INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE ORGANIZATION
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET
August 2001
To be used in the teaching and examination of
Diploma Programme chemistry
Valid for examination sessions from May 2003
Chemistry Data Booklet
August 2001
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2001
International Baccalaureate Organization
Route des Morillons 15
1218 Grand- Saconnex
Geneva, SWITZERLAND
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (HLP1 and SLP1), but the periodic
table given on page 4 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this
booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (HLP2, HLP3, SLP2 and
SLP3).
Contents
1.
Some Relevant Equations
2
2.
Physical Constants
2
3.
Fundamental Particles
2
4.
Names of the First 103 Elements
3
5.
The Periodic Table
4
6.
Melting Points and Boiling Points of the Elements
5
7.
First Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of the Elements
6
8.
Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements
7
9.
Covalent Bond Lengths
8
10.
Average Bond Enthalpies at 298 K
8
11.
Organic Compounds—Thermodynamic Data
9
12.
Ellingham Diagram
10
13.
Enthalpies of Combustion
11
14.
Lattice Enthalpies at 298 K (Experimental and Theoretical Values)
12
15.
Standard Electrode Potentials
13
16.
Strengths of Organic Acids and Bases
14
17.
Acid–base Indicators
15
18.
Infrared Data
16
19.
1
H NMR Data
17
20.
2-amino Acids
18
21.
Structural Formulas of Some Important Medicines and Drugs
20
22.
Structural Formulas of Some Important Biological Molecules
22
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
1
1. Some Relevant Equations
E = hf
E = mc 2
∆G 0 = ∆H 0 − T ∆S 0
PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
t1 =
2
0.693
k
k = Ae
− Ea
RT
[ A] = [ A]o e −kt
log10
ln k = −
or
ln
Io
= ∈lc
I
Ea
+ ln A
RT
[ A]o
[ A]
= kt
2. Physical Constants
Avogadro’s constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol-1
Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at 273 K, 1.01 × 105 Pa = 2.24 × 10-2 m3 mol-1 (22.4 dm3 mol-1 )
Speed of light in a vacuum (c) = 3.00 × 108 m s-1
Planck constant (h) = 6.63 × 10-34 J s
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg-1 K-1 ( = 4.18 J g-1 K-1 )
Ionic product constant for water (Kw ) = 1.00 × 10-14 mol2 dm-6 at 298 K
(1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa)
(1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 × 10-3 m3 = 1 × 103 cm3 )
3. Fundamental Particles
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Mass/kg
1.672648 × 10-27
1.674954 × 10-27
9.109534 × 10-31
Charge/C
1.602189 × 10-19
0
1.602189 × 10-19
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
2
4. Names of the First 103 Elements
Element
actinium
aluminium
americium
antimony
argon
arsenic
astatine
barium
berkelium
beryllium
bismuth
boron
bromine
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
chromium
cobalt
copper
curium
dysprosium
einsteinium
erbium
europium
fermium
fluorine
francium
gadolinium
gallium
germanium
gold
hafnium
helium
holmium
hydrogen
indium
iodine
iridium
iron
krypton
lanthanum
lawrencium
lead
lithium
lutetium
magnesium
manganese
mendelevium
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
mercury
molybdenum
neodymium
neon
neptunium
nickel
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
potassium
praseodymium
promethium
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
rubidium
ruthenium
samarium
scandium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
technetium
tellurium
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
xenon
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
3
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
5.
1
The Periodic Table
2
3
1
4
5
6
7
2
Atomic Number
H
0
He
1.01
4.00
3
4
Li
Be
6.94
9.01
Element
Atomic Mass
5
6
7
8
9
10
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
10.81
12.01
14.01
16.00
19.00
20.18
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
22.99
24.31
26.98
28.09
30.97
32.06
35.45
39.95
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
39.10
40.08
44.96
47.90
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.71
63.55
65.37
69.72
72.59
74.92
78.96
79.90
83.80
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.94
98.91
101.07
102.91
106.42
107.87
112.40
114.82
118.69
121.75
127.60
126.90
131.30
55
56
57 †
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
132.91
137.34
138.91
178.49
180.95
183.85
186.21
190.21
192.22
195.09
196.97
200.59
204.37
207.19
208.98
(210)
(210)
(222)
87
88
89 ‡
Fr
Ra
Ac
(223)
(226)
(227)
†
‡
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
140.12
140.91
144.24
146.92
150.35
151.96
157.25
158.92
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.04
174.97
103
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
232.04
231.04
238.03
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(254)
(257)
(258)
(259)
(260)
4
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
6. Melting Points and Boiling Points of the Elements
14
1
M.pt/K
H
He
20
4
Element
454
1551
2573
4100
63
55
54
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
1600
3243
3931
5100
77
90
85
27
371
922
936
1683
317
392
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
1156
1363
2740
2628
553
718
239
337
1112
K
B.pt/K
172
25
84
Ar
87
1814
1933
1973
2130
1517
1808
1768
1726
1357
693
303
1211
889
490
266
117
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
1047
1757
3104
3560
3650
2755
2235
3023
3143
3005
2840
1180
2676
3103
958
332
121
312
1042
1780
2125
2741
2890
2445
2583
2239
1825
1235
594
429
505
904
723
387
161
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
961
1657
3611
4650
5015
4885
5150
4173
4000
3413
2485
1038
2353
2543
2023
1263
458
166
302
983
1194
2503
3269
3680
3453
3327
2683
2045
1338
234
577
601
545
527
575
202
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
952
2023
3730
5470
5698
5930
5900
5300
4403
4100
3080
630
1730
2013
1833
1235
610
211
300
973
1320
Fr
Ra
Ac
950
1413
3470
5
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
7. First Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of the Elements
1310
-72
First ionization
energy / kJ mol -1
H
2.1
519
-52
Li
1.0
494
-71
900
Be
2370
Electron
affinity /
kJ mol -1
He
Element
799
-29
Electronegativity
B
1090 -120
1400
-3
C
1.5
2.5
2.0
736
N
577
-47
786
-180
1060
-70
Mg
Al
Si
P
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
590
632
661
K
0.8
402
Rb
0.8
376
Sc
Ti
1.0
1.3
1.5
548
Sr
1.0
502
636
Y
1.2
540
669
Zr
1.4
531
1.6
653
Nb
1.6
760
766
Ta
Ba
La
0.9
1.1
510
669
Fr
Ra
Ac
0.7
0.9
1.1
381
653
716
762
V
Ca
Cs
0.7
648
Hf
1.3
1.5
757
Co
Cr
Mn
Fe
1.6
1.5
1.8
694
699
724
Mo
Tc
Ru
1.8
1.9
2.2
770
W
1.7
762
Re
1.9
841
1.8
745
736
Ni
1.8
803
745
908
577
762
Cu
1.9
732
O
3.5
3.0
Na
418
1310 -142
(O +844)
966
Ga
Ge
1.6
1.6
1.8
866
556
707
2.0
833
F
1000 -200
(S
+532)
S
2.5
941
1520
Cl
Ar
3.0
1140
Se
Br
2.4
2.8
870
1010
-314
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.5
891
1010
590
716
703
1350
-342
Pd
866
Ne
1260
-364
Rh
887
2080
4.0
As
Zn
1680
-348
812
920
Kr
1170
Xe
1040
Tl
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.8
Pb
Bi
Po
At
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
Rn
6
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
8. Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements
Atomic
radius/
10-12 m
30
H
He
154
(1-)
152
Li
Be
68 (1+)
30 (2+)
186
160
Na
Element
112
Ionic
radius/
10-12 m
65 (2+)
231
197
160
Ca
Sc
133 (1+)
94 (2+)
81 (3+)
244
215
180
Sr
Y
146
Ti
90 (2+)
68 (4+)
157
Zr
148 (1+)
110 (2+)
93 (3+)
80 (4+)
262
217
188
157
167 (1+)
270
Ba
34 (2+)
La
115 (3+)
220
200
Fr
16 (3+)
143
K
Cs
B
Mg
98 (1+)
Rb
88
Ra
Ac
Hf
81 (4+)
131
V
88 (2+)
59 (5+)
141
Nb
70 (5+)
143
Ta
73 (5+)
125
Cr
63 (3+)
136
Mo
129
Mn
80 (2+)
60 (4+)
135
Tc
68 (4+)
137
W
68 (4+)
126
Fe
76 (2+)
64 (3+)
133
Ru
65 (4+)
137
Re
134
Os
67 (4+)
125
Co
74 (2+)
63 (3+)
134
Rh
124
Ni
Cu
72 (2+)
96 (1+)
69 (2+)
138
144
Pd
86 (2+)
135
Ir
66 (4+)
128
Ag
126 (1+)
138
Pt
144
133
Zn
74 (2+)
149
Cd
97 (2+)
152
Au
Hg
137 (1+)
85 (3+)
127 (1+)
110 (2+)
77
C
260 (4-)
117
70
N
66
O
58
F
Ne
171 (3-)
146 (2-)
133 (1-)
110
104
99
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
45 (3+)
42 (4+)
271 (4-)
212 (3-)
190 (2-)
181 (1-)
121
117
141
122
Ga
Ge
62 (3+)
53 (4+)
272 (4-)
166
162
As
Se
222
(3-)
141
202 (2-)
137
114
Br
133
Sn
Sb
Te
I
81 (3+)
112 (2+)
71 (4+)
245 (3-)
222 (2-)
219 (1-)
175
170
140
140
Tl
95 (3+)
Pb
Bi
120 (2+)
84 (4+)
120 (3+)
Po
Kr
196 (1-)
In
171
Ar
At
Xe
Rn
7
9. Covalent Bond Lengths
Bond
H–H
C–C
C=C
ChC
C–C (in benzene)
Si–Si
N–N
N=N
NhN
P–P (P4)
O–O
O=O
S–S (S8)
S=S
F–F
Cl–Cl
Br–Br
I–I
Bond length
/nm
0.074
0.154
0.134
0.120
0.139
0.235
0.146
0.120
0.110
0.221
0.148
0.121
0.207
0.188
0.142
0.199
0.228
0.267
Bond
Bond length
/nm
C–H
Si–H
N–H
P–H
O–H
S–H
F–H
Cl–H
Br–H
I–H
0.109
0.146
0.101
0.142
0.096
0.135
0.092
0.128
0.141
0.160
C–O
C=O
C–O (in phenol)
C–N
C=N
ChN
C–N (in phenylamine)
C–F
C–Cl
C–Cl (in chlorobenzene)
C–Br
C–I
0.143
0.122
0.136
0.147
0.127
0.116
0.135
0.138
0.177
0.169
0.193
0.214
Si–O
0.150
10. Average Bond Enthalpies at 298 K
Bond
H–H
D–D
C–C
C=C
ChC
C–C (benzene)
Si–Si
Ge–Ge
Sn–Sn
N–N
N=N
NhN
P–P
O–O
O=O
S–S
F–F
Cl–Cl
Br–Br
I–I
∆H / kJ mol-1
436
442
348
612
837
518
226
188
151
163
409
944
172
146
496
264
158
242
193
151
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
Bond
∆H / kJ mol-1
C–H
Si–H
N–H
P–H
O–H
S–H
F–H
Cl–H
Br–H
I–H
412
318
388
322
463
338
562
431
366
299
C–O
C=O
C–N
C=N
ChN
C–F
C–Cl
C–Br
C–I
360
743
305
613
890
484
338
276
238
Si–O
374
8
11. Organic Compounds—Thermodynamic Data
Substance
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
ethene
propene
but-1-ene
cis-but-2-ene
trans-but-2-ene
ethyne
propyne
buta-1,3-diene
cyclohexane
benzene
benzene
methylbenzene
ethylbenzene
phenylethene
chloromethane
dichloromethane
trichloromethane
bromomethane
tribromomethane
iodomethane
triiodomethane
chloroethane
bromoethane
iodoethane
chloroethene
1,2-dichloroethane
chlorobenzene
methanol
methanol
ethanol
ethanol
phenol
methanal
ethanal
propanone
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
benzoic acid
ethyl ethanoate
ethanamide
methylamine
ethylamine
urea
Formula
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C2H2
C3H4
C4H6
C6H12
C6H6
C6H6
C6H5CH3
C6H5CH2CH3
C6H5CHCH2
CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CH3Br
CHBr3
CH3I
CHI3
C2H5Cl
C2H5Br
C2H5I
C2H3Cl
CH2ClCH2Cl
C6H5Cl
CH3OH
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C2H5OH
C6H5OH
HCHO
CH3CHO
(CH3)2CO
HCOOH
CH3COOH
C6H5COOH
CH3COOC2H5
CH3CONH2
CH3NH2
C2H5NH2
CO(NH2)2
State
∆Hf0 / kJ mol-1
∆Gf0 / kJ mol-1
S0 / J K-1 mol-1
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
l
g
l
g
g
g
g
l
l
g
l
l
s
g
l
l
g
l
g
g
l
g
l
s
g
g
g
l
l
s
l
s
g
g
s
-75
-85
-104
-125
-146
-167
52
20
1
-6
-10
227
185
112
-156
83
49
50
30
148
-82
-117
-132
-36
-20
-8
141
-105
-85
-31
31
-166
52
-201
-239
-235
-278
-163
-116
-166
-216
-409
-487
-385
-481
-320
-28
-49
-333
-51
-33
-24
-16
-8
0
68
63
72
67
64
209
194
152
27
130
125
122
131
214
-59
-63
-72
-26
3
20
186
230
270
310
348
387
219
267
307
301
296
201
248
279
204
269
173
320
360
345
234
179
203
246
222
163
-53
276
52
-80
99
-162
-166
-169
-175
-51
-110
-134
-152
-346
-392
-245
264
208
314
238
127
282
161
146
219
266
295
129
160
167
28
37
-47
242
285
105
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
9
12. Ellingham Diagram
Standard Gibbs free energy changes of formation, ∆G0f , for oxides given per mole of oxygen gas as a
function of temperature.
∆Gf0 /kJmol −1
2Ag O2
2d
O
+
g
4A
0
Ag
O
+O 2
2Hg
Hg
d2Hg
PbO
O 2d2
+
b
P
2
– 200
C
d2FeO
2Fe+O 2
– 400
C+O 2 → CO 2
C+O → CO
Pb
C
Fe
2
d2CO
+O
2CO
O
2Zn
2d
O
+
2Zn 2 O 3
d C–3 r 2
Zn
O2
4 Cr+
–
2
CO
– 600
Cr
2C+
O 2d
2CO
3
O
Ti+
2
dTiO
2
– 800
Ti
O2
2
O2
4
– Al+
dA–3 l
3
3
– 1000
Al
gO
Mg
– 1200
Ca
g+O
2M
d2M
2
2
+O
2Ca
500
O
d2Ca
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temperature / K
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
10
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
13. Enthalpies of Combustion
0
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion ( ∆H c ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa (1 atm).
Substance
hydrogen
sulfur
carbon (graphite)
carbon (diamond)
carbon monoxide
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
octane
cyclohexane
ethene
buta-1,3-diene
ethyne
benzene
methylbenzene
naphthalene
anthracene
chloroethane
bromoethane
iodoethane
(chloromethyl)benzene
trichloromethane
methanol
ethanol
Formula
H2
S
C
C
CO
CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
C4 H10
C5 H12
C6 H14
C8 H18
C6 H12
C2 H4
C4 H6
C2 H2
C6 H6
C6 H5 CH3
C10 H8
C14 H10
C2 H5 Cl
C2 H5 Br
C2 H5 I
C6 H5 CH2 Cl
CHCl3
CH3 OH
C2 H5 OH
State
( ∆H 0c ) / kJ mol-1
g
s
s
s
s
g
g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
g
g
g
l
l
s
s
g
g
l
l
l
l
-286
-297
-394
-395
-283
-890
-1560
-2220
-2877
-3509
-4194
-5512
-3924
-1409
-2542
-1299
-3273
-3909
-5157
-7114
-1325
-1425
-1490
-3709
-373
-715
-1371
Formula
State
∆H 0c / kJ mol-1
C3 H7 OH
C4 H9 OH
C6 H5 CH2 OH
C6 H11 OH
C6 H5 OH
(C2 H5 )2 O
HCHO
CH3 CHO
C6 H5 CHO
(CH3 )2 CO
(C2 H5 )2 CO
CH3 COC6 H5
(C6 H5 )2 CO
HCOOH
CH3 COOH
C6 H5 COOH
(COOH)2
CH3 COOC2 H
1
1
l
s
-2010
-2673
-4056
-3727
-3064
-2727
-561
-1167
-3520
-1786
-3078
-4138
-6512
-263
-876
-3227
-246
-2246
-1182
-3546
-1072
-1709
-3397
-3094
-634
-2816
-5644
Substance
propan-1-ol
butan-1-ol
phenylmethanol
cyclohexanol
phenol
ethoxyethane
methanal
ethanal
benzaldehyde
propanone
pentan-3-one
phenylethanone
diphenylmethanone
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
benzoic acid
ethanedioic acid
ethyl ethanoate
ethanamide
benzamide
methylamine
ethylamine
phenylamine
nitrobenzene
urea
glucose
sucrose
5
CH3 CONH2
C6 H5 CONH2
CH3 NH2
C2 H5 NH2
C6 H5 NH2
C6 H5 NO2
CO(NH2 )2
C6 H12 O6
C12 H22 O11
l
g
l
l
l
l
s
s
l
l
s
s
l
s
s
g
g
l
l
s
s
s
11
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
15
14. Lattice Enthalpies at 298 K (Experimental and Theoretical Values)
0
The lattice enthalpy ( ∆H lattice
) values given relate to the endothermic process in MX(s) → M + (g) + X − (g)
which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.
Experimental Values
The data in these two tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.
0
/ kJ mol-1
∆H lattice
Alkali metal halides
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Other substances
CaF2
BeCl2
MgCl2
CaCl2
SrCl2
BaCl2
MgO
CaO
SrO
BaO
F
Cl
Br
I
1022
902
801
767
716
846
771
701
675
645
800
733
670
647
619
744
684
629
609
585
0
∆H lattice
/ kJ mol-1
2602
3006
2493
2237
2112
2018
3889
3513
3310
3152
0
∆H lattice
/ kJ mol-1
Other substances
MgS
CaS
SrS
BaS
CuCl
AgF
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
NH4 Cl
3238
2966
2779
2643
976
955
905
890
876
640
Theoretical Values
These two tables contain lattice enthalpies calculated from electrostatic principles on the basis of
a purely ionic model for the crystal.
0
/ kJ mol-1
∆H lattice
Alkali metal halides
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Other substances
CaF2
MgO
CaO
SrO
BaO
F
Cl
Br
I
1004
891
795
761
728
833
766
690
674
636
787
732
665
644
611
728
686
632
607
582
0
∆H lattice
/ kJ mol-1
2611
3929
3477
3205
3042
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
Other substances
AgF
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
0
∆H lattice
/ kJ mol-1
870
770
758
736
12
15. Standard Electrode Potentials
l
Oxidized species
Reduced species
E0 / V
Li+(aq) + eK+(aq) + eCa2+(aq) + 2e Na+(aq) + eMg2+(aq) + 2e Al3+(aq) + 3e Mn2+(aq) + 2e H2 O(l) + eZn2+(aq) + 2e Fe 2+(aq) + 2e Ni2+(aq) + 2e -
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Li(s)
K(s)
Ca(s)
Na(s)
Mg(s)
Al(s)
Mn(s)
½H2 (g) + OH-(aq)
Zn(s)
Fe(s)
Ni(s)
-3.03
-2.92
-2.87
-2.71
-2.36
-1.66
-1.18
-0.83
-0.76
-0.44
-0.23
Sn2+(aq) + 2e Pb2+(aq) + 2e H+(aq) + eCu2+(aq) + eSO4 2-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e Cu2+(aq) + 2e ½O2 (g) + H2 O(l) + 2e Cu+(aq) + e½I2 (s) + e-
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Sn(s)
Pb(s)
½H2 (g)
Cu+(s)
H2 SO3 (aq) + H2 O(l)
Cu(s)
2OH-(aq)
Cu(s)
I-(aq)
-0.14
-0.13
0.00
+0.15
+0.17
+0.34
+0.40
+0.52
+0.54
Fe 3+(aq) + e-
l
Fe 2+(aq)
+0.77
Ag+(aq) + e-
l
Ag(s)
+0.80
½Br2 (l) + e½O2 (g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e Cr2 O7 2-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e ½Cl2 (g) + eMnO4 -(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e F2 (g) + e-
l
l
l
l
l
l
Br-(aq)
H2 O(l)
2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2 O(l)
Cl-(aq)
Mn2+(aq) + 4H2 O(l)
F-(aq)
+1.09
+1.23
+1.33
+1.36
+1.51
+2.87
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
13
16. Strengths of Organic Acids and Bases
The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pKa values, where pKa = -log10 Ka.
The dissociation constant, Ka, values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K. Base strengths are given in terms
of pKb values.
Carboxylic Acids
Name
Formula
pKa
methanoic
ethanoic
propanoic
butanoic
2-methylpropanoic
pentanoic
2,2-dimethylpropanoic
benzoic
phenylethanoic
HCOOH
CH3 COOH
CH3 CH2 COOH
CH3 (CH2 )2 COOH
(CH3 )2 CHCOOH
CH3 (CH2 )3 COOH
(CH3 )3 CCOOH
C6 H5 COOH
C6 H5 CH2 COOH
3.75
4.76
4.87
4.82
4.85
4.86
5.05
4.20
4.31
Halogenated Carboxylic Acids
Name
Formula
pKa
chloroethanoic
dichloroethanoic
trichloroethanoic
fluoroethanoic
bromoethanoic
iodoethanoic
CH2 ClCOOH
CHCl2 COOH
CCl3 COOH
CH2 FCOOH
CH2 BrCOOH
CH2 ICOOH
2.86
1.29
0.65
2.66
2.90
3.17
Phenols
Name
Formula
pKa
phenol
2-nitrophenol
3-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
C6 H5 OH
O2 NC6 H4 OH
O2 NC6 H4 OH
O2 NC6 H4 OH
(O2 N)2 C6 H3 OH
(O2 N)3 C6 H2 OH
10.00
7.21
8.35
7.15
4.01
0.42
Alcohols
Name
Formula
methanol
ethanol
CH3 OH
C2 H5 OH
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
pKa
15.5
16 (approximately)
14
Amines
Name
Formula
pKb
ammonia
methylamine
ethylamine
dimethylamine
trimethylamine
diethylamine
triethylamine
phenylamine
NH3
CH3 NH2
CH3 CH2 NH2
(CH3 )2 NH
(CH3 )3 N
(C2 H5 )2 NH
(C2 H5 )3 N
C6 H5 NH2
4.75
3.36
3.27
3.28
4.20
3.07
3.36
9.38
17. Acid–base Indicators
Colour change
Indicator
pKa
pH range
Acid
Alkali
methyl orange
bromophenol blue
bromocresol green
methyl red
bromothymol blue
phenol red
phenolphthalein
3.7
4.0
4.7
5.1
7.0
7.9
9.3
3.1–4.4
3.0–4.6
3.8–5.4
4.2–6.3
6.0–7.6
6.8–8.4
8.3–10.0
red
yellow
yellow
red
yellow
yellow
colourless
yellow
blue
blue
yellow
blue
red
red
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
15
18. Infrared Data
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
Bond
Organic molecules
Wavenumber / cm-1
C–Cl
halogenoalkanes
C–O
alcohols, ethers, esters
1000 to 1300
C=C
alkenes
1610 to 1680
C=O
aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters
1680 to 1750
ChC
alkynes
2070 to 2250
O–H
“hydrogen bonded” in acids
2500 to 3300
C–H
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
2840 to 3095
O–H
“hydrogen bonded” in alcohols, phenols
3230 to 3550
N–H
primary amines
3350 to 3500
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
700 to 800
16
19. 1H NMR Data
Typical proton chemical shift values (δ ) relative to TMS = 0.
(These values can vary slightly in different solvents.)
Type of proton
R
CH3
R
CH2
Chemical shift/ppm
0.9
R
1.3
2
R3CH
O
CH3
2.0
C
OR
R
CH3
C
2.1
O
2.3
CH 3
R
C
C
2.6
H
R
CH2
R
O
CH3
R
O
CH3
R
C
O
3.2–3.7
Hal
3.8
4.1
CH2R
O
O
R
O
RHC
C
CH 3
4.0–4.2
0.5–6.5 (can vary considerably under
different conditions)
H
4.9–5.9
CH2
OH
7
H
7.3
O
R
9.7
C
H
O
R
11.5
C
O
H
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
17
20. 2-amino Acids
Common name
Symbol
alanine
Ala
Structural formula
H2N
CH
pH of
isoelectric
point
COOH
6.0
CH3
arginine
Arg
H2N
CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
10.8
CH2
NH
C
NH2
NH
asparagine
Asn
H2N
CH
COOH
5.4
CH2
C
NH2
O
aspartic acid
Asp
H2N
CH
2.8
CH2
cysteine
Cys
H2N
CH
Gln
H2N
COOH
COOH
5.1
CH2
glutamine
COOH
SH
CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
5.7
C
NH2
O
glutamic acid
Glu
glycine
Gly
histidine
His
H2N
CH
COOH
3.2
CH2
CH2
COOH
H2N
CH2
COOH
H2N
CH
6.0
COOH
H
7.6
N
CH2
N
isoleucine
Ile
H 2N
CH3
CH
COOH
CH
CH2
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
6.0
CH3
18
Common name
Symbol Structural formula
leucine
Leu
H2N
CH
pH of
isoelectric
point
COOH
6.0
CH2
CH3
lysine
Lys
H2N
CH
CH3
CH
COOH
CH2
methionine
phenylalanine
Met
Phe
H2N
H2N
CH2
CH
COOH
CH2
CH2
CH
9.7
CH2
CH2
NH2
5.7
S
CH3
COOH
5.5
CH2
COOH
proline
Pro
serine
Ser
H
N
H2N
6.3
CH
COOH
CH2
threonine
Thr
H 2N
CH3
tryptophan
Trp
H2N
5.7
OH
CH
COOH
5.6
CH
CH
OH
COOH
5.9
CH2
N
H
tyrosine
Tyr
H2N
CH
COOH
5.7
CH2
valine
Val
H2N
CH3
CH
OH
COOH
6.0
CH
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
CH3
19
21. Structural Formulas of Some Important Medicines and Drugs
CH3
CH2
O
C
OH
CH3
H
C
OH
C
O
C
CH3
CH3
O
NHCOCH 3
aspirin
COOH
H
paracetamol (acetaminophen)
ibuprofen
O
CH2
OH
CH2
CH 3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
N
CH 3
OCCH3
OH
N
CH 3
O
N
O
O
O
OH
OCCH3
OCH3
morphine
codeine
heroin
O
CH3
H3C
CH2
CH
HO
NH 2
CH
CH2
NH
N
N
CH3
N
OH
CH3
O
HO
N
N
CH3
N
CH3
amphetamine
adrenaline
O
R
C
caffeine
nicotine
CH3
CH3
O
O
NH
S
N
N
CH3
CH3
N
Cl
O
C
N
O2N
N
O
OH
penicillin
diazepam (valium®)
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
nitrazepam (mogadon®)
20
O
N
HN
O
CH3
H2N
N
CH2
HO
O
N
CH2
N
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
O
O
CH3
N
CH2
O
cocaine
CH3
acyclovir
N
O
NH
NH3
Cl
C
Pt
Cl
CH3
CH2
N
CH3
NH3
H2C
CH3
CH2
N
H
CH3
cisplatin
Lidocaine
CH3O
CH2
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
H
NH2
O
CH2
O
CH3O
P
O
CH3
O
N+
CH2
OCH3
CH2
CH3
H
N
H
mescaline
O
NH2
CH2CH3
O
C
CH2CH2
psilocybin
N
CH3
CH2CH3
OH
procaine
H3C
F3C
H3C
CH2
O
CH2
O
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
NH2 + Cl CH2
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
fluoxetine hydrochloride (prozac®)
N
H
indole
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
21
22. Structural Formulas of Some Important Biological Molecules
H
H
H
H
OH
O
1
H
HO OH
OH
H
OH
lactose
CH 3
H
C
C
H2 C
C
C
H
H2C
C
CH 3
C
H2
CH 3
1
H
O
2
OH
OH
C
H
H
O
C
C
H
C
H
O H CH2 OH
4
3
H2
C
C
H
2
CH 3
H
C
C
H
1
sucrose
CH3
O
H
H
1
2
H
OH
H
H
OH
3
H
2
H
H
4
HOCH 2
O
O
O
HO
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
HO
C
O
OH
retinol (vitamin A)
HO
C
H
C
HO
C
H
CH 2OH
H3C
CH 2
CH
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH 2
CH
ascorbic acid
CH 3
H3 C
CH 3
CH2
CH
CH 3
CH 3
CH 2
CH2
CH
CH3
HO
(vitamin C)
CH2
cholesterol
HO
vitamin D
CH3
CH3
CH 3
OH
C
O
CH3
H3C
HO
OH
CH 3
O
O
oestradiol
progesterone
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
testosterone
22
I
OH
HO
CH
CH 2
NH
CH 3
I
HO
O
HO
CH2
I
thyroxine
O
NH2
C
N
C
C
N
HN
C
N
C
N
adenine
C
N
O
N
H
HN
CH
C
C
CH
C
O
CH
HN
CH
O
N
H
N
H
guanine
O
C
C
N
CH
H2 N C
N
H
O
NH2
CH
HC
NH2
I
adrenaline
COOH
CH
cytosine
C
C
CH 3
CH
N
H
uracil
thymine
CH 3
CH 3
NH2
N
N
N
N
O
O
–O
P
O–
O
P
O–
O
O
P
O
CH 2
O
O–
OH OH
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
CH
CH2
HO
CH 2
C
CH 2
C
CH 2
CH 2
CH 3
CH
C
CH 2
CH 2
CH
CH 3
CH 3
H3C
CH
N
CH 2
N
Fe
N
O
N
C
CH3
H
HOOC
CH2
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
COOH
The haem group from cytochrome oxidase
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet, August 2001
23