This Online Learning Seminar is
available through a professional
courtesy provided by:
Expansion Joint Covers
Construction Specialties, Inc.
6696 Route 405 Highway
Muncy, PA 17756
Tel: 570-546-5941
Fax: 570-546-5169
Toll-Free: 1-800-233-8493
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.c-sgroup.com
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©2005 Construction Specialties, Inc. The material contained in this course was researched,
assembled, and produced by Construction Specialties, Inc. and remains their property. Questions or
concerns about the content of this course should be directed to the program instructor.
©2005
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Slide 1 of 100
• About the Sponsor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Expansion Joint Covers
Presented By:
Harold Mathias
Construction Specialties, Inc.
6696 Route 405 Highway
Muncy, PA 17756
Description:
Provides an overview of building movement types and how
these movements are addressed through proper design,
including the selection of applicable expansion joint covers
designed to meet specific project requirements.
AIA/CES Info:
Provider No. J624 – Course No. AEC035; LUs – 1.50
MCE Info:
Contact your respective governmental licensing & regulatory
agency. This program qualifies for HSW credit.
Expiration date:
April 30, 2006.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or AEC Daily Corporation of any material or construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services should be directed
to the program instructor.
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©2005
Slide 2 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
How to use this Online Learning Course
•
To view this course, use the Previous and Next buttons at the bottom of each
slide or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard. To exit this course, press
the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize the full-screen presentation
and allow you to close the program.
•
Some slides may contain additional instructor comments. To view them, doubleclick on the
icon. Then, click on the comment window to scroll through the
text.
•
Some slides may contain links to video clips. To view these video clips, double-click
on the PLAY icon. Then, use the buttons on your media player to play the clip.
Please note that you must be connected to the Internet in order to download and
view video clips.
•
Within this course is a code word that you will be required to enter in order to
proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to write down this code
word so that you have it available for the test.
•
To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at
the end of the seminar. For additional information and post-seminar assistance,
simple click on any of the logos and icons within a slide or any of the links that
are located at the top of each page.
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©2005
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Slide 3 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Learning Objectives
Upon completing this course, you will have a better understanding of:
•
The various types of expansion joint covers that are commercially available.
•
The unique features and characteristics of each type of expansion joint cover.
•
The fundamentals of static and dynamic fire-barriers for expansion joint covers.
•
Current code requirements and testing standards for fire-barrier assemblies.
•
Expansion joint cover systems designed exclusively for parking garage applications.
•
How to select the appropriate type of expansion joint cover for your project.
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©2005
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Slide 4 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Expansion Joint Cover Basics
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©2005
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Slide 5 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Expansion Joint Cover Basics
What is an Expansion Joint?
•
Expansion joints are simply "gaps" or separations in a building that divide the
building from top to bottom and/or from side to side in order to allow for
independent movement of smaller segments of the structure.
•
Expansion joint sizes are dependent on many elements within the building
design process and are generally determined through calculations made by the
structural engineer.
•
Some factors affecting the location and size of expansion joints include the
estimated thermal expansion and contraction of the structure, seismic zoning,
wind sway, and building settlement. The overall building height and shape must
also be taken into consideration.
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©2005
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Slide 6 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Expansion Joint Cover Basics
What is an Expansion Joint Cover System?
•
Expansion joint cover systems are designed to cover and conceal expansion joint
openings. Since expansion joints are strategically placed to allow the building(s)
to move, the expansion joint covers must be capable of accommodating the
anticipated building movement while continuing to cover the joint opening.
•
Expansion joint cover systems must be designed to function appropriately in
various applications and for various building types. Most manufacturers offer
coordinated cover systems for interior covers, exterior covers, and for special
applications, such as parking decks or fire-rated applications.
•
Whether your building requires floor, wall, ceiling, exterior, or specialized
expansion joint covers, they should all be designed to work together without
compromising the aesthetics of the project.
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©2005
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Slide 7 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Expansion Joint Cover Basics
Form vs. Function
•
Historically, the form and function of
expansion joint covers have often
been in conflict with one another.
•
Attempts to improve functionality
have often had a negative impact on
the aesthetics of the installation and
attempts to improve aesthetics have
negatively impacted functionality.
•
Thankfully, today's designs employ
modern technology and materials to
meet the aesthetic and performance
requirements of any application.
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©2005
San Francisco International Airport
Next
Slide 8 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Expansion Joint Cover Basics
Types of Expansion Joint Cover Systems
•
Aluminum Covers: Aluminum cover systems are available for 1" to 16" joints in
floors, walls, and ceilings. Aluminum covers are durable and tamper resistant.
•
Flush Covers: Flush cover systems are available for 1" to 4" joints in floors, walls,
and ceilings. Flush covers eliminate bumps and reduce exposed surface area.
•
Seismic Covers: Seismic cover systems are available in aluminum and flush models
and are designed to allow for seismic movements in joints 4" and larger.
•
Exterior Covers: Exterior covers consist of flush or ribbed exterior vertical seals,
aluminum and flexible bellows roof covers, and panel systems for 1" to 16" joints.
•
Parking Covers: Parking covers consist of winged and rubber compression seals,
seismic turnbar covers, and seismic damper covers for 1" to 16" expansion joints.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 9 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Previous
©2005
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Slide 10 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Introduction
•
Aluminum joint cover systems are
available in a wide variety of models
to accommodate 1" to 4" expansion
joints in floors, walls, and ceilings.
•
Heavy-duty cover systems are also
available for high traffic or seismic
applications.
•
Aluminum cover systems are durable
enough for industrial applications.
Because aluminum covers are tamper
resistant, they are ideal for prison and
school applications.
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©2005
Aluminum Cover Systems
Next
Slide 11 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Floor Covers
Aluminum Floor Cover
•
Aluminum floor covers are available to
cover 1" to 4" joints, in standard or
recessed configurations for thin floor
coverings, like carpet or vinyl.
•
Because these covers necessitate a
slight drop-off, they are not typically
recommended for applications that
involve delicate wheeled equipment.
•
Aluminum covers should only be used
for elementary applications, such as
manufacturing areas, where gaskets
are not desired.
Previous
©2005
PLAY
Recessed Aluminum Floor Cover
Next
Slide 12 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Heavy-Duty Floor Covers
Heavy-Duty Floor Cover (1" – 4")
•
These types of floor covers are of
heavy-duty aluminum construction
and are available with a stainless
steel center plate.
•
Whereas standard floor covers are
typically designed to withstand point
loads of up to 500 lbs, heavy-duty
covers can withstand up to 2000 lbs.
•
Heavy-duty floor covers provide long
term durability under heavy rolling
loads or high volume foot traffic in
hospitals, shopping malls, airports
and industrial settings.
Previous
©2005
Heavy-Duty Floor Cover (5" – 16")
Next
Slide 13 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Wall Covers
Flush Mounted Wall Cover
•
Aluminum wall covers can be used or
1" to 4" joints and are available in
painted or anodized finishes to
coordinate with floor covers.
•
Flush covers are mounted directly to
the wall studs and are usually 5/8" deep
so that they finish flush with the drywall.
Flush covers can also be used for
"hard" ceiling applications
•
Surface mounted covers are typically
used for masonry applications, where a
flush cover cannot be mounted into the
wall surface.
Previous
©2005
Surface Mounted Wall Cover
Next
Slide 14 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Ceiling Covers
•
This type of ceiling cover is a purely
functional solution designed for 1"
to 4" joints in acoustical ceilings.
•
It consists of a simple, lightweight,
one-piece vinyl extrusion that is set
on the ceiling grid and mechanically
attached to the vertical leg.
•
Although this type of ceiling cover
will not match adjacent wall covers,
it is very unobtrusive, economical
and easy to install.
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©2005
Acoustical Ceiling Cover
Next
Slide 15 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Aluminum Cover Systems
Aluminum Cover Application Examples
Aluminum Heavy-Duty Floor Cover
Previous
©2005
Aluminum Flush Wall Cover
Next
Slide 16 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Flush Cover Systems
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Slide 17 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Flush Cover Systems
Introduction
•
Flush cover systems were designed to
eliminate the bumps and reduce the
large exposed surfaces that typically
occur with aluminum cover systems.
•
Because flush cover systems provide
a smoother transition, they are ideal
for retail and interior applications
where wheeled equipment is used.
•
Flush covers are also easy to clean,
making them particularly suited to
airports, hospitals, laboratories, and
other wet area applications.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 18 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Flush Cover Systems
Floor Covers
Flush Floor Cover (1" – 2")
•
Flush floor covers offer a flush and
minimally exposed surface for simple
expansion and contraction needs.
•
Single gasket models are suitable for
1"- 2" joints and allow for ± 25%
movement. Dual-gasketed covers allow
for ± 50% movement and should be
used for 2"- 4" joints.
•
Vinyl gaskets are replaceable and are
typically available in a variety of
standard and custom colors to match
adjacent finishes.
Previous
©2005
PLAY
PLAY
Flush Floor Cover (2" – 4")
Next
Slide 19 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Flush Cover Systems
Wall Covers
Flush Wall Cover (1" - 2")
•
Flush wall covers can be used for 1"
to 4" joints and are designed to
coordinate with flush floor covers
and adjacent finishes.
•
Like flush floor covers, flush wall
covers offer a minimal exposed
surface and are available in single or
dual-gasketed models.
•
Manufacturers offer replaceable vinyl
gaskets in a variety of standard and
custom colors to meet project
requirements.
Previous
©2005
Flush Wall Cover (3" - 10")
Next
Slide 20 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Flush Cover Systems
Flush Cover Application Examples
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 21 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Previous
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Slide 22 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Introduction
•
Seismic cover systems are available in
aluminum and flush models and are
designed to allow for seismic
movements in joints 4" and larger.
•
Recessed pan covers employ a deeper
pan in order to accommodate thicker
floor finishes, such as limestone or
marble, and provide minimal visibility.
•
For base-isolated buildings, hinged
"moat" covers and interior "cab"
systems are used to accommodate
seismic multi-directional movement.
Previous
©2005
UCLA Anderson School of Management
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Slide 23 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Aluminum Floor Covers
•
Seismic aluminum floor covers are
available with a standard aluminum
center plate or custom bronze or
stainless steel options.
•
The wider the seismic joint, the thicker
the center plate has to be, magnifying
the negative aesthetic impact of the
cover system.
•
The self-centering cover plate keeps
the plate centered during movement
and helps prevent damage to the cover
plate.
Previous
©2005
PLAY
Aluminum Seismic Floor Cover
Next
Slide 24 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Aluminum Floor Covers Cont'd…
This detail shows an interior seismic floor cover with a reinforced cover plate.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 25 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Aluminum Wall & Ceiling Covers
Aluminum Seismic Ceiling Cover
•
Seismic aluminum wall and ceiling
covers can be used for 5" to 16"
joints and are designed to coordinate
with seismic aluminum floor covers.
•
Seismic aluminum wall and ceiling
covers are available with aluminum
center plates or bronze, stainless
steel, or Kynar painted finishes.
•
Wall and ceiling covers also employ a
self-centering cover plate in order to
minimize damage during movement.
Previous
©2005
Aluminum Seismic Wall Cover
Next
Slide 26 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Self-Centering Mechanism
•
The self-centering device, which is
also referred to as a turnbar, is
attached to the aluminum cover
plate via a center bolt.
•
During movement, the turnbar will
pivot around the center bolt while
the ends of the turnbar slide within
the side frames.
•
This mechanism keeps the plate
centered over the joint opening and
prevents damage to the cover plate
during seismic cycling movement.
PLAY
Self-Centering Turnbar Simulation
Previous
©2005
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Slide 27 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Aluminum Application Examples
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 28 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Flush Covers
•
Seismic flush covers work for joints 5"
and larger and are available with
exposed plates or 1/8" recessed plates.
•
Thin floor finishes, such as carpet or
vinyl, can be introduced into the
recessed center frame, concealing
the exposed metal plate assembly.
•
A unique movement design elevates
the plate during seismic cycling. This
allows for the use of thermoplastic
rubber (TPR) gaskets, which prevent
build up of dirt beside the plate.
Previous
©2005
Flush Seismic Floor Cover
Next
Slide 29 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Elevated Plate Mechanism
•
Similar to other seismic systems, this
system uses a self-centering or
turnbar device to keep the plate
centered during seismic cycling.
•
However, this unique movement
design also incorporates a deflector,
or "seismic policeman" on the
bottom side of the center plate.
•
As the joint closes during seismic
cycling, deflectors come into contact
with the side frames, and the plate is
elevated in order to prevent damage.
Previous
©2005
PLAY
Elevated Plate Movement Simulation
Next
Slide 30 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Flush Application Examples
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 31 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Recessed Pan Covers
•
Recessed pan covers are similar to
seismic movement covers, however
they employ a deeper pan in order to
accommodate thicker floor finishes.
•
This recessed pan can accommodate
1½" of stone, concrete, or terrazzo,
providing minimal visibility while
allowing for full seismic movement.
•
These covers work for joints 4" or
greater, allowing for the use of
larger seismic covers through even
the most aesthetically sensitive areas.
Previous
©2005
Seismic Recessed Pan Floor Cover
Next
Slide 32 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Recessed Pan Mechanism
•
Like other seismic systems, this
system uses a turnbar to keep the
pan centered during movement.
•
The sloped surfaces on the center
pan and side frames enable the pan
to slide out of the way so that it is
not damaged during seismic cycling.
•
The use of a center spring, or gravity
collar, allows the pan to lift without
bending or damaging the turnbar
and ensures that the pan will always
return to its original base position.
PLAY
Recessed Pan Movement Simulation
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 33 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Concealed Application Examples
UCLA Anderson School of Management
Previous
©2005
San Francisco International Airport
Next
Slide 34 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Exterior "Moat" Covers
•
In buildings that utilize base isolation
in conjunction with seismic dampers,
a separation is necessary between the
"floating" structure and terra firma.
•
In these cases, a hinged "moat" cover
is attached to the floating structure
and covers the moat throughout the
distance of the joint movement.
•
The recessed pan allows for the
installation of most exterior floor
finishes, ensuring maximum
concealment of the cover system.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 35 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Exterior "Moat" Application Example
San Francisco Library
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 36 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Seismic "Cab" Systems
•
When interior corridors traverse a
seismic joint in a base isolated
structure, a three dimensional cover
system is necessary to accommodate
significant four way movement.
•
The "cab system" includes wall and
ceiling covers attached to a structural
frame, which is supported off the
floor structure. This design ensures
that the entire assembly moves as
one unit during an earthquake.
Hoag Hospital "Cab" System
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 37 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Seismic Cover Systems
Seismic Cover Testing
•
Testing is essential for seismic covers
because it allows you to ensure that
your designs will work by testing
them in real world conditions.
•
Dynamic seismic movement can have
unforeseen effects on the structural
components of cover systems.
•
Always specify ASTM 1399 cycle test
requirements for "standard" covers
and the requirement for witnessing
the cycle testing of customized cover
applications.
PLAY
Seismic Cycling
Previous
©2005
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Slide 38 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Previous
©2005
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Slide 39 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Introduction
•
Exterior vertical seals are available in
a flush or ribbed profile. These
systems are flexible and allow for
multi-directional movement.
•
Seismic "panel" systems combine a
vertical pan system with in-lay panels
to provide almost total concealment
of exterior expansion joints.
•
Aluminum roof covers are suitable
for joints where durability is an issue.
Flexible bellows-style covers are ideal
for intricate transitions.
Previous
©2005
Pacific Bell Park, San Francisco, CA
Next
Slide 40 of 100
• About the Sponsor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Vertical Joint Seals
50% Movement
•
Exterior vertical seals are available in a
flush or ribbed profile. The flush profile
can accommodate ± 50% movement
while the ribbed profile will allow for ±
100% movement.
•
The primary seals are replaceable
colored TPR, which helps provide an
aesthetically appealing joint.
•
The system is flexible and allows for
multi-directional movement, such as
tension and compression, lateral shear,
and some vertical movement.
Previous
©2005
100% Movement
Next
Slide 41 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Vertical Joint Seal Application Examples
Previous
©2005
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Slide 42 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Factory-Fabricated Transitions
•
Factory-fabricated, heat-welded
transitions and miters allow for a much
better fit and finish than those that are
field fabricated.
•
Because TPR can be cut and heat
welded at the factory, TPR seals are
recommended whenever water integrity
is important.
•
Most manufacturers include isometric
details of each transition with shop
drawings. The parapet transition to the
roof system is especially critical.
Previous
©2005
90° Transition
Next
Slide 43 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Field-Fabricated Transitions
These images provide an example of the unsightly and poor transitions
that can result when fabrication is carried out in the field.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 44 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Seismic "Panel" Systems
•
Seismic "panel" systems incorporate
a vertical pan system with the in-lay
panels from the cladding system in
order to provide a unified look.
•
A unique feature of this type of
system is an automatic gravity closing
mechanism that closes the joint
covers after a seismic event.
•
This type of system provides almost
total concealment of the exterior
expansion joint, resulting in a clean
and aesthetically pleasing joint.
Previous
©2005
Exterior Seismic "Panel" System
Next
Slide 45 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Aluminum Roof Covers
•
Aluminum roof covers are suitable
for joints 2" and larger, and are
preferable in areas that may be
exposed to occasional foot traffic.
•
Aluminum roof covers are more
durable than bellows-style covers,
and perform better in areas that are
exposed to heavy snow loads.
•
For seismic joints over 24", custom
fabricated roof covers are available,
featuring reinforced cover elements
for negative wind loading.
Previous
©2005
Standard Aluminum Roof Cover
Next
Slide 46 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Flexible Bellows Roof Covers
•
Flexible bellows roof covers allow for
multi-directional movement of joints
2" and up. They have lateral shear
capability and are easily installed.
•
Bellows-style roof covers are ideal for
intricate transitions where the joint
changes direction and sometimes
plane. Factory fabricated transitions
are essential for these applications.
•
One limitation is joint size: bellows
roof covers are not recommended for
joints over 16" because they become
difficult to support.
Previous
©2005
Bellows Roof Cover
Bellows Transition Cover
Next
Slide 47 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Exterior Cover Systems
Wall & Roof Cover Transitions
•
The transitions between vertical and horizontal exterior expansion joint covers
are critical to achieving a leak-proof installation.
•
In order to facilitate this transition, and help ensure a watertight joint, it is highly
recommended that parapets be incorporated into the building design.
Please remember the word EXPANSION. You will be required to
enter it in order to proceed with the online examination.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 48 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 49 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Introduction
•
Fire barrier assemblies are designed
to work with a given cover system in
order to provide anywhere from a 1
hour to a 4 hour fire rating.
•
It is critical that expansion joint
systems incorporate a fire barrier
equal in rating to the substrate being
penetrated by the joint.
•
Fire barriers should always be tested
at a fully accredited testing facility
that offers labeling services, such as
Underwriter's Laboratories (UL).
Reflective Fire Barrier
Previous
©2005
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Slide 50 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Why are Fire Barriers Required?
•
Code Compliance: Fire barriers are
required in order to comply with
national and local building codes.
•
Fire Ratings: Fire barriers are required
in order to maintain the integrity of the
fire rating within a structure.
•
Life Safety: Fire barriers are required
not only to prevent the direct spread of
fire but also to help prevent the
"chimney effect" that can occur as a
result of expansion joints.
Reflective Fire Barrier
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 51 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Evolution of Fire Barrier Systems
1988
Seismic
1983
1997
Previous
©2005
Non-Seismic
Next
Slide 52 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Static vs. Dynamic Systems
Static System
•
Static Systems: An "S" designation
indicates a "static" system and is given
to fire barriers that have been fire tested
in accordance with ASTM E119 and UL
263 standards, but not cycle tested
(tested under movement).
•
Dynamic Systems: A "D" designation
refers to a "dynamic" system and is
given to fire barriers that have been
cycle tested prior to being fire tested in
accordance with ASTM E1966 and UL
2079 standards. Today, most building
codes require dynamically tested fire
barriers.
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©2005
Dynamic System
Next
Slide 53 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Fire Barrier Testing
•
ASTM E1966 "Standard Test Method
for Fire-Resistive Joint Systems"
requires fire barriers to be cycled 500
times prior to installation.
•
This includes seismic cycling at 30
cycles per minute for 100 cycles and
seismic/wind sway cycling at 10 cycles
per minute for 400 cycles.
•
Cycle testing helps confirm that the
fire barrier system will not crack or
degrade due to seismic movement
and that it will function as intended
when subjected to fire.
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©2005
PLAY
Seismic / Wind Sway Cycling
Next
Slide 54 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Fire Barrier Testing Cont'd…
Installed Fire Barrier
•
After a fire barrier system completes
the cycling tests, it is subjected to fire
testing in accordance with ASTM
E119 "Test Methods for Fire Tests of
Building Construction and Materials".
•
The top photo shows an installed fire
barrier ready for fire barrier testing.
The bottom photo is a top view of
the furnace showing the simulated
cover plates during fire testing.
Cover Plates During Testing
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Slide 55 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Fire Barrier Testing Cont'd…
Fire barrier during 2hr fire exposure testing.
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©2005
Furnace after completion of 2hr fire testing.
Next
Slide 56 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Fire Barrier Systems
Important Factors to Consider
•
"Standard" barriers are designed for ± 50% of the nominal joint width.
Although 100% movement systems are available from most suppliers, this
requirement must be clearly indicated in the specifications.
•
The need to accommodate lateral shear movement (longitudinal movement
parallel to joint) can cause serious problems for fire barriers. Most standard fire
barrier systems can accommodate movement of about 25% of the nominal joint
width. For greater movements, engineered sliding mechanisms must be
incorporated along one side of the joint opening.
•
Although wall joint covers will most likely stop at the ceiling, any fire barrier
system in the wall must continue to the underside of the slab / floor fire barrier
above in order to insure barrier integrity.
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Slide 57 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
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Slide 58 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Introduction
•
There are several types of cover
systems designed to handle the
rolling loads typically associated with
parking garage applications.
•
For 1" to 3" joints, winged seals,
which utilize elastomeric concrete,
tend to be more difficult to install
than new rubber compression seals.
•
For 4" to 16" joints, seismic turnbar
covers and seismic damper covers
incorporate load transference to
prevent damage to the cover system.
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©2005
Seismic Turnbar Parking Cover
Next
Slide 59 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Performance Requirements
•
Strength & Durability: Parking garage cover systems must be durable enough to
withstand heavy traffic, including the wear and tear of snowplow blades. They must
also be strong enough to handle dynamic wheel loads, which can increase the
deadweight of a vehicle by up to 1/3.
•
Water Resistance: It is important that parking cover systems be watertight in order to
prevent water from penetrating the unsealed edges of the concrete beneath the cover
system. If water is allowed to penetrate the system, freeze-thaw cycles will cause
spalling of the concrete and corrosion of steel rebars.
•
Flexibility: Parking cover systems must be able to withstand the dynamic movement
of an expansion joint. In many applications, particular with pre-cast structures, there
is dynamic vertical movement of the joint at the slab edges. This vertical shear
movement magnifies the impact of wheeled loads on the joint cover and is one of the
biggest factors in the failure of parking cover systems.
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©2005
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Slide 60 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Winged Compression Seals
Winged Compression Seal
•
Pre-formed winged compression seals
replaced wide urethane strip covers
as the product of choice in the 1980s.
•
In order to handle dynamic wheel
loading, the "nosing" material must
be resilient. As a result, most systems
use an "elastomeric concrete".
•
Elastomeric concrete is designed not
to get "brittle" when cured. Early
compounds required heat in order to
cure but today's versions are
designed to cure on exposure to air.
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©2005
Winged Compression Seal
Next
Slide 61 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Winged Compression Seals Cont'd…
Installation can be difficult and requires experienced and approved
installers. Just getting the wing stuck down can be a challenge.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 62 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Winged Compression Seals Cont'd…
Today's elastomeric concretes are designed to cure on exposure to air. How much
elastomeric concrete can you get down before it starts to set in the bucket?
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©2005
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Slide 63 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Winged Compression Seals Cont'd…
Elastomeric concrete can be a very difficult and messy material to work
with and often results in an untidy and unattractive finished joint.
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©2005
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Slide 64 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Winged Compression Seal Application Photos
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Slide 65 of 100
• About the Instructor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Rubber Compression Seals
•
Innovations in rubber extrusion
technology have allowed for the
introduction of a one-piece winged
compression seal that eliminates the
need for elastomeric concrete.
•
This new type of seal uses integral
nosings that are bonded in place
with epoxy adhesive, making it much
cleaner and easier to install.
•
This type of system is currently
proprietary and, as such, is not
available from all expansion joint
cover manufacturers.
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©2005
Rubber Winged Compression Seal
Next
Slide 66 of 100
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Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Rubber Compression Seals Cont'd…
This image provides a closer look at the nosings of the extruded rubber seal.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 67 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Rubber Compression Seals Cont'd…
Click on the PLAY icon below to view a video clip of a rolling load test.
PLAY
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Slide 68 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Rubber Compression Seal Application Photos
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©2005
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Slide 69 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers
Seismic Turnbar Cover
•
Seismic turnbar covers are made of
heavy-duty aluminum construction
and carry an HS-20 load capability.
•
Their design incorporates a relieved
extruded aluminum center plate and
integrated waterstop membrane,
capable of spanning 4" to 9" joints.
•
This type of parking cover employs
cast aluminum turnbars in a saddle
configuration in order to provide
load transference.
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©2005
Heavy-Duty Floor Cover
Next
Slide 70 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
Traditional Seismic Cover
•
With traditional seismic parking
covers, the repeated impact from
dynamic wheel loading will cause
metal fatigue and failure at the
center bolt. The end result will be
noisy or missing plates!
•
Innovative seismic turnbar parking
covers employ extruded aluminum
center plates with a series of onepiece turnbars to create a "saddle"
effect, which helps prevent the
center bolt from shearing.
Seismic Turnbar Cover
Previous
©2005
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Slide 71 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
With traditional parking covers, tire impact can result in shearing of the center bolt.
Tire Impact Force on
a Typical Parking Cover
Tire Impact Force
Transfers to Center Bolt
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Repeated Impact Results
in Shearing of Center Bolt
Next
Slide 72 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
With traditional parking covers, tire impact can also result in vertical displacement.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 73 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
With seismic turnbar covers, the tire impact force is transferred to the frame.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 74 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
And the unique cover plate design allows for ± ½" vertical displacement.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 75 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
This image shows the cast aluminum turnbars in a typical configuration.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 76 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Covers Cont'd…
The bolt through the aluminum turnbar is protected by the "saddle" concept.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 77 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Turnbar Cover Application Examples
Previous
©2005
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Slide 78 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Damper Covers
•
For seismic joints over 9", it is not
practical to use seismic turnbar covers.
Plates fastened on one side of the
joint become the only viable option.
•
Unfortunately, the vertical shear
created by wheeled loads will quickly
destroy this type of system unless it
incorporates a rotational damper.
•
As a result, for 6" to 16" joints, it is
essential to specify a cover system
that incorporates a rotational damper
to accommodate vertical shear and
prevent damage to the cover system.
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©2005
Seismic Damper Parking Cover
Next
Slide 79 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Damper Covers Cont'd…
•
Seismic damper covers are made of
heavy-duty aluminum construction
and are available in standard or
HS-20 loadings.
•
Like the seismic turnbar system, this
system is designed to be watertight
and utilizes elastomeric concrete as
the block-out filler.
•
Seismic damper covers are typically
available with a choice of cover
plates, including diamond plate, in
both steel and aluminum.
Seismic Damper Parking Cover
Previous
©2005
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Slide 80 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Damper Covers Cont'd…
•
Their design employs compression
springs and a pivot frame that
ensures constant contact with the
slide frame.
•
The back edge of the cover plate is
kept under constant pressure by the
die springs that are located beneath
the plate.
•
This dampens the plate during slab
deflection, preventing the noise
associated with standard covers.
Previous
©2005
Seismic Damper Parking Cover
Next
Slide 81 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Parking Garage Cover Systems
Seismic Damper Covers Cont'd…
As before, the unique cover plate design allows for ± 1" vertical displacement.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 82 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Hoag Hospital Case Study
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 83 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Hoag Hospital Case Study
Introduction
•
New seismic codes in the State of
California required Hoag Hospital to
upgrade their facility.
•
The challenge was to connect a base
isolated tower to a fixed-base stair/
elevator tower, to allow each tower
to move up to 30" independently.
•
The solution required a corridor
cover system able to accommodate
4-way movement, while ensuring full
corridor access and a full fire rating.
Previous
©2005
Hoag Hospital, Newport Beach, CA
Next
Slide 84 of 100
• About the Instructor
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Hoag Hospital Case Study
Design Concerns
•
Base Isolation System: Base isolation refers to the seismic separation of the
foundation of a building from its "superstructure". This separation is realized through
the use of large "dampers" at every column. Seismic dampers are designed to absorb
the initial ground acceleration created by an earthquake and allow it to dissipate in
the form of a slow sliding movement of the structure.
•
Four-Way Movement: Joints between base-isolated structures, or a base-isolated
structure and a non-isolated structure, experience large and multi-directional
movement. As a result, seismic joint covers for these applications must be extremely
"mobile" and able to accommodate large 4-way movement ranges.
•
34" Fire-Rated Joint: This application required an expansion joint cover system
capable of accommodating 4-way movement across a 34" wide joint, while still
maintaining the required fire rating and ensuring full corridor access. At the time,
there were no existing solutions!
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©2005
Next
Slide 85 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Hoag Hospital Case Study
Testing of Portal Unit
A full size replica of the joint and corridor was built on a seismic testing table. The
client, architect, and contractor were able to witness the "cab assembly" in action.
PLAY
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©2005
PLAY
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Slide 86 of 100
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• About the Sponsor
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Expansion Joint Covers
Hoag Hospital Case Study
Completed Portal Installation
These images show two different views of the completed portal installation, which
provides the required 4-way movement while ensuring full corridor access.
Previous
©2005
Next
Slide 87 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
San Francisco Airport Case Study
Previous
©2005
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Slide 88 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
San Francisco Airport Case Study
Introduction
•
San Francisco International Airport is
subject to the highest level of seismic
safety requirements of any airport in
the US. Its five-storey terminal is the
world's largest base-isolated building.
•
The challenge was to connect a new
base-isolated structure (over an
existing roadway) to an existing nonisolated passenger boarding area.
•
The solution required a seismic joint
cover system able to accommodate
four-way movement up to 36" with
minimal impact on the design.
Previous
©2005
San Francisco International Airport
Next
Slide 89 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
San Francisco Airport Case Study
Design Concerns
•
Base Isolation System: As we have
discussed, expansion joints between
base-isolated structures are subject
to extreme 4-way movement.
•
36" Fire-Rated Joint: This application
required a cover system capable of
handling 36" of 4-way movement,
without compromising fire ratings.
•
Finishes: This application required a
variety of interior floor, ceiling, wall,
and exterior vertical, roof, and moat
covers for terrazzo floors, paneled
walls, exterior walls and roadways.
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©2005
Interior Floor & Ceiling Joint Covers
Next
Slide 90 of 100
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• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
San Francisco Airport Case Study
Concealment Techniques
•
This project is a great example of the
wide variety of concealment
techniques used in today's seismic
joint cover system.
•
Prior to the development of "popup" techniques, this floor cover
would have been in excess of 6' wide
and would have been exposed metal.
•
The new design is almost invisible
and has zero impact on wheeled
equipment or floor cleaning efficacy.
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©2005
Interior Floor & Ceiling Joint Covers
Next
Slide 91 of 100
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• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
San Francisco Airport Case Study
Concealment Techniques Cont'd…
•
The exterior joint covers were equally
challenging. The architect did not
want to see 30" bands of colored
rubber slicing through his façade!
•
Again, using "pop-up" techniques,
cladding panels were hung in vertical
"pan" covers, blending the joint with
the adjacent wall surface.
•
A unique "gravity closing" device was
also incorporated so that the exterior
covers would close automatically after
an earthquake or tremor.
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©2005
Exterior Vertical Joint Covers
Next
Slide 92 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
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©2005
Next
Slide 93 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
Introduction
There are four essential steps involved in
selecting expansion joint cover systems:
•1
Identify pre-engineered joint width
and location.
•2
Identify pre-engineered movement
requirements.
•3
Consider joint location, usage, and
application requirements.
•4
Identify adjacent surface finishes.
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Slide 94 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
Step 1: Identify Pre-Engineered Joint Width & Location
•
Joint sizes and locations are usually determined by the structural engineer.
Engineers will specify joint width based on the expected movement between
building segments, incorporating safety factors up to 3x projected movement.
•
Care must be taken to identify joint widths at every level, particularly in seismic
areas, since they may be designed to increase in size on higher floor levels in
order to accommodate building sway.
•
Expansion joints may turn within the building. This is not a serious issue, but it
does impact how the joint cover functions, particularly in seismic applications
where lateral shear forces are involved (refer to "lateral shear" in next step).
•
Expansion joints must pass through the structure from top to bottom and front
to back. If a joint appears to end abruptly within a building, be sure to consult
the engineer for clarification.
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©2005
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Slide 95 of 100
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• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
Step 2: Identify Pre-Engineered Movement Requirements
•
The structural engineer should specify the extent of movement for which the
joint has been designed. This typically includes maximum and minimum joint
dimensions or, alternately, a simple ratio of the joint width (i.e. ± 50%).
•
In certain cases, particularly in seismic applications, there will be "lateral shear"
requirements in addition to expansion and contraction. Lateral shear refers to
the movement of slabs in different directions parallel to the line of the joint.
•
In some geographic areas, such as mining or reclaimed land, settlement of the
building may be anticipated. In these cases, the engineer may specify vertical
movement of adjacent slabs, creating "vertical shear" at the joint.
•
Finally, wind sway is often a factor that is engineered into taller buildings in
exposed areas. Wind sway can result in a significant amount of movement and,
unlike seismic movement, is expected on a regular, ongoing basis.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 96 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
Step 3: Consider Joint Location & Application Requirements
•
When selecting cover systems, it is important to consider their location. For
instance, will the joint cover be located in a hidden area or in a highly visible
area, such as a lobby, where aesthetics are more important?
•
Usage and location are also important. Will the joint cover be exposed to heavy
rolling loads or will it only be exposed to foot traffic? Is hygiene a factor? Could
the collection of dirt in the cover system create problems?
•
It is critical to select the appropriate cover type for the intended application. For
instance, "heavy duty" covers for heavier rolling loads, flush gasketed covers for
"hygienic" or healthcare applications, and covers designed for wet areas.
•
Generally, the floor cover application is the element most affected by usage and
application. It is recommended that the selection process begin with the floor
cover and build from there.
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©2005
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Slide 97 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
Step 4: Identify Adjacent Surface Finishes
•
As we have discussed, form and function have often been in conflict with the
design and use of expansion joint cover systems. Improvements in design have
often come at the expense of aesthetics, and vice versa.
•
For example, trying to conceal expansion joint covers with surface finish in-lays
often led to thicker joint cover assemblies. These thicker assemblies resulted in
obstacles for wheeled equipment.
•
As technology and joint cover design improved, it became possible to conceal
wider cover plates without affecting their functionality. Today, a wide variety of
joint cover systems are available to meet form and function requirements.
•
When selecting expansion joint cover systems, consideration should be given to
the adjacent floor and wall finishes. Most finishes can be integrated into the
cover assembly for maximum empathy with the surrounding design elements.
Previous
©2005
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Slide 98 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Selecting Cover Systems
What to Look For in a Supplier
•
Demonstrated Track Record
•
Technical Assistance during Design
•
Productivity Tools
•
Full Product Testing Capability
•
Field Assistance Capability
•
Solid Warranty Position
San Francisco International Airport
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©2005
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Slide 99 of 100
• About the Instructor
• About the Sponsor
• Seminar Discussion Forum
Expansion Joint Covers
Conclusion of This Program
•
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered provider with the
AIA Continuing Education System. Credit earned upon
completion of this program will be reported to CES
Records for AIA members.
•
If you desire AIA/CES, CSI and/or state licensing
continuing education credits, please click on the button
below to commence your online examination. Upon
successful (80% or better) completion of the exam,
please print your Certificate of Completion.
•
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assistance,
please visit the Seminar Discussion Forum (click on the
link above and bookmark it in your browser).
•
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this
seminar, please let them know. Feel free to revisit the
AEC Daily web site to download additional programs
from the Online Learning Center.
©2005 Construction Specialties, Inc. The
material contained in this course was
researched, assembled, and produced by
Construction Specialties, Inc. and remains
their property. Questions or concerns
about this course should be directed to
the instructor.
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