∆ × =
=
= ∴ = = = = ∴ = ∆ = ∆ − ∆ − = − + − − + − = − − = − ∆ = − ! !"
"
! !
#
#
! !
$%&'
(!()(*+*!),-./0%*(*+*!),12/0
(',!)3!)40,25136()41!6()!),-./0
32!67892+16/2),)!(,0
((&',!)3!)40,25136()41!6()!),12/0
21!*2.!662)/123+4,6(3!
892+166/2),)!(,0
(:1/-1!/1!6!),6)!2,-!1*(41!4,(2)
((:1/-(6,-!86,!6,;6()4!.25!6,<
!*/!1,+1!;42)4!),1,(2)281!4,),6;7,+1!281!4,),6;/1!6!)4!284,.06,
2..(6(2)-!210,2!/.()!4-=
→ ∆ = − 3>?&(66,!/@@@;6()4!.1!6,<
!)3
8A
&,!/6@%@@1!!2,-!1*(4
213!1
4213!1
B!12213!1
3>,!C D
× − =
!
× − −
= 8*2.!4+.1(,0(621+)(*2.!4+.1
=
× −
=
× − × − = + =
+
= + − 6*!6/-06(4.214-!*(4.4-)!
(-2*2!)!2+6
((-!,!12!)!2+6
=
CAD
CED
CD
C?D
*2.#F
*2.#F
*2.#F
*2.#F
@)(,(.
GGGGGGGG
GGGGGGG
-)!
<H+(.(1(+*
=
= = × −
F25,!*/!1,+1!;F2592.+*!;(-/1!66+1!;3!41!6!C7D;()41!6!C7D21CD
C7D
CD
C7D
*2.#F
*2.#F
*2.#F
@)(,(.
-)!
<H+(.(1(+*
F!,1!/1!6!),C7D
()*2.#F
=
× −
< ∴ >> − − × − =
× − =
= × −
= × − = = × − I7I7
I7I7
4II
3II
!6/CDCID
6/CDCDF!,1!/1!6!),CD()*2.#F
J
J
CDJ*2.#F
J*2.#*F
A1A1
= + − − %!&' × &− = #' $ # $
' + %!&' × &− = ( = %!&&) × &
−
= %!&&) × &− = ! −
= #%!&&) × & $#** !+ $ = !"" × &− ∴ !"" × &− =
× = + = =
× = − = = + − = = × −
< ! × − < × −
∴ "#$$"%&'()
E E E7E7
= = + − × − = − − = × −
− = × − I6,12)!6,;*26,20!)6(),-!821*+.
?!8()(,(2)
A@?
EA&<
A>><7@K&
()
()
E>7&<?LFM>N
32)21
44!/,21
F<M@&
!/(144!/,21
!/(132)21
752+.37-0312.0B!
76,12)6!
52+.3-0312.06!,2821*6!
5!4(3
623(+*4!,,!62.+,(2)52+.3!6(4
CD
CD
CD
*2.#F
*2.#F
*2.#F
@)(,(.
-)!
J
J
J
<H+(.(1(+*
J
J
J
+ − =
× − × − =
× −
= × −
+ =
× = − =
× = + = + − − = − = = = − = × − =
=
= )( C D
CD
C D
*2.#F
*2.#F
*2.#F
@)(,(.
-)!
<H+(.(1(+*
F!,1!/1!6!),CD()*2.#F
+ − =
× − =
− = × −
+ = × − /L.2CD
725=10H+!6,(2)6OP2)02+125)QQQ
!"#$%&'
4
.
,!,1-!31.
I2.1;
;
()3(9(3+.2)3/2.1
8214!6,-,32)2,
4)4!.
E1
1(2)./01*(3.
I2.1;
&(&
.()!1
72)/2.1;R
../2.18214!6
4)4!.
@.
6H+1!6!3/01*(3
I2.1
/2.1
1@
24,-!31.
)2)/2.1
IE1
,!,1-!31.
/2.1
,1(2)./.)1
/