∆ × =
=
= ∴ = = = = ∴ = ∆ = ∆ − ∆ − = − + − − + − = − − = − ∆ = − ! !"
"
#
#
! !
! !
$%&'
(!()(*+*!),-./0%*(*+*!),12/0
(',!)3,2413()5!),-./0
32!67892+16/2),)!(,0
((
&',!)3,2413()5!),12/0
21!*2.!662)/123+5,6(3!
892+16/2),)!(,0
((6!2,-!1*(5
(((686,!6,:6()5!.24!6,;
!*/!1,+1!:52)5!),1,(2)281!5,),6
7,+1!281!5,),6:/1!6!)5!285,.06,
-!210
→ ∆ = − 3<,!=!,!1*()()&,!/(66,!/>>>:.1!6,;
!)3
8?
&,!/6>%>>1!!2,-!1*(5
-(/>>
((/>>>
(((/>
213!1
@!12213!1
5
213!1
3<,!A B
× − =
!
= × − −
8*2.!5+.1(,0(621(*2.!5+.1
× −
=
× − × − = =
+ =
+
= + − 6*!6/-06(5.215-!*(5.5-)!
(-2*2!)!2+6
((-!,!12!)!2+6
? =
A?B
ACB
AB
A=B
*2.#D
*2.#D
*2.#D
*2.#D
>)(,(.
EEEEEEEE
EEEEEEE
-)!
;F+(.(1(+*
=
= = × −
D24,!*/!1,+1!
D2492.+*!
(-/1!66+1!
3!5A7B
()5A7B21AB
AB
A7B
*2.#D
*2.#D
*2.#D
>)(,(.
-)!
;F+(.(1(+*
A7B
D!,1!/A7B()*2.#D
=
< × −
∴ >> − − × − =
× − =
= × −
= × − = = × − G7G7
G7G7
5GG
3GG
!6/ABAGB
6/ABABD!,1!/1!6!),AB()*2.#D
H
H
ABH*2.#D
H*2.#*D
?1?1
= + − − % × − = & ' & '
+ % × − = = %! × −
= %! × − = % −
= &%! × '&""#
% ' = $$
× − %
∴ %$$ × − =
× = + = =
× = − = = + − = = × −
< × − < × −
∴ !
C C C7C7
= " + # − × − = # − # − = × −
# − = × − G6,12)!6,:*26,)+*!12820!)6(),-!821*+.
?>=
1!!()
?<<;7>I&
C?&;
1!!()
32)21
55!/,21
D;J>&
!/(155!/,21
!/(132)21
C<7&;=
742+.37-0312.0@!
76,12)6!
42+.3-0312.06!,2821*6!
4!5(3
6(5
AB
AB
AB
*2.#D
*2.#D
*2.#D
>)(,(.
-)!
H
H
H
;F+(.(1(+*
H
H
H
+ − =
× − × − =
× −
= × −
+ =
× = − =
× = + = + − − = − = = = − = × − # =
$
=
= A B
AB
A B
*2.#D
*2.#D
*2.#D
>)(,(.
-)!
;F+(.(1(+*
D!,1!/AB()*2.#D
+ # − =
# × − =
− = × −
+ = × − 7
7!
(((((
7
(
&
&
& (
&!
(((((
7
7!
& 7
&!
7&
7&
)
)
)
)
!
!
)
)!
5
! )
)
(?)23!
K) ;
L
K)!
((,-23!
+!+
L
(((+K)+K)
L
5
(K)
((K)
3L
!K)MK)MM+M+
5C!),
,!,1-!31.
7G
C1
1(2)./01*(3.
G
&(&
.()!1
7G
>.
6F+1!6!3/01*(3
G
,1(2)./.)1
)2,!N<!62))5!
6,1+5,+1!
G
1>
25,-!31.
7G
.
GC1
,!,1-!31.
66/6/
2+,!1*26,21(,.(6O/P21(,.:6/
!)36()68,!1/
7217!21 )2)/2.1:,!,1-!31.../2.18215!65)5!.
()3(9(3+.2)3/2.18215!6,-,32)2,5)5!.
G