This Online Learning Seminar is
available through a professional
courtesy provided by:
Life-Saving Design:
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Johnsonite
16910 Munn Road
Chagrin Falls, OH 44023
Tel: 440-543-8916
Fax: 440-543-8920
Toll-Free: 1-800-899-8916
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.safe-t-first.com
Web: www.johnsonite.com
Getting Started
START
Click on the start button
to begin this course
START
© 2004 Johnsonite. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by
Johnsonite and remains their property. Questions or concerns about the content of this course should be
directed to the program instructor.
©2004
powered by
Slide 1 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Life-Saving Design: Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Presented By:
Sharon Folliard
Johnsonite
16910 Munn Road
Chagrin Falls, OH 44023
Description:
Provides an overview of current workplace safety issues and
ways in which photoluminescent low location egress-routing
systems can enhance life-safety. Discusses photoluminescent
system components, technology, applications and costs.
AIA/CES Info:
Provider No. J624 – Course No. AEC031; LUs – 2.00
IIDA Info:
Course No. 4728; CEU’s – 0:1
MCE Info:
Contact your respective governmental licensing & regulatory
agency. This program qualifies for HSW credit.
Expiration date:
November 30, 2005
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional registration. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or AEC Daily Corporation of any material or construction or any method or
manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and
services should be directed to the program instructor.
Continue
©2004
Slide 2 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
How to use this Online Learning Course
•
Read and review the material contained in this seminar.
•
Some slides may contain additional Instructor comments. To view these
comments, double-click on the
icon. Then, click on the comment window to
scroll through the text.
•
To view this presentation, use the previous/next keys on each slide or the up and
down arrow keys on your keyboard.
•
Within this course is a code word that you will be required to enter in order to
proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to write down this code
word so that you have it available for the test.
•
To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at
the end of the seminar.
•
For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos
and icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 3 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Learning Objectives
Upon completing this course, you will have a better understanding of:
•
Common threats to the safety and welfare of employees and building occupants
•
The needs and concerns of clients aiming to surpass minimum code requirements
•
How photoluminescence differs from traditional "glow-in-the-dark" materials
•
How photoluminescent technology can be integrated into interior design schemes
•
The components of photoluminescent low location egress routing systems
•
How to convey the benefits of egress-wayfinding systems to your clients
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 4 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 5 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Introduction
•
•
•
Unintentional workplace injuries cost
businesses money. They result in lost
hours, decreased productivity, and
higher liability exposure.
What is sometimes overlooked is
the human cost involved. Behind
every statistic is a real person with
real pain and suffering.
Some of the following statistics offer
insight into why it is so important for
facility managers to look beyond
minimum life-safety standards.
Previous
©2004
In 2001, the direct cost of
unintentional workplace injuries
was $517 billion. What was the
total cost when lost quality of
life is factored in?
a)
$575 billion
b)
$650 billion
c)
$1.7 trillion
d)
$2.3 trillion
National Safety Council, 2002 Injury Facts Report
Next
Slide 6 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Slips & Falls
•
•
•
Everyday slips and falls are far more
serious and costly to companies than
corporate executives tend to realize.
Slip and falls are the second leading
cause of disabling workplace injuries,
yet they are perceived by executives
to be only the seventh most costly.
This misperception is disconcerting
given that companies have a tendency
to implement only those safeguards
required by law or cost implication.
Rank
Causes of Disabling Workplace
Injuries Ranked by Direct Costs
1
Overexertion
2
Falls on same level
3
Bodily reaction
4
Falls to lower level
5
Being struck by an object
6
Repetitive motion
7
Highway accidents
8
Being struck against an object
9
Caught in or compressed by equipment
10
Contact with temperature extremes
Liberty Mutual 2002 Workplace Safety Index
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 7 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Slips & Falls Cont'd…
•
•
•
A closer look at the survey reveals
that three of the ten categories, in
fact three of the top four, are all
related to slips and falls.
"Falls on same level" and "falls to
lower level" are straightforward and
involve ordinary slips, trips, and falls.
The "bodily reaction" category refers
to injuries that occur due to excessive
strain on the musculoskeletal system
in an effort to avoid the fall.
Rank
Causes of Disabling Workplace
Injuries Ranked by Direct Costs
1
Overexertion
2
Falls on same level
3
Bodily reaction
4
Falls to lower level
5
Being struck by an object
6
Repetitive motion
7
Highway accidents
8
Being struck against an object
9
Caught in or compressed by equipment
10
Contact with temperature extremes
Liberty Mutual 2002 Workplace Safety Index
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 8 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Slips & Falls Cont'd…
•
•
•
The statistics at right are staggering,
given that they are related to what
seem like simple, everyday accidents.
Another thing to think about is the
overall aging of America, as well as
the fact that more elderly individuals
experience serious slips and falls.
As of 2000, there were an estimated
35 million individuals aged 65 or
older in the U.S. and this number is
expected to double by the year 2030.
Slips and falls are the second leading
cause of accidental death, accounting
for more than 13,000 deaths annually.
Falls on the same level account for
11.5% of total direct costs of workplace
injuries, or $4.6 billion nationwide.
Approximately 278,500 injuries
in the workplace are attributed to slips
and falls on floors and ground surfaces.
More than 1 in 5 lost time injuries
involve slips or falls. The average time
away from work after a fall is 4 weeks.
National Safety Council, 2002 Injury Facts Report;
Liberty Mutual 2002 Workplace Safety Index
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 9 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Fire Safety
•
•
•
Unfortunately, changes to workplace
and safety regulations often come
about as a result of tragic events.
Mining disasters galvanized support
for the Mining Safety Act. The sinking
of the Titanic resulted in a number of
maritime safety regulations.
Similarly, the infamous 1942 fire at
the Cocoanut Grove nightclub in
Boston led to several building code
changes for restaurants and clubs.
Which of the following building
code(s) were established as a
result of the Cocoanut Grove
nightclub fire in 1942?
a) Swinging doors adjacent to all
revolving doors
b) Revolving doors that fold flat
for pass-through to the outside
c) "Panic" bars on swinging doors
d) All of the above
National Safety Council, 2002 Injury Facts Report
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 10 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Fire Safety Cont'd…
•
On the evening of November 28, 1942, a fire started in the basement of the
Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Boston and spread rapidly through the building.
A total of 492 people lost their lives and many others were seriously injured.
•
The main doorway was blocked by a revolving door, which quickly jammed with
some 200 of the victims piled up behind it. Another 100 victims piled up behind
a door swinging the wrong way, which blocked access to the outside doorway.
A number of exit doors were also locked, preventing evacuation of the building.
•
This tragedy resulted in the NFPA Building Exits Code, which prohibits revolving
doors as exits in places of assembly and requires swinging doors adjacent to or
within 20' of revolving doors in other occupancies. In addition, revolving doors
must "fold flat" to allow for direct pass-through, and swinging exit doors must
be equipped with "panic" bars.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 11 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Fire Safety Cont'd…
•
•
This list shows the terrible reality
of what can happen when disaster
strikes in places like restaurants,
nightclubs, and dance halls where
large groups of people assemble.
These instances—not all of which
happened so long ago—are even
more on the national consciousness
since the tragic nightclub fire in West
Warwick, RI, in which 97 people
perished in February of last year.
Previous
©2004
Deadly Club and Dance Hall Fires –
A History that Continues Today
Rhythm Nightclub, MI (1940) – 198 dead
Cocoanut Grove, MA (1942) – 492 dead
Upstairs Bar, LA (1973) – 32 dead
Gulliver’s Disco, NY (1974) – 24 dead
Puerto Rican Club, NY (1976) – 25 dead
Beverly Hills Club, MA (1977) – 165 dead
Happy Land Club, NY (1990) – 87 dead
The Station, RI (2003) – 97 dead
Next
Slide 12 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Fire Safety Cont'd…
•
According to the NFPA, there were
126,000 fires in the commercial sector
in 2000, resulting in 90 deaths, 2,200
injuries, and $2.8 billion in losses.
•
The NFPA cites electrical failure as
the second-leading cause of fires in
commercial buildings.
•
Surprisingly, old and new buildings
were equally at risk due to wiring not
designed to handle "power-hungry"
computers, air conditioners, photocopiers, and security systems.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 13 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Fire Safety Cont'd…
•
•
•
Research from the NRC has shown
that people in a burning building are
most likely to be killed or injured in
hallways and stairwells.
Given what we know about how
people tend to ignore instructions
and evacuate a building as quickly
as possible, this is not surprising.
Nonetheless, the fact remains that
anything that can be done to improve
emergency wayfinding and egress
systems should be done.
Previous
©2004
Where in a burning
building are people the most
likely to be injured or killed?
a) Room where the fire originates
b) In closets or other hiding places
c) In hallways or stairwells
d) Rooms next to point of origin
NRC Institute for Research in Construction
Next
Slide 14 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
•
•
•
In many cases, there is a significant
"lag time" between an obvious safety
need and the relevant standards and
regulations becoming codified.
For instance, sprinklers, which were
first invented in 1874 did not become
code until 1958—over 80 years later.
Prior to that, installation of sprinkler
systems was primarily driven by
insurance savings, which could pay
back the cost in a few years time.
Previous
©2004
A Brief History of
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
1874 – Sprinklers first invented by Henry
Parmalee to protect his piano factory.
1900s to 1940s – Sprinklers installed
almost exclusively for the protection
of warehouses and factories.
1958 – Automatic sprinkler systems
finally become code, over 80 years
after the technology became available.
Next
Slide 15 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Cont'd…
•
Unfortunately, even established codes aren't always enough to guarantee lifeprotection safeguards, as evidenced by the tragic fire that took place at Seton
Hall University in 2000.
•
As the fire broke out, thick black smoke enveloped the building almost instantly.
Three students died and 62 were injured. Fire sprinklers had never been installed
in the dorms due to a grandfather clause from earlier construction methods.
•
Later, one survivor described his experience: "It was so extremely dark from the
smoke. I can’t even explain how dark it was." He added, "As soon as I left the
door of my room, I lost my [roommate]. That was the last time I saw Frank." It’s
sad, but more importantly, it didn’t have to happen.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 16 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Power Failures & Blackouts
•
•
•
Power failures and blackouts are
another example of the fact that
there are no "foolproof" systems
or "100% safeguards".
A total of 61,800 megawatts of
electrical power were lost over an
area covering 50 million people.
More than a simple inconvenience,
blackouts can be very unsettling and
disorienting for people unsure of
whether to wait or leave a building.
When large areas or entire cities
are affected, the chaos that occurs
can become even more dangerous.
Previous
©2004
2003 Blackout
August 14, 2003
Major cities affected included
Cleveland, Detroit, New York,
Ottawa, and Toronto.
A trio of failed power lines south of
Cleveland and a broken alarm system
that didn't warn of failure lead to the
largest power outage in history.
Next
Slide 17 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Power Failures & Blackouts Cont'd…
•
•
•
Like fires, power failures involve
many people trying to get out of a
building at the same time.
Statistics show that both major and
minor power failures are common.
Any blackout can be serious if no
emergency backup system exists.
This is especially true given that
less than one major power outage
per year lasts for less than one hour
(American Public Power Association).
How many power outages
or blackouts occurred in
the U.S. in the last year?
a) Fewer than 500
b) Between 500 and 1,000
c) Between 1,000 and 2,000
d) Between 2,000 and 3,000
e) Greater than 3,000
North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 18 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Workplace Safety
Power Failures & Blackouts Cont'd…
•
•
•
In the first four months of 2002,
four different states experienced
major blackouts due to extreme
weather conditions and vandalism.
Power outages can be caused by
any one of a number of reasons,
including human error, equipment
failure, terrorism—the list is endless.
As evidenced by these statistics,
power outages can last for days. The
longer the lights are off, the more
nervous and fearful people become.
Previous
©2004
Power Outages and Blackouts
in the first four months of 2002
Oklahoma: 1.8 million affected
for 7 days; caused by ice storm
Missouri: 95,000 people affected
for 10 days; caused by ice storm
Michigan: 190,000 people affected
for 2.5 days; caused by severe storms
Arizona: thousands affected
for 2 days; caused by vandalism
Next
Slide 19 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 20 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
February 26, 1993
•
•
•
In 1993, the World Trade Center met
all the necessary codes: lighted exit
signs were located above all exits and
backup power systems were installed.
When a bomb exploded in the
parking garage, all power failed and
the ensuing damage knocked out the
backup generator.
The result was a building, designed
to hold more than 250,000 occupants,
with no power, no emergency exit
lighting and filling up with smoke.
Previous
©2004
How long did it take people
to evacuate the buildings after
the 1993 bombing of the
World Trade Center?
a)
2 hours
b)
4 hours
c)
6 hours
d)
8 hours
Next
Slide 21 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Evacuating the Buildings
•
By official accounts, it took six hours to evacuate the World Trade Center, but
some accounts put the total time as long as eight hours. Either way, that's an
incredibly long time to get people to safety.
•
One of the primary reasons it took so long to evacuate the buildings is that
people had to crawl on their hands and knees, in total darkness, to stairwells
that were dark, as well as crowded.
•
Most injuries that occurred in this disaster were not caused by the explosion,
smoke, or fire, but rather were compression injuries–what happens when people
who cannot see where they are going trample one another.
•
What might have happened if the stairwells had been better illuminated? In all
likelihood, it would have reduced the panic and disorientation.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 22 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
From Tragedies Emerge Better Ways
The World Trade Center bombings in 1993 resulted in six deaths and hundreds of
injuries. Following the attack, the Port Authority made several crucial improvements
that would later save countless lives.
•
•
•
•
After improvements, each tower had three evacuation stairwells, rather than
two as required by code.
Lighting and signage were improved throughout the buildings.
Photoluminescent paint was applied to stairs, railings, and stairwell doors.
Bright arrows were added to guide people along corridors to stairways.
One of the key improvements was the use of a low-location, photoluminescent
routing system. The building management decided that it was the only egressrouting system that couldn’t fail and, in effect, they were right.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 23 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Photoluminescent System
•
These images show employees of
the World Trade Centre applying
photoluminescent paint to the stairs
about a year after the bombing.
•
The first image shows how the steps
are masked and the primer applied.
The second shows the finished stair,
after a clear coat is applied
•
Note how the landings are marked
with a directional guide from one
flight of stairs to the next. The hand
rails have also been painted with
photoluminescent paint.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 24 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
September 11, 2001
•
•
•
The events of 9/11 ushered in a new
and undeniable era. That which was
previously unimaginable must now
be planned for.
While we all mourn the nearly 3,000
lives that were lost that terrible day,
it is an incredible fact that so many
were able to successfully escape.
So many more souls might have been
lost without the extra stairwells and
photoluminescent systems that were
installed following the 1993 attack.
Previous
©2004
What percentage of office
workers below the points of
impact successfully escaped the
World Trade Center on 9/11?
a)
65%
b)
74%
c)
87%
d)
99%
Next
Slide 25 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Evacuating the Buildings
•
In stark contrast to the 6 to 8 hours taken to evacuate the buildings in 1993,
more than 99% of the people below the points of impact were able to evacuate
the buildings in less than 1 hour, 42 minutes and 5 seconds—the time between
the first attack and the collapse of the second building.
•
However, it is important to note that despite the safety improvements and the
heightened awareness following the 1993 bombing, people still ignored the
"protect-in-place" instructions and evacuated by stairwell.
•
People who live or work in high-rise buildings are often instructed to stay put
until a PA announcement or emergency responder instructs them to evacuate.
As evidenced on September 11th, many people ignored those directions and fled
the building. Thankfully, the improvements made by the Port Authority allowed
so many to successfully evacuate.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 26 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Evacuating the Buildings Cont'd…
•
In fact, there were several reports
about how the photoluminescent
routing system assisted people who
were evacuating the buildings.
•
One survivor reported that they had
relied on the system to navigate past
a dark, smoke-filled section of the
stairwell in the general impact zone.
•
Another survivor recounted: "I could
just make out a glowing, luminescent
stripe on the steps. There was never
any doubt in my mind about which
way to go…down."
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 27 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Safety & Security After 9/11
•
•
•
Since 9/11, there has been a vast
movement toward building and
occupant safety and security.
Numerous organizations have put
in place educational and training
initiatives in an effort to increase
awareness of these issues.
From the AIA and the IIDA, to the
IFMA and the NFPA, agencies are
working to bring more attention to
public safety and welfare, including
egress and fire safety.
Previous
©2004
"A 'new normal'?
Defining that will be our
industry’s next challenge.”
Linda K. Monroe
Buildings Magazine
"We are experiencing a
fundamental shift in priorities
…from desire to need."
Cindy Coleman
Perspective Magazine
Next
Slide 28 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Safety & Security After 9/11 Cont'd…
•
The AIA established the "Building Security through Design Resource Center"
and primer and, together with the National Society for Professional Engineers, is
working with the FBI to report unusual or suspicious requests for building plans.
•
The NFPA has conducted fire safety seminars across the country and the IFMA
produced a report entitled "Addressing the Threat of Terrorism". IFMA studies
have shown that 9 out of 10 facility managers have reassessed their security
measures since 9/11.
•
Other organizations include the Infrastructure Security Partnership, which
consists of over 40 organizations working toward citizen security, the Council
on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, which publishes guidebooks on safety
enhancements for building owners and designers, and the Skyscraper Safety
Campaign founded by families of the World Trade Center victims.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 29 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
The World Trade Center
Safety & Security After 9/11 Cont'd…
•
Regulation has found its way into
the interior design field, with the
formation of IIDA’s Government
and Regulatory Affairs Committee
•
One of the committee's goals is
"to advocate for, to protect, and to
serve the practice of public safety
and welfare in interior design."
•
Compliance responsibilities are tied
to safety and health requirements of
interiors, such as air quality, effective
lighting, ergonomics, sustainability,
accessibility, fire safety, and egress.
Previous
©2004
“Recognizing this expanded
role in the public welfare bears
a responsibility. As our world
becomes more complex, technical
and litigious, each profession
must take responsibility for
regulating its practitioners.”
International Interior
Design Association
Next
Slide 30 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 31 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Introduction
•
Photoluminescent low location
egress-routing systems are able to
provide a continuous, illuminated
escape pathway to safety.
•
These systems help to ensure the
safe, orderly, and expeditious
evacuation of building occupants
in the event of an emergency.
•
Capable of showing the entire exit
course, photoluminescent systems
can help keep occupants oriented,
minimizing panic and injury.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 32 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Egress Tendencies
•
In today's era of increased concern
and anxiety about safety, employees
want to know more about the
security of their work environment.
•
It is important to remember that
human nature causes many people
to act against advice and ignore
"protect-in-place" instructions.
•
Life-safety is all about providing
alternatives. It is the responsibility
of designers and builders to plan
and facilitate accordingly.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 33 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Egress Tendencies Cont'd…
•
When the lights go out, people first
become disoriented (psychological
reaction) and then begin to panic
(behavioral reaction).
•
In this situation, walking 30 to 40
yards can take 5 to 10 times longer
depending on how many barriers or
corners there are to negotiate.
•
The immediate illumination that
is provided by a low location photoluminescent system quickly addresses
disorientation and reduces panic.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 34 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Importance of Low Location Lighting
•
It is important to note that photoluminescent egress-routing systems
incorporate low location illumination
close to the floor for added visibility.
•
Many emergency situations, such
as blackouts, natural disasters, and
man-made disasters, involve fire
and substantial amounts of smoke.
•
Because smoke rises, it can obscure
traditional emergency lighting and
above-door exit signs, while low
location illumination remains visible.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 35 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Integration with Design
•
Photoluminescent technology
does not have to compete with
design. With general room lighting,
it becomes a benign part of the
interior design scheme.
•
Photoluminescent materials are
available in a wide range of floor
and wall products that can be used
individually or as a complete system.
•
These systems integrate seamlessly
with the environment, while creating
a much safer place for your clients’
employees or building occupants.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 36 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Disadvantages of Other Emergency Backup Systems
Central Emergency Backup Systems
Single Lamp / Battery Backup Systems
•
Risk of total or partial failure due to loose
connections, technical defects, oxidations,
interruptions, damaged lamps, fuses, etc.
•
Partial system failure possible as a result
of mechanical damage to lamps or reduced
battery life at low temperatures.
•
Limited fuel supply for generator and/or
limited battery capacity means that backup
systems only operate for limited time.
•
Emergency lamps are often large and
must be installed at a height where they
are easily obscured by smoke.
•
High cost to install (especially in retrofit
situations) and high cost to maintain. Even
with regular checks, backup systems
cannot be 100% foolproof.
•
A single lamp is typically insufficient to
properly light a stairway for egress. Glare
can make it difficult for evacuees to see
and recognize objects in their path.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 37 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Applications
All public, commercial, and industrial use buildings are candidates for low-location
photoluminescent egress-routing systems, whether they involve new construction,
retrofitting or building renovation. Common applications include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Financial & Banking
Health Care
Hospitality
Insurance
Utilities
Wholesale & Retail
Manufacturing
Telecommunications
Consumer Products
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Previous
©2004
Energy & Mining
Educational
Governmental
Research
Transportation
Auditoriums & Theaters
Military Installations
Subway Systems
Mass Transit Systems
Next
Slide 38 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Corporate Installations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chase Manhattan Bank
CNN Center
DuPont
Estee Lauder
IMAX Theaters
MCI
New York City Transit Authority
Proctor & Gamble
Random House
Universal Studios
Wachovia Bank
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 39 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Health Care Installations
•
St Luke's Presbyterian Hospital
•
Veterans Administration Hospitals
•
Riverdale Hospital
•
Bethany Care
•
Albany Medical Center
•
Phoenix Children’s Hospital
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 40 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Higher Education Installations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cincinnati State University
Kent State University
Loyola University
State University of New York
Trinity University
University of Cincinnati
University of Georgia
University of Wisconsin
Vermont College
Washington & Jefferson University
Wright State University
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 41 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Growing Recognition
A number of organizations and industries have shown a growing recognition of the
safety benefits of photoluminescent low-location egress-routing systems.
•
Underwriters Laboratories: UL 924 "Emergency Lighting and Power Equipment"
has certified that photoluminescent exit signs may replace traditional exit signs
following local fire department approval.
•
International Maritime Organization: The IMO requires photoluminescent exit
signs and low location photoluminescent path markings on all passenger ships.
•
American Public Transportation Association: The APTA also requires photoluminescent emergency exit signs and path markings on all commuter trains
•
Airline Companies: There has been growing recognition of the benefits of
photoluminescent systems, particularly by European airline companies.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 42 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Growing Recognition Cont'd…
Until recently, the United States has been slow to embrace photoluminescent egress
systems, while many countries, particularly in Europe, have adopted this life-saving technology.
•
Germany: Although not required to by law, Germany (and other European countries) has
adopted the DIN 67510 standard for low location photoluminescent systems.
•
England: The Webber Study showed that a properly installed photoluminescent system will
improve the flow and speed of exit in an emergency situation.
•
Norway: The IGP AS study from showed that the presence of a photoluminescent system
enabled the participants to exit in a quicker and more orderly manner.
•
Japan: Incorporated the use of photoluminescent materials and egress-routing systems into
their building code requirements.
•
United States: Proposed changes to the New York City Building Code and Fire Prevention
Code include the requirement of photoluminescent signs on doors leading to exits and
markings in exit stairs.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 43 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Systems
Growing Recognition Cont'd…
•
•
Given the benefits of photoluminescent systems, it is surprising
that no U.S. building codes (with the
exception of recent discussion in New
York) require their use.
It is important to think about why
something as reliable and relatively
inexpensive is not yet codified so
that more lives are saved.
Which NFPA 5000 building code
dictates the use of supplemental
photoluminescent inserts for
egress-wayfinding systems?
a) Code 4.2.2.1
b) Code 5.9.1
c) Code 5.10.1.3
d) Code 6.2.2
•
Like automatic sprinklers, there
seems to be a "lag time" between
available technology and relevant
standards becoming codified.
Previous
©2004
e) None of the above
Next
Slide 44 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 45 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Introduction
•
•
It is important not to confuse
photoluminescent technology with
other "glow-in-the-dark" materials.
For instance, glow-in-the-dark
stickers and glow sticks only provide
light for a short period of time.
Photoluminescent technology
is the same technology that…?
a) Makes stickers glow-in-the-dark
b) Makes "glow sticks" glow
c) Makes my wristwatch light up
•
Photoluminescent materials, on the
other hand, are able to provide long
lasting luminance, without losing
their ability to recharge.
Previous
©2004
d) None of the above
Next
Slide 46 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
"Glow-in-the-Dark" Materials
•
Glow-in-the-Dark Stickers: "Glow-in-the-dark" stickers are made of phosphorous
and magnesium. These materials will eventually fade and lose their ability to
recharge in the presence of a light source. These materials can also "flash burn"
if exposed to an open flame.
•
Glow Sticks: Glow sticks rely on a chemical reaction between butanol, dimethyl
phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and hydrogen peroxide to provide light. While they
can provide bright light for a short time, they quickly fade.
•
Glowing Wristwatch: Wristwatch dials glow due to the presence of radium, a
highly radioactive metallic element with a half-life of more than 1,600 years.
Radium is also used in cancer treatment, as a neutron source in research projects
and a component of some luminescent paints.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 47 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Photoluminescent Materials
•
Photoluminescent materials use
strontium aluminate crystals to
absorb and store light energy, which
is emitted as a "yellow-green" glow.
•
When fully charged, by fluorescent,
incandescent or filtered natural light,
these materials can provide up to ten
hours of luminance.
•
These materials are completely
natural, non-toxic, non-radioactive
and can be recharged repeatedly
and indefinitely.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 48 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Photoluminescence Standards
ASTM has established several standards to help architects and specification writers
differentiate between "glow-in-the-dark" and true photoluminescent materials:
•
ASTM E2072-00: "Standard Specification for Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent)
Safety Markings" requires safety markings to emit at least 20 millicandela per
square meter after 10 minutes in dark, and 2.8 millicandela after 60 minutes.
•
ASTM E2073-02: "Standard Test Method for Photopic Luminance of Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent) Markings" outlines procedures for testing and
recording findings regarding the luminance of photoluminescent markings.
•
ASTM E2030-02: "Guide for Recommended Uses of Photoluminescent
(Phosphorescent) Safety Markings" describes recommended uses and provides
information on the installation of photoluminescent safety markings.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 49 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Measuring Luminance
•
Luminance is a measure of the brightness of an illuminated area or light source
as perceived by the human eye. The luminance of a photoluminescent product
can be measured both for initial brightness and brightness over time (longevity).
•
The luminance discharge curve on the next slide shows the luminance of rubber
stair tread products over time. Luminance (in millicandellas per meter squared) is
shown on the vertical axis and time (in minutes) is shown on the horizontal axis.
•
Measurements of longevity are made down to a threshold of 100 times the
perception of light by the human eye when fully adapted to darkness. This
represents the point at which it becomes harder to see the illuminated product.
Please remember the word LUMINANCE. You will be required to enter it in order to
proceed with the online examination.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 50 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Measuring Luminance Cont'd…
Rubber Stair Tread Luminance Discharge Curve
Luminance (mcd/m²)
50
25
= Advanced Photoluminescent Product
= Standard Photoluminescent Product
10
5
10 hours
ASTM Standard (2.8 mcd/m² @ 1 hour)
1
0
000 060
DIN Minimum (0.32 mcd/m²)
120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660
Time (mins)
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 51 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Technology
Adaptability of the Human Eye
•
The human eye is highly adaptable,
increasing its sensitivity to light by
10,000 times after only 20 minutes.
Adaptation of the Human
Eye to Darkness Over Time
10 times after 2 minutes
•
•
The human eye is most sensitive to
yellow-green light, the same color
emitted by photoluminescent crystals.
While the light intensity of photoluminescent crystals will decrease over
time, the eye's increase in sensitivity
to light easily compensates for this.
Previous
©2004
100 times after 6 minutes
1,000 times after 12 minutes
10,000 times after 20 minutes
100,000 times after 10 hours
American Ophthalmologic Society
Next
Slide 52 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 53 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
Introduction
Photoluminescent egress routing systems
are comprehensive systems that include a
variety of components, such as:
•
•
•
•
Wall Base & Corner Guards
Stair Treads & Stair Nosings
Paints, Tapes & Self-Stick Strips
Signage & Disk Inserts
These and other components work
together as a system to guide occupants
and provide an uninterrupted pathway
to safety.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 54 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
System Components
A. Carpet Cove Cap
B. Signage & Path Markers
C. Rubber Wall Base
D. Vinyl Floor Tile
E. Photoluminescent Paints
F. Disk Inserts
G. Hand Rail
H. Stair Treads
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 55 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
System Components Cont'd…
I. Tactile Warning Strip
J. Guidance Strip
K. Vinyl Stair Nosings
L. Custom Evacuation Plan
M. Epoxy Casting Resin
N. Tapes & Self-Stick Strips
O. Vinyl Corner Guards
P. Floor Indicator Signage
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 56 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
Wall Base & Corner Guards
•
Rubber wall base is co-extruded
with a strip of photoluminescent
material. The cove base provides a
continuous and uninterrupted low
location pathway indicator that
points the way to safety.
•
Vinyl corner bumper guards are
flexible and will not crack, chip or
shrink. Corner bumper guards
provide a continuous luminous edge
band in order to help occupants
identify corners and passageways.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 57 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
Stair Treads & Stair Nosings
•
Stair treads are designed with a
clearly contrasting color inset strip,
which is a photoluminous strip for
added safety. The defined luminous
edges of the stair treads greatly
enhance visibility in darkened
conditions.
•
Vinyl stair nosings also incorporate
a co-extruded luminous strip to
improve visibility. Photoluminescent
stair nosings are suitable for new
construction or can be retrofitted to
carpeted or resilient-covered stairs.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 58 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
Paints, Tapes & Self-Stick Strips
•
Photoluminescent paints are typically
available in acrylic, polyurethane and
epoxy formulas, and may be applied
to virtually any interior surface in
order to provide photoluminescent
guidance routing.
•
Traditionally used to assist in marking
the edges of pathways and staircase
stringers, photoluminescent strips can
also be used to highlight doorways,
electrical and fire cabinets, or any
other critical equipment locations.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 59 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
Signage & Disk Inserts
•
Photoluminescent signs are available
in virtually any size, shape, color or
graphic style. Many signs comply with
ADA standards and are offered with
raised characters, universal graphics,
and with or without Braille dots.
•
Photoluminescent disks may be
inserted into raised round pattern
floor tile, providing the opportunity
to create a variety of safety guidance
patterns such as floor numbers, exit
markers or directional arrows.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 60 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
When the Lights Go Out…
People at (1) are guided through the door, along the corridor (2 & 3), through the
exit door to the landing (4), down to the ground level door (5) and out to safety.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 61 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
When the Lights Go Out Cont'd…
People at (6) are guided down the stairwell to the door (5) and exit to safety.
People in the garage area follow the path markers to the door (7) and out to safety.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 62 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent System Components
When the Lights Go Out Cont'd…
When the lights go out, the photoluminescent exit route becomes clear and helps
occupants find their way out by providing an uninterrupted pathway to safety.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 63 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 64 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Life Safety Costs
•
•
•
The IFMAs "Benchmarks" Research
Report (1997) indicates that the
mean for total annual facility costs is
$20.52 per rentable square foot.
a) $0.25 / rentable sq. ft.
Of this $20.52 per rentable square
foot, a mean of only $0.25 per
rentable square foot—less than
1.5%—is related to life safety costs.
In some service and manufacturing
industries, this figure is even lower,
with as little as $0.07 per rentable
square foot being spent of life safety.
Previous
©2004
How much do building
owners and facility managers
spend on life safety costs?
b) $2.00 / rentable sq. ft
c) $5.00 / rentable sq. ft
d) $7.50 / rentable sq. ft
International Facility Management Association
"Benchmarks" Research Report, 1997
Next
Slide 65 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Life Safety Costs Cont'd…
Life safety spending varies greatly between and within different types of industries.
Manufacturing
Respondents
$ / RSF
Services
Respondents
$ / RSF
Motor Vehicles
13
$0.13
Banking / Investment
11
$0.31
Chemicals
6
$0.19
Information Services
6
$0.16
Consumer Products
13
$0.16
Energy Utilities
13
$0.25
Computers
38
$0.52
Health Care
5
$0.16
Energy / Mining
5
$0.21
Insurance
10
$0.08
Other Manufacturing
6
$0.28
Professional Services
9
$0.07
Institutions
Respondents
$ / RSF
Trades / Retail
9
$0.22
Government
22
$0.15
Research
9
$0.47
Other Institutions
5
$0.08
Previous
©2004
SOURCE: 1997 IFMA Research Report #18. The International
Facility Management Association, IFMA, is a not-for-profit
group established to promote excellence in the management
of the work environment.
Next
Slide 66 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Photoluminescent System Costs
This diagram shows a typical office building installation with 10,000 rentable
square feet (RSF) of space. This space would typically require about 1,000 linear
feet of traditional wall base, 16 stair treads and directional "EXIT" signs.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 67 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Photoluminescent System Costs Cont'd…
A photoluminescent low location egress routing system for this space would
require about 200 linear feet of wall base, 16 stair treads and one or two signs to
mark the egress route. The incremental cost would be about $0.06 / RSF.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 68 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Cost Benefit Analysis
•
•
This table provides a good overview
of the potential savings of investing
in a photoluminescent low location
life safety system.
If we assume that the system results
in an incident reduction of one slip or
fall per year, the potential savings
are $21,500 annually.
Pre-Tax Savings Associated with
Systems that Improve Life-Safety*
Type of Savings
Amount
Average Cost of Claim
$13,000
Administrative Cost of Claim
$5,000
Insurance Costs
$1,000
Workers Compensation
$2,000
Lost Work Days
•
Keep in mind that this example does
not even take into account possible
liability and legal costs, which would
further increase potential savings.
Previous
©2004
Total Annual Pre-Tax Savings
$500
$21,500
* Based on a reduction of one slip or fall per year.
Next
Slide 69 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Return on Investment
•
•
•
This table shows the payback period
based on an initial investment of
$25,000 for a photoluminescent low
location egress-routing system.
Given potential annual savings of
$21,500, the payback period for a
photoluminescent system is less
than one and one half years.
Considering the potential savings,
rapid payback rate, and increased life
safety, the cost of installing a photoluminescent system is minimal.
Previous
©2004
Payback Period of Life Safety
System Based on EBITDA*
Year
Investment
Savings
0
$25,000
---
1
---
$21,500
2
---
$21,500
3
---
$21,500
4
---
$21,500
5
---
$21,500
* EBITDA refers to Earnings Before Interest, Tax,
Depreciation and Amortization.
Next
Slide 70 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
Incurring Costs to Save Costs—and Lives
•
•
•
Even though photoluminescent
systems are slightly more expensive
($0.06/RSF) than traditional systems,
the potential savings are huge.
Enhanced safety positively impacts
the health and welfare of employees,
and increases productivity by making
interiors safer and more comfortable.
Photoluminescent solutions can help
to redefine interior environments as
investments in human capital, not
merely operating expenses.
Previous
©2004
Incurring Costs to Save
Costs—and Lives
95% of executives believe that
workplace safety has a positive
impact on financial performance
61% of executives indicate that
their companies received $3 or
more in savings for each $1
spent improving safety.
2001 Liberty Mutual Executive
Survey of Workplace Safety
Next
Slide 71 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 72 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
Introduction
•
Earlier, we discussed the increased
attention that building owners and
companies are placing on the lifesafety of building occupants.
•
One such company is the Sun Life
Assurance Company of Canada. In
designing its new headquarters, Sun
Life made safety a top priority.
•
Although its new building was built
to all current fire and life-safety
codes, Sun Life set out to ensure an
even greater safety egress standard.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 73 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
Reasons for Investing in Life-Safety
•
•
•
Sun Life Assurance decided in invest
in a photoluminescent low location
egress-routing system for a number
of important reasons.
Primarily, Sun Life Assurance was
concerned about the protecting the
health, safety and welfare of their
tenants and employees.
In addition, they were concerned
with reducing their own insurance
premiums and protecting their
human and physical assets.
Previous
©2004
The Sun Life Assurance
Company invested in a photoluminescent egress system…?
a) Because they're nice folks
b) To improve life-safety
c) To reduce insurance premiums
d) To protect their assets
e) All of the above
Next
Slide 74 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
Photoluminescent System
•
Sun Life decided to install photoluminescent products on stair treads,
handrails and floor landings in all exit
stairwells in the entire building.
•
They also developed a detailed plan
of the building's safety elements (fire
equipment, sprinklers, generators) and
provided it to the fire department.
•
In the event of an emergency, the fire
chief has a detailed safety plan that
would allow the fire department to
proactively respond to the emergency.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 75 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
Photoluminescent System Cont'd…
•
When emergency personnel arrive at
the building, this system helps them to
easily identify areas of the building or
critical life-safety equipment.
•
In the darkness, the low-location
guidance pathway allows emergency
personnel to quickly enter the facility
to fight fires or assist with evacuations
•
More importantly, the system helps
firemen and other first responders
navigate through the building, saving
precious time and precious lives.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 76 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
Photoluminescent System Cont'd…
•
•
•
Now, in the event of a blackout
or fire, all exit routes are clearly
visible, ensuring safe egress from the
building to outside by all occupants.
4,720' of stair nosing per
stairwell x 2 = 9,440' total
This system is in addition to the
mandated code-required safety
systems that were installed and
provides added reassurance.
Sun Life has truly gone the extra
mile in providing state-of-the-art
low-location egress routing system
for their employees and tenants.
Previous
©2004
Photoluminescent Products Used
1,534' of handrail cover per
stairwell x 2 = 3,068' total
1,888' of cove base used on
landings x 2 = 3,776' total
120 evacuation plan signs and
120 floor number signs total
Next
Slide 77 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Sun Life Assurance Case Study
What Sun Life Has to Say…
"We're one step ahead on safety, should the situation arise. One never knows when
you're going to be faced with a situation as happened in New York or Oklahoma in
recent years. We certainly hope we don't have to face that scenario."
"As we go forward, we always try to make sure that, in the event of an emergency, we
have all the proper facilities in place to assist anybody who has to evacuate the building.
If there is something that is beyond Code or is not necessarily required by Code, and we
can add it to the building, as we have done, then we like to do that."
"The Fire Code and Building Code are just minimum standards. Since we are a
first-class building, we want to stay not only on top of that, but we also want to further
enhance the class of the building, and safety and security is just one part of that."
"The tenants who are now aware of the photoluminescent system are very
happy and feel much more secure in the event of an emergency."
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 78 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 79 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Workplace Safety
•
Unintentional workplace injuries cost businesses money. They result in lost
hours, decreased productivity, and higher liability exposure. Surprisingly, slips
and falls are the second leading cause of disabling workplace injuries.
•
Unfortunately, changes to life-safety regulations often come about as a result of
tragic events. In many cases, there is a significant "lag time" between available
technology and the relevant standards and regulations becoming codified.
•
Fires, power failures, and blackouts involve situations where many people are
trying to get out of a building at the same time. Without an adequate egressrouting system, people can quickly become disoriented and panicked.
•
Since the events of September 11th, there has been a vast movement toward
increased building safety and security. Company executives and employees are
more concerned with life-safety systems than ever before.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 80 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Photoluminescent Systems
•
Photoluminescent low location egress-routing systems are able to provide a
continuous, illuminated escape pathway to safety. These systems help to ensure
the safe, orderly, and expeditious evacuation of building occupants.
•
Photoluminescent products can be used to identify floor location numbers and
evacuation signage, illuminate stairs, doorways, and handrails, and highlight
access to critical equipment or controls.
•
Capable of showing the entire exit course, photoluminescent systems help
keep occupants oriented, minimizing panic and injury. These systems can also
help emergency personnel move through the building more quickly and easily.
•
Although there has been growing recognition of the life-safety benefits of
photoluminescent systems, the United States still lags behind other countries in
its acceptance and codification of this potentially life-saving technology.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 81 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Photoluminescent Technology
•
It is important not to confuse photoluminescent technology with other "glow-inthe-dark" materials, such as stickers, glow sticks, and wristwatches, which rely on
certain elements and chemical reactions to produce light.
•
Photoluminescent materials use crystals to absorb and store light energy emitted
as a "yellow-green" glow. When fully charged by fluorescent, incandescent, or
filtered natural light, these materials can provide up to ten hours of luminance.
•
These materials are completely natural, non-toxic, non-radioactive and can be
recharged repeatedly and indefinitely. Moreover, they are durable and nonelectrical, thus reducing maintenance costs and potential for system failure.
•
ASTM has established several standards to help architects and specification
writers differentiate between "glow-in-the-dark" and true photoluminescent
materials, including ASTM E2072-00, ASTM E2073-02, and ASTM E2030-02.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 82 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Photoluminescent Components
•
Photoluminescent egress routing systems are comprehensive systems that
include a variety of components, such as wall base, corner guards, stair treads
and nosings, paints, tapes, self-stick strips, disk inserts, and signage.
•
Photoluminescent paints are typically available in acrylic, polyurethane, and
epoxy formulas, and may be applied to virtually any interior surface in order to
provide photoluminescent guidance routing.
•
Photoluminescent signs are available in virtually any size, shape, color or
graphic style. Many signs comply with ADA standards and are offered with
raised characters, universal graphics, and with or without Braille dots.
•
Photoluminescent technology does not have to compete with design objectives.
Under general room lighting, these systems integrate seamlessly with the
environment, while creating a much safer place for building occupants.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 83 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Photoluminescent Cost Analysis
•
Research has indicated that the mean for total annual facility costs is $20.52 per
rentable square foot. Of this $20.52 per rentable square foot, a mean of only
$0.25 per rentable square foot—less than 1.5%—is related to life safety costs.
•
The amount spent on life safety costs varies between and within industries. For
example, in some service and manufacturing industries, as little as $0.07 per
rentable square foot is being spent of life safety systems.
•
Given a typical office building installation with 10,000 rentable square feet of
space, the incremental cost of installing 200 linear feet of photoluminescent wall
base, stair treads and exit signage would be approximately $0.06 / RSF.
•
With an initial investment of $25,000 and annual savings of $21,500, the payback
period for a photoluminescent system is less than one and one half years. The
potential savings in terms of human capital far outweigh any additional costs.
Previous
©2004
Next
Slide 84 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Why Architects and Designers Need to Think About Egress Routing
•
•
Many businesses are now diligently
pursuing emergency response and
business continuity plans. Not all
companies understand the value of
life-safety, but those that do will
appreciate consultants who bring
innovative solutions to the table.
Clients are increasingly seeking "valueadded" partnerships with architects
and designers. Thinking of life-safety
issues, such as egress routing, shows
that you are considering biggerpicture issues on behalf of your client.
Previous
©2004
“As building designs grow in
complexity…the ethical
implications of decisions
regarding safety, welfare and
health become more significant…
codes of conduct set minimum,
not maximum, performance
standards, and…standards rarely
keep up with the times.”
"Do the Right Thing"
Deborah Long
Perspectives, Spring 1998
Next
Slide 85 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Course Summary
Why Architects and Designers Need to Think About Egress Routing
•
•
As life-safety standards become more
stringent, architects and designers
need to begin to anticipate future
code requirements. Integrating lifesafety elements into the initial design
helps maintain the integrity of the
space and avoid costly retrofits.
Architects and designers can educate
their clients on the long-term costs
and benefits of photoluminescent
technology, including increased lifesafety, reduced maintenance costs,
and lower insurance premiums.
Previous
©2004
"Make no little plans. They
have no magic to stir men’s
blood…make big plans; aim
high in hope and work.”
Daniel Burnham
Chief Architect, Chicago Rebuilding Proposal
Following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871
Next
Slide 86 of 87
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Advanced Egress-Routing Systems
Conclusion of This Program
•
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered provider with the
AIA Continuing Education System. Credit earned upon
completion of this program will be reported to CES
Records for AIA members.
•
If you desire AIA/CES, CSI and/or state licensing
continuing education credits, please click on the button
below to commence your online examination. Upon
successful (80% or better) completion of the exam,
please print your Certificate of Completion.
•
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assistance,
please visit the Seminar Discussion Forum (click on the
link above and bookmark it in your browser).
•
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this
seminar, please let them know. Feel free to revisit the
AEC Daily web site to download additional programs
from the Online Learning Center.
©2004 Johnsonite. The material contained
in this course was researched, assembled,
and produced by Johnsonite and remains
their property. Questions or concerns about
this course should be directed to the
instructor.
Click Here To Take The Test
Previous
©2004
Exit
powered by
Slide 87 of 87