Matakuliah
Tahun
: Sosiologi Komunikasi Massa
: 2009/2010
GENDER & KOMUNIKASI
Pertemuan 11
“We believe we will never
watch, listen or read the news
with the same eyes”
(Bosnia & Herzegovina)
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GMMP 2005
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Scope of GMMP 2005
• 76 countries
• 12,893 news stories on TV, radio and print
• 25,671 news sources
• 14,273 news personnel
• Total of 39,944 people in the news
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News: A Mirror on the
World?
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Women are dramatically under-represented in the news.
Only 21% of news subjects - the people who are
interviewed, or whom the news is about - are female.
Though there has been an increase since 1995, when
17% of those heard and seen in the news were women,
the situation in 2005 remains abysmal. For every woman
who appears in the news, there are four men.
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When women do make the news it is primarily
as 'stars' (celebrities, royalty) or as 'ordinary'
people.
Women make the news not as figures of authority,
but as celebrities (42%), royalty (33%) or as
'ordinary people'. Female newsmakers outnumber
males in only two occupational categories homemaker (75%) and student (51%).
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As newsmakers, women are under-represented in
professional categories such as law (18%), business
(12%) and politics (12%). In reality, women's share of
these occupations is higher. For instance, in Rwanda which has the highest proportion of female politicians
in the world (49%) - only 13% of politicians in the news
are women.
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As authorities and experts women barely
feature in news stories.
Expert opinion in the news is overwhelmingly
male. Men are 83% of experts, and 86% of
spokespersons. By contrast, women appear in a
personal capacity - as eye witnesses (30%),
giving personal views (31%) or as
representatives of popular opinion (34%).
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For women, age has a crucial bearing on
whether they appear in the news.
Men go on making news well into their 50s and
60s: nearly half (49%) of all male news subjects
are aged 50 or over. But older women are
almost invisible: nearly three-quarters (72%) of
female news subjects are under 50.
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Women are more than twice as likely as men to
be portrayed as victims.
19% of female news subjects, compared with 8% of
males are portrayed in this way. News
disproportionately focuses on female victims in
events that actually affect both sexes - accidents,
crime, war. Topics that specifically involve women sexual violence, domestic violence, cultural practice
- are given little coverage.
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Female news subjects are more than three times
as likely as males to be identified in terms of their
family status.
17% of women are described as wife, daughter,
mother etc.; only 5% of men are described as
husband, son, father and so on. Even in authoritative
functions such as spokesperson or expert, women do
not escape this identification with family. So while men
are perceived and valued as autonomous individuals,
women's status is deemed to derive primarily from
their relationship to others. It is from these
relationships, rather than from her own autonomous
being, that a woman draws her authority.
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Women are much more likely (23%) than men
(16%) to appear in photographs.
In stories on crime, violence or disaster, pictures
of women are frequently employed for dramatic
effect. In newspapers and on television, the
female body is often used to titillate.
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Delivering the News
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There has been a steady increase in the
percentage of news items reported by women -
from 28% in 1995, to 31% in 2000, reaching 37% in
2005. Female reporters have gained more ground
in radio and television than in newspapers. The
press lags far behind the electronic media, with only
29% of stories written by female reporters in 2005.
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On television, female media professionals
disappear from the screen as they get older.
For women in the profession, a youthful
appearance is more highly valued than
experience. Up to the age of 34 women are in
the majority as both news presenters and
reporters. By the age of 50, only 17% of
reporters and 7% of presenters are female.
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Female reporters predominate in only two
topics weather reports on television and radio (52%)
and stories on poverty, housing and welfare
(51%). Sports news is the least likely to be
reported by women, with just 21% of female
reporters.
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Overall, male journalists report at the so-called
'hard' or 'serious' end of the news spectrum such as
politics and government (where women report only
32% of stories). Female journalists are more likely to
work on the so-called 'soft' stories such as social and
legal issues (40% reported by women). Although many
'soft' news stories are important, they are not always
perceived as such in the hierarchy of new values. As a
result, the work of female journalists is sometimes
under-valued, and women reporters are frequently
assigned to stories that are downright trivial - celebrity
news (50% reported by women), or arts and
entertainment (48%).
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News Content
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Very little news - just 10% of all stories - focuses specifically
on women.
North America stands apart from the other regions: here women
are central to the news in 20% of stories (23% in Canada, 19% in
the USA). But even in this region only one story in five focuses on
women - still a very small proportion of the total.
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Women are rarely central in stories that
comprise the bulk of the news agenda politics (8%), the economy (3%).
Even in topics where the percentage of female
news subjects is relatively high - education, childcare, consumer issues, HIV-AIDS - women seldom
feature centrally. Apart from crime and violence,
where women are central in 16% of items, women
are central in stories that are at the periphery of
the news.
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News stories are twice as likely to reinforce
(6%) as to challenge (3%) gender stereotypes.
Three topics contribute greatly to the reinforcement
of gender stereotypes in the news: celebrity news
(16% of which reinforces stereotypes), sports
(12%) and arts and entertainment stories (11%).
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