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Why Build With Steel? Utilizing LightGauge Steel Framing Systems
Dietrich Metal Framing
500 Grant St, Ste 2226
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Tel: 412-281-2805
Fax: 412-281-2965
Email:
[email protected]
Web: www.dietrichindustries.com
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©2005 Dietrich Metal Framing. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and
produced by Dietrich Metal Framing and remains their property. Questions or concerns about the content
of this course should be directed to the program instructor.
©2005
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Slide 1 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Utilizing Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Presented By:
Kathy Ashcom
Dietrich Metal Framing
500 Grant St, Ste 2226
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Description:
Provides an overview of how light-gauge, cold-formed steel
can be successfully utilized for various building applications.
Includes a discussion of system components and advantages
of light-gauge steel for architects, engineers, and owners.
AIA/CES Info:
Provider No. J624 – Course No. AEC037; LUs – 1.00
MCE Info:
Contact your respective governmental licensing and
regulatory agency. This program qualifies for HSW credit.
Expiration date:
February 28, 2006.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional registration. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or AEC Daily Corporation of any material or construction or any method or
manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and
services should be directed to the program instructor.
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Slide 2 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
How to use this Online Learning Course
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Slide 3 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Learning Objectives
Upon completing this course, you will have a better understanding of:
•
How light-gauge steel framing systems can benefit various building applications
•
The advantages of using light-gauge steel in low- to mid-rise construction
•
How light-gauge steel can be used in curtain walls and load-bearing walls
•
The types of components and connectors used in light-gauge floor framing
•
The advantages and disadvantages of light-gauge roof truss design options
•
The advantages of light-gauge steel for architects, engineers, and owners
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Slide 4 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Why Build With Steel?
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Slide 5 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Why Build With Steel?
Superior and Uniform Quality
•
Steel is roll-formed into precise, uniform shapes with exacting tolerances for
consistent material quality. There is no need for sorting (culling) or special
handling to inspect for crown.
•
Steel studs are straight. They don't warp, twist, bow, split or have knots, which
means straight walls, square corners, and doors and windows that open and
close properly.
•
Steel is dimensionally stable and won't shrink like wood, eliminating nail
popping, wall cracking or floor squeaking. Moreover, steel does not rot,
promote mold or mildew, and is impermeable to termites, vermin, and insects.
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Slide 6 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Why Build With Steel?
Strength and Versatility
•
Steel has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios of any building material.
Because of its strength, steel construction requires fewer framing members with
wider on-center spacing, reducing material and labor costs.
•
Steel framing can weigh substantially less than traditional building materials,
such as masonry and concrete. Stick for stick, steel can weigh up to 50% less
than lumber. Because steel framing lightens structures, foundation requirements
are reduced and the need for pilings is often reduced or eliminated.
•
Steel can adapt to almost any application and works well independently or in
combination with other structural systems. Light-gauge steel framing can reach
spans far greater than traditional or engineered lumber, allowing for larger
open spaces, taller walls, and more flexible floor plans.
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Slide 7 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Why Build With Steel?
Environmental Benefits
•
Steel offers builders an environmentally friendly alternative to wood. There is
little waste when using steel framing materials and builders can reduce their
disposal costs and divert more material from local landfills.
•
Steel framing helps maintain good indoor air quality by resisting mold spores
that can lead to chronic illness and eliminating the off-gassing from the resins,
adhesives, and chemicals normally used for wood construction. Individuals who
are chemically sensitive or susceptible to asthma are exposed to fewer toxins in a
steel-framed building.
•
Steel is 100% recyclable and considered a green building material. Because steel
framing materials contain, on average, 67% recycled steel, their use can be a
significant contributor to the LEED certification process.
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Slide 8 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Market Opportunities
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Slide 9 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Market Opportunities
Introduction
•
Light-gauge steel is an excellent
building material for a wide variety
of sectors, including hospitality,
multifamily, and educational.
•
Light-gauge steel is particularly
suited for low-rise and mid-rise
construction applications.
•
Regardless of the project, using
light-gauge steel can help reduce
building costs, increase productivity,
and improve building quality.
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©2005
Light-Gauge Applications
Hospitality
Assisted Living
Educational
Retail / Commercial
Multifamily
Public Structures
Religious Buildings
Low-Rise / Mid-Rise
Next
Slide 10 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Market Opportunities
Market Opportunities
•
The graph on the following slide provides an indication of the preliminary
contract value of construction projects in 2004 (in billions) across various
construction segments, such as Retail, Education, and Health Care.
•
The graph shows that Education is the largest building segment, with a
preliminary contract value of 43 billion dollars, followed by the Multifamily
Housing segment, with a preliminary contract value of 36 billion dollars, and
the Other Institutional segment with a preliminary value of 30 billion dollars.
•
Although the Hotel/Motel (or Hospitality) segment only accounts for a
preliminary contract value of about 5 billion dollars, construction in this area is
expected to rise dramatically in the next few years.
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Slide 11 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Market Opportunities
Contract Value of Construction Projects (Billions)
Market Opportunities Cont'd…
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Multifamily
Housing
Retail
Office
Buildings
Hotel/Motel
Other
Commercial
Education
Health Care
Other
Institutional
Source: Construction Outlook 2004, McGraw-Hill Construction Information Group.
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Slide 12 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Market Opportunities
Market Opportunities Cont'd…
Light-gauge steel framing systems are an efficient, cost-effective, and competitive
option for the low-rise to mid-rise building industry.
•
Low-Rise Construction: Light-gauge steel is a cost-competitive option for
buildings over three stories. Where building codes require treated wood for
insects and fire safety, regardless of building height, light-gauge steel is often
the most cost-effective option.
•
Mid-Rise Construction: According to the International Building Code (IBC), lightgauge steel can be used in structures up to a maximum of nine stories (typically
180' above grade). Any mid-rise structure that can benefit from non-combustible
construction and the use of inorganic materials is a perfect candidate for lightgauge steel framing.
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Slide 13 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
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Slide 14 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Introduction
Light-gauge steel framing systems can be
used for a variety of applications in lowrise and mid-rise building construction:
•
•
•
•
Interior Framing
Exterior Framing
Floor Framing
Roof Framing
Lighter steel reduces building loads and
allows for the use of lighter structural
members and foundations, which results
in lower construction costs.
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Slide 15 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Advantages
•
Lighter Foundations
•
Wall System Design Options
•
Floor System Design Options
•
System Flexibility
•
Tested and Certified Assemblies
•
Consistency of Materials
•
Faster Installation
•
Increased Productivity
•
Improved Building Quality
•
Reduced Building Costs
•
Total System Approach
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Slide 16 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Lighter Foundations
•
The two key benefits of light-gauge steel framing for foundations are lighter
foundation requirements and less expensive foundations. Because steel has the
best strength-to-weight ratio of any building material, it is a great alternative to
traditional construction materials, such as concrete or structural steel.
•
By reducing the weight of the building, light-gauge steel framing reduces the
need for a heavy foundation. As a result, far less money has to be allocated
toward building a massive concrete foundation to support the structure above.
•
Depending on it's design and location, a typical seven or eight story mid-rise
building will require less foundation with light-gauge steel than with alternative
construction methods. This can represent significant savings in time, material,
and overall construction costs.
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Slide 17 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Lighter Foundations Cont'd…
•
In some instances, such as with
"brownfield" redevelopment,
existing foundation from previously
standing structures may be used.
•
This is especially true for heavy
industrial foundations that were
made using solid concrete.
•
This may save the cost of having to
demolish the heavy concrete
foundation that is already there just
to install piers or caisson foundation.
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Slide 18 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
System Flexibility
Light-gauge steel can be used with any of the following construction methods:
•
Conventional Stick Frame: One of the most common building methods, stick
frame construction involves building a project one stud at a time. On some lowto mid-rise projects, this may be the most efficient construction method.
•
Factory Panelization: This method involves constructing panelized components
off-site, in quantity, and delivering them to the job site as needed. Although it
requires advance planning, this can be a highly efficient construction method.
•
On-Site Panelization: On-site panelization allows the contractor to build
standardized components on-site, store them, and erect them as needed. This
may be one of the least expensive ways to build, but it is contingent on having
enough room on the job site to construct the panelized components.
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Slide 19 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
The Total System Approach
•
The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. The true value of light-gauge
steel framing does not rely on the strength of individual pieces, but rather in the
values and strengths created by combining those pieces into whole systems.
•
Light-gauge steel framing offers more than just steel studs. It includes both
interior and exterior wall framing, sub floor framing, roof truss framing, and
other components for bridging, bracing, and connecting the total system.
•
The total system approach of the light-gauge steel framing industry will allow
architects and engineers to develop turn-key design options and deliver low-rise
and mid-rise buildings that can be more cost-competitive than any other type of
construction.
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Slide 20 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
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Slide 21 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Introduction
Light-gauge steel framing can be used to
frame both interior and exterior walls:
•
•
Interior Walls: Light-gauge steel can
be used to frame interior non-load
bearing walls or partition walls that
only bear the weight of the drywall.
Exterior Walls: Light-gauge steel can
be used to frame exterior curtain
walls that bear the weight of the
exterior finish, or structural walls
that bear the weight of the building.
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Non-Load
Bearing Stud
(20-25 Gauge)
Load-Bearing
Structural Stud
(12-20 Gauge)
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Slide 22 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Light-Gauge Interior Framing
•
Nonstructural or interior framing metal studs and tracks are C-shaped channels
that are roll-formed from corrosion-resistant, galvanized steel. These channels
are assembled to provide efficient, low cost framing for partition walls, ceilings,
and column fireproofing.
•
Gypsum wallboard, veneer plaster, or traditional lath and plaster is applied to
the metal framing to complete the wall assembly. These assemblies are non-load
bearing, nonstructural wall systems that support gypsum panel construction.
They are not designed to carry an axial load.
•
Most non-loadbearing, nonstructural walls are constructed using 25 gauge (18
mils) or 20 gauge (30 mils) stud and track. Wall height, stud spacing, framing
condition, deflection limitations, and lateral load are all factors that must be
considered in determining the correct size and gauge of the applicable product.
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Slide 23 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Advantages of Light-Gauge Interior Framing
•
Steel framing products are used in a variety of interior, non-load bearing or
nonstructural construction applications. The most common uses are partition
walls, ceilings, and column fireproofing in low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise,
educational, institutional, and multi-use commercial structures.
•
Manufacturers typically offer an extensive selection of precision-manufactured
interior framing products, including studs and tracks, furring and resilient
channels, deflection products, corner angles, and backing plates.
•
Interior framing components are typically manufactured from corrosion-resistant
galvanized steel that offers excellent protection from the elements and provides
the framework for superior construction. Building codes require metal framing
in most commercial structures because it is a noncombustible building material
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Slide 24 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Light-Gauge Exterior Framing
•
Exterior light-gauge framing is used in a variety of construction applications,
including axial load-bearing walls, floors, roofs, and curtain wall assemblies in
low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise, educational, institutional, multi-family, and
multi-use commercial and residential structures.
•
Light-gauge framing products can be assembled to provide versatile, costeffective, lightweight, and noncombustible assemblies that can be used as
primary or secondary framing systems.
•
When used as a secondary frame, with heavy structural steel or concrete
structures, light-gauge framing provides low-cost, efficient framing that can
accommodate almost any facing material.
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Slide 25 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Advantages of Light-Gauge Exterior Framing
•
While light-gauge steel framing is commonly used in stick construction, it is
highly suited for prefabricated panel construction, which can help to provide
additional economy in today's highly competitive construction industry.
•
Light-gauge steel framing is a superior building material. Its high strength-toweight ratio maximizes building design flexibility and provides rigid structural
integrity. Moreover, it is easily insulated for high-energy conservation and
provides noncombustible support for fire-rated construction.
•
Most manufacturers offer a wide selection of exterior light-gauge steel framing
products and systems in a variety of gauges, yield strengths, sizes, and flange
widths that enable architects and engineers to obtain optimal performance at
economical costs.
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Slide 26 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Load Bearing Walls and Curtain Walls
•
Exterior light-gauge steel framing is used in a variety of applications. For
instance, axial load-bearing members are used in wall framing to provide
structural support. Axial framing members are designed to carry both lateral
and axial loads and provide primary structural support.
•
Curtain-wall framing members are used in exterior walls to create a building
envelope. Light-gauge steel framing members provide back-up support for a
variety of finishing systems, including brick veneer, stucco and EIFS systems.
•
Curtain-wall framing members can be utilized for in-fill, bypass (balloon), and
spandrel framing applications. Most manufacturers offer a wide variety of
products that allow architects and engineers to select a system to meet any
design criteria, including high wind and seismic loads.
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Slide 27 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Structural Performance
•
Light-gauge steel has been used as
the sole structural member in loadbearing walls in buildings up to nine
stories high.
•
Under the new IBC, light-gauge steel
framing can be used in buildings up
to nine stories high with no "red
iron" (structural steel) whatsoever.
•
It is clear that light-gauge steel loadbearing walls is what the industry is
quickly evolving towards.
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©2005
Holiday Inn, Federal Way, WA
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Slide 28 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Fire and Sound Performance
•
There are a variety of fire and sound
performance tests, which provide
data for various rated assemblies.
•
For fire and sound performance,
there is plenty of information
available from industry associates.
•
1-hour and 2-hour fire-resistance
ratings and STC ratings over 50, as
required by code, can be achieved
using a combination of insulation,
sound batts, and an airspace.
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Slide 29 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Exterior Finishes and Cladding
•
Sheathing: Two sheathing options
that can be used with light-gauge
steel framing are exterior gypsum
sheathing with an embossed
drainage pattern, and exterior
gypsum sheathing with glass mats.
•
Finishes: There are a variety of
exterior finishes that can be used
with light-gauge steel framing. For
example, thin brick veneers, exterior
insulation finish systems (EIFS), and
traditional brick veneers.
©2002 EIMA
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Slide 30 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Conventional Stability Systems
Conventional stability systems that are typically used with light-gauge steel include:
•
Tension Strapping: Conventional bracing associated with traditional light-gauge
steel framing. A metal strap is attached diagonally to the wall frame at 45° or
corner to corner to give resistance against racking and moment.
•
Sheet Metal Shear: Similar to tension strapping, except it uses full metal sheets
(typically 4' x 8', 10', or 12' as dictated by the wall height) screwed in intervals to
the studs. This gives a certain amount of diaphragm bracing to the wall system.
•
Moment Frame: Refers to a structural steel (red iron) commercial frame. This is a
structural steel frame that is very stiff and rigid, used sparingly for large load
bearing openings. It is more expensive than light-gauge steel framing.
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Slide 31 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Header Options
•
Continuous: Examples of continuous
headers include L-headers or certain
types of proprietary headers. Often
used for residential construction of
two stories or less.
•
Built-Up: Built-up headers are
typically made up of box beams and
multiple members. This type of
header is usually constructed on the
job site by positioning two C-stud
sections together and capping with a
top and bottom track.
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Slide 32 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
Proprietary Systems
•
Proprietary products are available to
meet market demands, particularly
for the more stringent shear and
earthquake codes on the west coast.
•
For example, pre-manufactured
galvanized steel sheets affixed to
drywall board provide diaphragm
action and lateral resistance to
exterior walls up to eight stories.
•
As light-gauge steel framing systems
gain popularity across the country,
these types of proprietary products
will become more common.
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Slide 33 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
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Slide 34 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Introduction
•
Light-gauge framing members (C-studs and joists) are commonly used in floor
framing assemblies. C-Joists are a cost-effective alternative to other types of
floor framing systems, such as open web trusses, bar joists, engineered lumber,
and cast-in-place or hollow-core floor assemblies.
•
Light-gauge steel C-Joists are ideal for low- to mid-rise commercial applications,
such as hotels, motels, apartment complexes, condominiums, multi-family, and
assisted living residences.
•
Floor joist components are typically available in a variety of web sizes, flanges,
gauges, and yield strengths, enabling architects and engineers to obtain optimal
performance. This system provides one of the most cost-effective systems for
non-combustible low-rise and mid-rise structures.
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Slide 35 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Advantages
•
The high strength-to-weight ratio of steel provides strong loading capacity and
maximum spanning capability. Light-gauge steel joists can be used with all types
of traditional flooring materials, such as plywood, OSB, concrete filled steel
decking, or one of the many varieties of fiber reinforced cement board.
•
Some manufacturers offer floor framing systems that feature large extruded
openings in the joists to accommodate electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and
technology lines.
•
Manufacturers typically offer a wide range of floor joist framing accessories,
such as web stiffeners, blocking, bracing, and strapping, to ensure maximum
floor performance. A wide assortment of floor joist hangers and connectors are
also available to provide connection solutions to complex framing details.
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Slide 36 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Floor Framing Components
The basic components of a light-gauge
steel floor framing system include:
•
Joists: Light-gauge steel in the profile
of a generic C-shaped metal stud.
•
Rims/Bands: Profile of a generic Ushaped or J-shaped track.
•
Connection Hardware: Functions to
attach joists to rims/bands. Several
types of connectors are available.
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Slide 37 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Connection Hardware
There are several types of connections
that can be used to attach joists to rims:
•
Pre-Extruded Tabs (Proprietary)
•
Clip Angle Attachments
•
Web-Stiffener Attachments
•
Specialty Fasteners
Some types of specialty connections and
specialty fasteners also reduce the need
for further web stiffening.
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Slide 38 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Structural Performance
•
Typical structural performance considerations are design deflection and/or span,
depending on the requirements of the project. Light-gauge steel manufacturers
typically design for a maximum live load deflection of L/480 (instead of L/360)
because customers and owners want stiffer and higher performance floors.
•
Light-gauge steel can typically achieve clear spans (unsupported) of up to 30'.
Spans of up to 34' are possible, but the intention of light-gauge steel design is
to keep the gauge of the steel as light as possible.
•
This example illustrates possible simple spans with varying load criteria for a
floor constructed using 14" 12 gauge joists at 16" on center: 125 LL, 50 DL, TL
Deflection L/240, LL Deflection L/480 = 19'-3" span; 40 LL, 10 DL, TL Deflection
L/240, LL Deflection L/480 = 30'-3" span.
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Slide 39 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Fire and Sound Performance
•
Another consideration for floors is fire and sound performance. The Gypsum
Association has a complete catalog that provides one, two, and three hour
fire-rated assemblies, and other standards showing sound performance.
•
More and more data is being collected on the sound performance of light-gauge
steel framed floors. When tested in a certified sound lab, a light-gauge steel joist
floor will typically have a Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating between 50 and
53, and an Impact Insulation Class (IIC) rating between 50 and 54.
•
Fire and sound performance tests include UL, the Gypsum Association, Canadian
Steel Construction Council (CSCC), and other proprietary tests. Tests can be
conducted both in the lab and in the field, however building codes allow field
testing requirements to be about 25% less stringent because of the lack of a
controlled environment.
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Slide 40 of 65
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Types of Floor Systems
There are several types of floor systems
that can be used with light-gauge steel
framing. For instance:
•
Cementitious Board
•
Cementitious Topping
•
Poured-In-Place / Pre-Cast
Heavier floor systems typically require
heavier structural members and heavier
foundation systems, which can result in
increased construction costs.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Cementitious Board (Structural)
•
Cementitious board floor decking can be used to provide a structural sub floor. It
delivers a floor diaphragm that interacts with walls and other framing elements
and ties into the structural shear, creating a total system that is responsive to the
loads on the building.
•
Typically made with Portland cement, this product is moisture and mold resistant
and is generally available in sizes comparable to wood sheathing. Cementitious
board is dimensionally stable, and can be screwed, nailed, cut, painted, or glued.
It can also be impregnated with silicone, which allows it to resist the effects of
standing water that may be present before dry-in.
•
Because cementitious board can be put in place by the framer, it saves time and
money by eliminating the need for an additional trade to pour a concrete deck.
It also allows the floor to be used immediately as opposed to having to wait for
a conventional poured-in-place concrete floor system to cure.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Cementitious Topping (Non-Structural)
•
The type of cementitious topping most often used in floor construction is a
"gypsum cement", which is a lightweight concrete slurry mixture. In contrast
to cementitious boards, cementitious toppings do not provide any structural or
diaphragmatic value to the sub floor.
•
Cementitious toppings require more time to put in place than cementitious
boards and necessitate another trade on the job, however they are still more
efficient than a full concrete floor system. While heavier than cementitious
board, which weighs about 7 PSF, cementitious toppings are still very light,
weighing about 14 PSF.
•
Cementitious toppings are particularly suited to projects that require a radiantheated floor, or a higher density floor for improved sound ratings and acoustics.
Other advantages include trade familiarity and self-leveling properties.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
Poured-In-Place / Pre-Cast
•
Poured-in-place concrete floor systems have been used with steel framing for
years. In addition to requiring additional trades, and extra time to allow for
curing, poured-in-place concrete is very heavy (30 PSF). This added weight leads
to heavier framing members and foundations, which increase construction costs.
•
Pre-cast concrete or hollow-core floor systems require a self-leveling topping and
shoring, as well as additional trades on the job. Also referred to as long plank or
long span flooring, pre-cast floors are heavy. While they offer very good fire and
sound ratings, their extra weight requires added structural framing, which can
lead to higher construction costs.
Please remember the word STRUCTURAL. You will be required to enter it in order to
proceed with the online examination.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Introduction
•
Light-gauge steel trusses are an economical, lightweight, rigid roof framing
system commonly used in educational, assisted living, hospitality, military,
industrial, and other commercial and institutional structures. Light-gauge steel
trusses have the design flexibility to accommodate almost any roof line.
•
Light-gauge steel trusses provide fully noncombustible assemblies that meet
required fire safety codes and are a cost-effective alternative to structural steel,
bar joist, and fire-retardant wood trusses.
•
In general, steel trusses provide straighter and truer roof framing, resulting in
better long-term performance. Steel trusses are not susceptible to rot, insects or
mold and will not warp like wood. Moreover, they are compatible with various
types of framing, including structural steel, CMU, concrete, and wood.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Advantages
•
Because of their incredible strength, light-gauge steel trusses can be designed
for clear spans over 100'. They can eliminate intermediate bearing walls and
create large open spaces. Steel trusses not only span farther, they permit wider
on-center spacing that result in additional labor and material savings.
•
One of steel's greatest benefits is non-combustibility. Steel will not burn, and
does not add fuel to a burning fire. In some cases, using steel trusses can reduce
insurance premiums and eliminate the need for expensive sprinkler systems.
•
Light-gauge trusses can be field-assembled using conventional C-studs, or they
can be prefabricated in controlled factory environments and delivered directly to
a job site. Prefabricated trusses offer many advantages over field assembled
trusses, including shorter construction cycles, higher quality, and consistency.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Types of Roof Trusses
•
Roof shape can be a very individual
design element on a building. Lightgauge steel provides the flexibility to
produce unique rooflines.
•
Roof trusses are the final framing
component of a light-gauge steel
framed building.
•
There are two general types of truss
framing members commonly used in
construction: non-proprietary trusses
(C-channels) and proprietary trusses.
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Non-Proprietary Truss
Proprietary Truss
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Non-Proprietary Trusses
•
Non-proprietary trusses are typically made up of C-shaped members that are
used as truss members. These C-shaped members are usually engineered using
computer software.
•
Over 50% of the market currently uses C-channels in their construction projects
and C-channels are produced by over 80 different manufacturers across the U.S.
•
C-channel trusses are light weight and easy to fabricate. Engineers tend to be
very familiar with the product, which allows them to work quite easily with it to
comply with local building codes.
•
Because C-channels are available in a variety of gauges and deep sections, trusses
can be custom made to accommodate almost any length or span.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Non-Proprietary Trusses Cont'd…
•
Advantages: C-channel trusses are the most common type of truss used with
light-gauge steel construction. It is an economical building material that is
available from over 80 manufacturers across the country and can be customized
using one of several different types of design software.
•
Disadvantages: More inefficient or eccentric designs must be compensated for by
using heavier gauge material and/or more fasteners. C-channels do not "nest"
well, which can lead to increased shipping costs and a higher potential for
damage. Also, using C-channels typically necessitates separate engineering costs.
•
Long Spans: C-channels can be used to achieve spans up to and exceeding 100'.
For example, 110' long trusses were made in Florida using larger dimensions of
heavier gauge material, made viable by coping ends and welding connections.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Proprietary Trusses
•
There are a variety of proprietary truss shapes available on the market today.
Because of their more specialized nature, sizes are usually restricted and,
because of their use of light-gauge steel sections, spans are limited to 80'.
•
Nonetheless, proprietary trusses offer several advantages over C-channels. For
instance, specialty connectors, engineering services, and specialized software
that can reduce shipping costs by reducing shipment weight and/or increasing
the number of trusses shipped per load. As a result, the market share for
proprietary trusses is continuously growing.
•
Whereas the material price of C-channels does not typically include the cost
of engineering, this cost is included with most proprietary trusses. As a result,
manufacturers of proprietary trusses are able to offer more efficient designs
and a higher level of quality assurance.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
Proprietary Trusses Cont'd…
•
Advantages: Proprietary trusses have several advantages over standard Cchannel trusses. For instance, more efficient engineering software, lower
fabrication costs, more efficient packaging, and lower shipping costs.
•
Disadvantages: Because each type of proprietary truss utilizes a unique design,
proprietary fasteners are typically required. Also, availability of proprietary
trusses can be a problem if a fabricator is not currently operating in the market
where construction is taking place.
•
Long Spans: Proprietary trusses are usually limited to spans up to 80' due to
dimensional, gauge, and fastener restrictions. Unlike C-channels, proprietary
trusses cannot employ welded connections to accommodate longer spans.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Advantages
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Advantages
Advantages to the Owner
•
Reduced Ownership Costs: Ownership costs are typically reduced because
construction is completed more quickly and efficiently using light-gauge steel
framing. Non-combustible construction also tends to reduce long-term costs,
such as insurance premiums, maintenance costs, and liability expenses.
•
Reduced Litigation: Utilizing light-gauge steel framing results in less litigation
because steel construction is termite proof, does not propagate mold growth,
and is a non-combustible material.
•
Reduced Insurance Premiums: The insurance industry is recognizing that lightgauge steel has significant advantages over Code 1 construction and are offering
reduced rates for structures built with steel (Code 2). These discounts can result
in savings of up to 40% over wood frame construction.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Advantages
Advantages to the Architect and Engineer
•
Maximum Design Flexibility: Although the steel industry prides itself on it's
ability to deliver a straight and true product, light-gauge framing is actually the
perfect medium for creating a building with no perpendicular or parallel walls.
•
Increased Density: Utilizing a steel joist product with a lightweight concrete
topping, in lieu of a poured-in-place concrete floor system, can reduce overall
weight and floor-to-floor height, giving designers the option of adding an
additional floor of units to a building.
•
Non-Combustibility: Light-gauge steel construction provides a truly noncombustible frame that will not fuel a fire or generate a high source of heat.
Beyond the code advantages of using a noncombustible framing material, lightgauge steel framing can result in reduced insurance premiums.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Advantages
Advantages to the Architect and Engineer Cont'd…
•
LEED® Certification: The use of light-gauge steel framing can often contribute to
the accumulation of points towards LEED® certification. For instance, because
steel incorporates recycled content, using light-gauge steel framing can help a
project qualify for Recycled Content credits (1 to 2 points). With over 80 steel
framing manufacturers across the country, light-gauge steel framing often
qualifies as a Regionally Manufactured Product (1 point). In some cases, lightgauge steel framing can also qualify for 1 to 3 Innovation and Design credits due
to its high recycled content and exceptional performance characteristics.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Why Build With Steel?
•
Steel offers superior and uniform quality. Steel is roll-formed into precise,
uniform shapes with exacting tolerances for consistent material quality. Steel
studs are straight and dimensionally stable. Moreover, steel does not rot,
promote mold or mildew, and is impermeable to termites, vermin, and insects.
•
Steel has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios of any building material.
As a result, steel construction requires fewer framing members, which reduces
material and labor costs, building weight, and foundation requirements.
•
Steel offers several environmental benefits. Steel framing helps maintain good
indoor air quality by resisting mold spores and eliminating the off-gassing from
the resins, adhesives, and chemicals normally used for wood construction. Also,
steel is 100% recyclable and is considered a green building material.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Light-Gauge Steel Market Opportunities
•
Light-gauge steel framing is an excellent building material for construction
projects in a wide variety of sectors, including hospitality, multifamily, and
educational. Multifamily and educational projects in particular are the two
largest building segments, accounting for 79 billion contract dollars in 2004.
•
Although the hospitality sector only accounted for about 5 million contract
dollars in 2004, construction in this area is expected to rise dramatically over the
next few years, providing significant market opportunities for light-gauge steel.
•
Light-gauge steel framing systems are a particularly efficient, cost-effective, and
competitive option for the low-rise to mid-rise building industry. Any mid-rise
structure that can benefit from non-combustible construction and the use of
inorganic materials is a perfect candidate for light-gauge steel framing.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
•
Light-gauge steel framing systems can be used for a variety of applications in
low- and mid-rise construction. For instance, interior framing, exterior framing,
floor framing, and roof framing. Lighter steel reduces building loads, which
allows for the use of lighter structural members.
•
Two key benefits of light-gauge steel framing are lighter foundations and less
expensive foundations. It's excellent strength-to-weight ratio makes it a great
alternative to traditional materials, such as concrete or structural steel.
•
Light-gauge steel framing systems include interior and exterior wall framing, sub
floor framing, roof truss framing, and other components for bridging, bracing,
and connecting the total system. This total system approach allows architects and
engineers to develop highly cost-competitive design options.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Light-Gauge Steel Wall Framing
•
Light-gauge steel can be used to frame non-load bearing interior walls and
partitions as well as exterior curtain walls and structural walls. Nonstructural or
interior framing metal studs and tracks typically consist of C-shaped channels that
are roll-formed from corrosion-resistant, galvanized steel.
•
While light-gauge steel framing is commonly used in stick construction, it is
highly suited for prefabricated panel construction, which can help to provide
additional economy in today's highly competitive construction industry.
•
When used as a secondary frame, with heavy structural steel or concrete
structures, light-gauge framing provides low-cost, efficient framing that can
accommodate almost any facing material. Alternately, light-gauge steel can
be used as the sole structural member in buildings up to nine stories high.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Light-Gauge Steel Floor Framing
•
Light-gauge framing members (C-studs and joists) are commonly used in floor
framing assemblies. C-Joists are a cost-effective alternative to other types of floor
framing systems, such as open web trusses, bar joists, engineered lumber, and
cast-in-place or hollow-core floor assemblies.
•
The basic components of a light-gauge steel floor framing system include joists
(C-shaped metal studs), rims/bands (U-shaped or J-shaped track), and connection
hardware (clip angles, web stiffeners, pre-extruded tabs, specialty fasteners, etc.).
•
There are several types of floor systems that can be used with light-gauge steel
framing, including cementitious board, cementitious topping, and poured-inplace or pre-cast concrete. Heavier floor systems will require heavier structural
members and foundations, which can result in increased construction costs.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Light-Gauge Steel Roof Framing
•
Light-gauge steel trusses provide fully noncombustible assemblies that meet
required fire safety codes and are a cost-effective alternative to structural steel,
bar joist, and fire-retardant wood trusses. There are two general types of truss
framing members : non-proprietary trusses (C-channels) and proprietary trusses.
•
Non-proprietary trusses are typically made up of C-shaped members that are used
as truss members. C-channel trusses are light weight, easy to fabricate, and are
available in a variety of gauges to accommodate any length or span.
•
Proprietary trusses offer several advantages over C-channels. For instance, more
efficient engineering software, lower fabrication costs, more efficient packaging,
and lower shipping costs. However, unlike C-channels, proprietary trusses cannot
employ welded connections to accommodate longer spans.
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Course Summary
Light-Gauge Steel Framing Advantages
•
Light-gauge steel framing systems offer several advantages to building owners.
Because light-gauge steel allows construction to be completed more quickly and
efficiently, owners save on material and labor costs. Non-combustible steel also
reduces long-term costs, such as insurance premiums and liability expenses.
•
For the architect and engineer, light-gauge steel framing offers maximum design
flexibility. For instance, light-gauge floors with a lightweight concrete topping
can reduce floor-to-floor heights, allowing for additional stories to be added.
•
Light-gauge steel framing can also contribute to the accumulation of LEED®
certification points in a number of categories. For instance, Recycled Content
credits (1 to 2 points), Regionally Manufactured Product credits (1 point), and in
some cases, Innovation and Design credits (1 to 3 points).
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Light-Gauge Steel Framing Systems
Conclusion of This Program
•
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered provider with the
AIA Continuing Education System. Credit earned upon
completion of this program will be reported to CES
Records for AIA members.
•
If you desire AIA/CES, CSI and/or state licensing
continuing education credits, please click on the button
below to commence your online examination. Upon
successful (80% or better) completion of the exam,
please print your Certificate of Completion.
•
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assistance,
please visit the Seminar Discussion Forum (click on the
link above and bookmark it in your browser).
•
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this
seminar, please let them know. Feel free to revisit the
AEC Daily web site to download additional programs
from the Online Learning Center.
©2005 Dietrich Metal Framing. The
material contained in this course was
researched, assembled, and produced by
Dietrich Metal Framing and remains their
property. Questions or concerns about
this course should be directed to the
instructor.
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