可省下1座核電廠
沒有紫外線 不會招蚊蟲
環保節能又健康 就是XX
http://goods.ruten.com.tw/item/show?21111108294482
(8W - 23W)
x 6 hr/day
x 300 day/yr
x 2.5 NTD/1000 WHr
= 67.5 NTD/yr
or 328.5 NTD/yr
if 24 hr/day x 365 day/yr
20000 NDT/yr
/(300 day/yr)
/(2.5 NTD/1000WHr)
/(6 Hr/day)
/(15 W/unit)
= 295 units
公平交易委員會新聞資料
101年12月6日
「億光LED」宣稱： 「一年一家電費可省兩萬多」
其係與60瓦白熾燈泡相較
並假設每戶
每日使用照明10小時
燈泡25顆
每度電4.05元
以及每減少1度照明用電，可減少空調用電0.4度
[夏季4個月]
公平交易委員會新聞資料
101年12月6日
按台電數據
家用電平均每度2.76元[100年度]
每戶每月平均用電307度/電費為845元
每年支出10,140元
而且此為全部家庭電器用品之結果
公平交易委員會新聞資料
101年12月6日
公平會於101年12月5日會議通過
「億光LED」電視廣告宣稱
「一年一家電費可省兩萬多」
就商品之品質為引人錯誤之表示
違反公平交易法第21條第1項規定
爰處億光公司新臺幣10萬元罰鍰
How much could one save?
10W (60 lm/W) CFL vs 60W (10 lm/W) IB
(10W – 60W) × 6h/day × 300day/yr = -90 KWh/yr
90 KWh x 3 NTD/KWh = 270 NTD or 9 USD/yr
11 yrs needed for a pair of glasses of 3,000
NTD (or 100 USD).
3,700 yrs for $1,000,000 (or 30,000 USD)
cancer treatment.
How much could one save?
7.5W (80 lm/W) LED vs 10W (60 lm/W) CFL
(7.5W –10W) × 6h/day × 300day/yr = -4.5 KWh/yr
4.5 KWh x 3 NTD/KWh = 13.5 NTD or 0.45 USD/yr
222 yrs needed for a pair of glasses of 3,000
NTD (or 100 USD).
74,000 yrs for 1,000,000 NTD (or 30,000 USD)
cancer treatment.
Besides energy-saving & $-saving
a good light source
should also be
environmentally-friendly
physiologically-friendly
psychologically-friendly
Effect of Light on Circadian Rhythm
According to Stephan
M. Pauley in Medical Hypothesis (2004) 63, 588-596,
“Since we are born into a world of artificial
lighting, we do not give much thought to how light
disrupts the normal 24 h circadian rhythms
present in all organisms. Biological clock rhythms
are found in all living things, even … algae (海藻).
References:
•Rea MS et al, Phototransduction for human melatonin suppression. J Pineal Res 2002, 32(4):209-13.
•Reiter RJ, Melatonin bantam books; 1995.
•Reiter RJ. Melatonin: clinical relevance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 17(2):273-85.
•Reiter RJ et al. Melatonin in plants. Nutr Rev 2001:59(9);286-90.
The circadian clock
depends on dark nights and bright daylight.
- Dark nights allow normal MLT production between 2 and 4 am.
- Bright daylight entrains or re-sets the body clock.
according to Stephan M. Pauley in Medical Hypothesis (2004) 63, 588-596,
From references:
• Berson DM, Strange vision: ganglion cells as circadian photoreceptors. Trends Neurosci 2003, 26(6):314-20.
• Berson DM et al, Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002, 295:1070-3.
• Berson DM, Melanopsin and phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells. In Final Report. The 5th Intl. LRO Lighting Res Symp, Light and
Human Health, Nov. 3-5, 2002, Report No. 1009370, Palo Alto, CA: the Electric Power Res. Inst; 2004.
• Brainard GC et al, Photic regulation of melatonin in humans: ocular and neural signal transduction. J Biol Rhythm 1997, 12(6): 527-46.
• Brainard GC et al, The influence of different light spectra on the suppression of pineal melatonin content in the Syrian hamster. Brain Res
1984, 294(2): 333-9.
The system is triggered by photons of
light reaching specialized cells in the retina(視網膜)of eyes.
http://retina.umh.es/webvision/sretina.html
When feeling tired…
閉目
閉目
養神
Closing eyes to rejuvenate!
閉目
養神
Circadian rhythm
midnight
Bowel movement suppressed 22:30
2:00 Deepest sleep
MLT secretion starts 21:00
4:30 Lowest body temp
Highest body T 19:00
Highest blood P 18:30
6:45 Sharpest rise
in blood P
7:30 MLT secretion stops
8:30 Bowel movement likely
10:00 High alertness
noon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm
http://www.drlam.com/articles/adrenal_fatigue_and_hormone.asp?page=2
青春期; 妙齡
http://vandrich.com/2011/05/02/
chemicals-in-the-night-load-up-your-brain-and-gain-access-to-your-bodiesmost-powerful-natural-hormones/
http://www.circadin.com/
for-your-patients/role-of-melatonin-in-sleep/
lighting has
become a public health issue.
Recent research indicates that
Ref. Stephan M. Pauley in Medical Hypothesis (2004) 63, 588-596,
Effect of LAN
(LIGHT AT NIGHT)
on MLT secretion
“shift-work that involves circadian
carcinogenic to
humans” as concluded by IARC
disruption
is probably
(International Agency for Research on Cancer )
by Richard G. Stevens, “Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast
cancer: assessment of existing evidence Intl J Epidemiology, 38:963-70, 2009
From ref. by Straif K. et al Carcinogenicity of shift-work, painting and fire-fighting.
Lancet Oncol, 8:1065-6, 2007.
There is an association of
non-day shift
work and risk of breast cancer in
women.
by Richard G. Stevens, “Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast
cancer: assessment of existing evidence Intl J Epidemiology, 38:963-70, 2009
From refs. by
Tynes T, et al. Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph
operators. Cancer Causes Control, 7:197-204, 1996.
Hansen J. Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at
night. Epidemiology, 12:74-77, 2001
Lie JA et al. Breast cancer and night work among Norwegian nurses. Cancer Causes
Control , 17:39-44, 2006.
“studies of
female attendants have
reported elevated
breast cancer risk.”
by Richard G. Stevens, “Light-at-night, circadian disruption and breast
cancer: assessment of existing evidence Intl J Epidemiology, 38:963-70, 2009
From ref. by
Tokumaru O, et al. Incidence of cancer among female flight attendants: a metaanalysis. J travel Med , 13:127-32, 2006.
Frequent exposure to LAN would cause
Sleep disturbance 睡眠困擾
MLT suppression
Immune suppression
Breast cancer
Colon cancer 結腸癌
Prostate cancer 前列腺癌
Endometrial cancer 子宮體癌
by D. E. Blask, Sleep Med. Rev., 13:257-64, 2009
To have a good sleep at night
• Dim the light before sleep.
• Use blue-less emission.
• Switch TV/PC watching to book reading.
• No street light. (using effective blind)
readersdigest.com.hk 08/2011 p47-48
Effect of LAN (light at night)
The brightest LAN community
showed a 73% higher breast cancer
incidence than the darkest, based on 147
communities.
台灣婦女乳癌過去20年增加三倍
市區是山地鄉的2.4倍
Kloog et al, Chronobiology Int. 25:65-81, 2008
Wavelength effect on MLT secretion
Melatonin
退黑激素腦白金
H3C
O
N
H
N
CH3
H
O
an oncostatic hormone
抑制腫瘤的賀爾蒙
© photobucket.com
“Medical
research indicates that
blue light
is very effective in reducing naturally occurring . . . MLT levels.”
According to Stephan M. Pauley in Medical Hypothesis (2004) 63, 588-596,
From references:
•Brainard GC. Photoreception for regulation of melatonin and the circadian system in humans. In: Final Report. The 5th Intl LRO Lighting Res Symp. Light
and human Health, Nov. 3-5, 2002. Report No. 1009370. Palo Alto, CA: the Electric Power Res. Inst.
•Brainard GC et al, Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci. 2001, 21(16): 6405-12.
Effect of brightness & wavelength
100
460 nm (6.5
Steven at al,
J. clin. Endo. & Meta.,
88(9):4502-5, 2003
hr)
Melatonin suppression (%)
long exposure time
80
Brainard at al,
J. Neuroscience,
21(16):6405-12, 2001
60
460 nm (90 min)
high intensity
460 nm
(90 min)&
Dimmer
Hanifin at al,
Chronobiology Intern.,
23(1&2):251-68, 2006
longer wavelength
emission is suggested
630 nm
for night
lighting.
40
20
700 nm
5%
0
0.1
1
10
100
quanta (1016 photons/cm2)
1000
Log relative sensitivity
2
Sensitivity of plasma melatonin to
monochromatic light exposure
424
456
1
472
496
520
0
350
548
400
450
500
550
wavelength (nm)
Data adopted from ref: K. Thapan et al, J Physiology 2001, 535.1, p261-7
Color-Temperature Effect on MLT secretion
Melatonin suppression (%)
100
expose at midnight 200 lx
fluorescent lamps for 1.5 h
80
60
40
< 2000K light source
is recommended.
20
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Color temperature (K)
T. Kozaki at al, Neuroscience Letters, 439:256-9, 2008
Time to suppress 50% MLT (min)
Lower CT & lesser MLT suppression
90
explain why
expose at 100 lx
candle-light dinner
is romantic.
70
50
30
10
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Color temperature (K)
See the literature cited by S. M. Pauley in Medical Hypothesis (2004) 63, 588-596
Color-Temperature Effect on MLT secretion
Light source
LED
Fluorescent tube
Incandescent bulb
Candle
Time (min)
to - 50% MLT @ 100 lx
13
15
39
66
Here lies plausibly the most physiologically-friendly night light
Monochromatic red
400 × 60
Original reference: Schulmeister K et al. Application of melatonin action spectra on practical lighting issues. In: Final Report. The 5th Intl LRO
Lighting Res Symp. Light and human Health, Nov. 3-5, 2002. Report No. 1009370. Palo Alto, CA: the Electric Power Res. Inst.
See the literature in S. M. Pauley in Medical Hypothesis (2004) 63, 588-596
Color-temperature of current light sources
J. Jou et al, Applied Physics Letters, 95, 013307, 2009
電池
過度放電
Over discharging
a battery!
夕陽無限好 只是近黃昏
Dusking hue emits endless charm, but just too promptly to hold
- 晚唐詩人李商隱
Color temperature of sunlight
Jou et al, JPE, 1, 011021-7,2011
A myth? A coincidence?
2800 BC2300BC, lives for 800 years.
In Chinese legend︰ Peng-zu born around
Noah’s Flood
1000
900
800
700
3000 BC
600 invented
candle
500
400
300
200
100
0
亞當
賽特
以挪士
該南
馬勒列
雅列
以諾
馬士撒啦
拉麥
閃
挪亞
亞法撒
沙拉
希伯
法勒
拉吳
西鹿
拿鶴
他拉
亞伯蘭
Adam
Seth
Enosh
Kenan
Mahalalel
Jared
Enoch
Mathusaleh
Lamech
Noah
200 yrs after the invention of candle, human lifespan started to drop.
Abraham, born in 2166 BC, lives for 175 yrs.
Moses, born in 1526 BC, lives for 120 yrs.
King David, born in 1040 BC, lives for 70 yrs.
We need white light at work or during the day.
1500
2500 2000
3000
4000
6000
!
10000
White light
WeBut,
need
light
at work
during
the ?
day.
dowhite
we still
need
whiteor
light
at night
1500
2500 2000
3000
4000
6000
!
10000
White light
OLED Lighting Panel to start
http://www.konicaminolta.com/about/releases/2011/0712_01_01.html
Konica Minolta has been developing OLED
lighting as one of its promising new businesses in the
-Tokyo (July 12, 2011)
The to-be-produced OLED lighting panel has the
world's highest efficacy.
field of environment and energy.
The panels will be produced by Germany-based
Philips Technologie GmbH.
Specifications to produce
http://www.konicaminolta.com/about/releases/2011/0712_01_01.html
 Luminance
 Luminous efficiency
 Luminous flux
 Current
 Voltage
 Lifetime（LT50）
 Color temperature
 Size (L/W/T)
1,000 cd/m2
45 lm/W
12 lm
72 mA
3.6 V
8,000 hours
2,800 K
74 x 74 x 1.9 mm
Oops! CRI is missing?!
Little attention has been paid on low CT light
sources until lately.
cold/warm-white
light for day
h
k k
t
m op
uu
q
s
r r q
j k
ns
2500 2000
q
gn
he
3000
i c l g
b
a
4000
d
6000
f
10000
1500
Little attention has been paid on low CT light
sources until lately.
k k
IV
non-white light
for night
V
II
p
t
mo
uu
VII
q
1500
s
r
r
q
j k
III
ns
VI
VI
2500 2000 III
q
gn
IX
IX
e
h
3000
i c l g
VIII
b
a
4000
d
h
6000
f
10000
?
Reference: American National Standards Institute. 2008. American National Standard for
Electric Lamps: Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid State Lighting Products, ANSI
C78.377. Rosslyn, VA: National Electrical Manufacturers
安全夜用照明 低色溫OLED
• 光電特性：
23 lm/W, CRI 85, CT 1,900,
@ 100 cd/m2；
17 lm/W, CRI 85, CT 1,900,
@ 1,000 cd/m2。
• 4/5「超低色溫OLED光源
記者發表會」
Public hearing in Legislation Yuan on
Artificial light & risk of public health」
「
May 18, 2012
52
Fabrication of very low CT OLED
1
2
3
4
5
Sunset hue
- 2500K
Incandescent bulb - 2000-2875K
Candle
- 1800-2000K
Ideal low CT OLED - 1500K-2000K
Low CT principle - lesser blue
High Efficiency Low CT OLEDs with a Blend Interlayer
Strong orange
emssion
Weak blue
emssion
Jou et al, J. Mater. Chem.,
21, 17850, 2011
High Efficiency Low CT OLEDs with a Blend Interlayer
EQE(%)
PE (lm/W)
CE (cd/A)
CT (K)
Device
@ 100/1000 nits
I
17.4/17.2
30.8/25.6
40.6/39.9
1,840/1,860
II
8.8/5.1
12.0/5.7
20.0/11.7
2,240/2,780
III
22.7/20.8
36.0/29.1
53.8/49.5
1,880/1,940
IV
21.1/17.7
29.3/20.8
47.9/40.9
1,800/1,840
V
22.1/18.3
29.2/20.6
50.0/42.3
1,790/1,830
VI
17.2/18.8
28.6/30.0
36.2/39.8
1,760/1,770
VII
12.4/11.6
17.7/14.2
27.2/25.4
1,850/1,880
Jou et al, J. Mater. Chem.,
21, 17850, 2011
Importance of Very-High CRI
Monochromatic red provides no visual comfort
Importance of Very-High CRI
Incandescent bulb
Sodium lamp
lincostore.com
CRI
100
incandescent bulb
deluxe cool white fluorescent
metal halide
candle
80
metal halide
deluxe warm white fluorescent
day light fluorescent
60
cold white fluorescent
warm white fluorescent
coated mercury
40
20
high pressure sodium
clear mercury
0
1,000
2,000 3,000 4,000
5,000
6,000
Color temperature
7,000
8,000
Importance of Very-High CRI
Incandescent bulb
Sodium lamp
howmanycaloriesshouldieatadayinfo.com
Very-high CRI is required
to reflect the true colors of a given object
and hence provide visual comfort.
Importance of Very-High CRI
2200億
Fabrication of very-high CRI OLED
Sunlight-style continuous spectrum
At least 5 emitters
At least 2 emissive layers
Precise doping composition control
A new fabrication approach
Solvent Premixing Deposition Source
Taiwan patent I285061 U.S. patent: in pending
Unlimited number of emitters can be used
with precise doping concentration control.
üHigh-efficiency fluorescent white OLED (17.1 lm/W)
üHigh-efficiency orange-red OLED (44.8 cd/A)
üVery high CRI white OLED (Ra=98)
üSunlight-style color-temperature tunable OLED
1.
2.
3.
4.
APL, 88, 1 (2006)
OE, 8, 735 (2007)
OE, 8, 29 (2007)
APL, 92, 223504 (2008)
5.
6.
7.
8.
AFM, 18, 121 (2008)
APL, 92, 193314 (2008)
APL, 95, 013307 (2009)
APL, 96, 143306 (2010)
Fabrication of very-high OLED
Single EML
Double EMLs
w Interlayer
J. Jou et al, Org. Elec.
12 (5): 865-8, 2011
Fabrication of very-high OLED
w a 2.5 nm
Interlayer
@ 1000 nits :
J. Jou et al, Org. Elec.
12 (5): 865-8, 2011
Fabrication of very-high OLED
EML
with
different
EML
with three
three different
hostshosts
2.8
2.8
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.4
LiF/
LiF/AlAl
4.3
4.3
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.4
Spiro-QDPAP: (2.8, 5.4)
ER55: (2.8, 5.1)
Device
2.7
2.7
TPBi
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.8
DPASN
5.1
5.1
2.1
2.1
BANE
ITO
ITO
5.2
5.2
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.8
MDP3FL
PEDOT: PSS
2.3
2.3
EQE(%)
6.2
6.2
PE (lm/W)
CE (cd/A)
CT (K)
CRI
@ 100/1000 nits
I
5.8/ 4.3
13.0/ 8.0
12.8/ 10.1
2504/ 2552
78/ 77
II
6.4/ 5.3
11.9/ 7.6
11.9/ 10.1
1773/ 1830
87/ 87
III
4.6/ 3.6
7.1/ 4.1
7.3/ 5.7
1445/ 1553
81/ 82
IV
4.5/ 4.0
8.7/ 5.9
11.4/ 10.2
2450/ 2500
63/ 63
V
4.3/ 3.8
5.9/ 3.9
8.9/ 8.0
1952/ 1980
84/ 84
VI
3.1/ 2.7
3.6/ 2.5
5.3/ 4.9
1447/ 1631
78/ 83
Jou et al, Org. Elec.,
DOI10.1016/j.orgele.2012.
03.035
conclusion
A good light source should be
physiologically- and psychologically-friendly,
besides energy-saving.
The light for use at night should be
different from that at work during the day.
The ideal night light should be dimmer
ones with low CT or blue-emission free, as
pointed out by many medical research reports.
conclusion
Short wavelength free light sources with
high CRI are highly demanded to be an ideal LAN to
safeguard health, and meanwhile, provide visual
comfort.
OLEDs with very-low CT and high CRI are
obtainable, which plausibly are the best lighting
measures ever for illumination at night.
acknowledgement
Thank
You for Your Attention!
Chou, Yi-Chieh
Dr. S.M. Shen
Wang, Tsi-Ching
Wu, Po-Hsian
Dr. M. H. Wu
Peng, Hsian-HaoChen, Tsu-Hao Wang, Yi-Shan Lin, Chun-Hao Tang, Ming-Chun Chen, Pin-Chu
Dr. C. C. Chen, Dr. C. C. Wang, MSRL-ITRI, NSC, MEA