Plan of Talk
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•
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Overview of Israel
Higher Education in Israel
Access and Opportunity
I-HOPE: Israel Higher Education
Opportunity Project
Higher Education in Israel:
Access and Opportunity
Sigal Alon
Tel Aviv University
2
I-HOPE
Israel’s Population, 2008
Total Population
7,303,000
Jews
76%
Thereof:
Israel
Asia-Africa
America-Europe
33%
28%
39%
Arabs
20%
Thereof:
Muslims
Christians
Druze
4
1
Others
83%
9%
8%
4%
I-HOPE
Overview of Israel
The Composition of Immigration Waves
250,000
Asia-Africa
An Immigrants Society
Europe-America
•
•
•
•
200,000
150,000
Founded in 1948, with 630,000 Jews
In 1800, 7,000 Jews
In 1914, 85,000 Jews
In 1936, 370,000 Jews
100,000
50,000
2002
2005
1999
1996
1993
1990
1987
1984
1981
I-HOPE
1978
1972
1975
1969
1966
1963
1960
1954
1957
1951
1948
0
6
5
Level of Inequality
Geographical Segregation
Gini Index, by net income per families
District
0 .45
0 .43
I-HOPE
Isra el
U.S.
0 .41
0 .39
0 .37
0 .35
0 .33
0 .31
8
2
I-HOPE
7
Total
%
Northern
9.8
45.2
17
Haifa
11.5
14.5
12
Jerusalem
11
18.4
12
Central
27.4
9.7
24
Tel-Aviv
21
1.2
17
Southern
14.7
10.9
14
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
0 .29
Jews Arabs
%
%
I-HOPE
Educational Attainment, 2007
Educational Attainment, by Ethnicity, 2007
45
40
35
25
Percent
percent
30
20
15
10
5
0
Po st seco ndary
Jews-Euro pe-America
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jews-Israel
Jews-Asia-Africa
Arabs
I-HOPE
13.6
Did no t
attend
scho o l
Academic
10
27.2
9
Primary and
Intermediate
Yeshiva
Seco ndary
Po st
seco ndary
Academic
I-HOPE
The Postsecondary System
Israel
• Centralized
• Supervised by the
Council for Higher
Education (CHE)
• Public
US
• State control - indirect
and modest
• Strong private sector
– predates the public sector
Higher Education in Israel
– After expansion: few
private colleges,
regulated by the CHE
12
3
I-HOPE
General Characteristics (2)
Israel
• HS grad apply to
majors (one/two)
• Professional edu undergraduate level
• Mechanistic admission
decision
– Formulaic selection
process
– Grades and test scores
14
US
• HS grad apply to inst.
• Professional edu graduate level
• Mechanistic admission
decision at large inst.
• Holistic at small inst
General Characteristics
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•
•
•
– multidimensionality of
the admissions criteria
at elite US institutions
I-HOPE
13
Expansion in 1995
1994
• Total 26 inst
• 7 research universities
• 8 academic colleges nonresearch degree-granting
(not comm coll)
• 10 specialized institutions
and teacher training
colleges
16
4
2005
• Total 84 inst
• 7 research universities
• 26 academic colleges nonresearch degree-granting
(not comm coll)
• 26 teacher training
colleges, specialized
institutions, branches of
foreign universities
I-HOPE
Israel
BA: 3 years
Low, standardized
tuition (~$2,600)
No state FA
Older students: life
course (median age
~25)
US
• BA: 4 years
• Varied tuition
• Federal FA
I-HOPE
Israeli Universities
• 6 research universities
• 1 research inst
• Selective
Rank of Israeli universities
Times ranking 2008
HEB 93 (humanities 41; soc
49) (est. 1925)
TEC 109 (engineering 29)
(est. 1924)
TAU 114 (humanities 80; soc
56) (est. 1956)
15
I-HOPE
The Expansion of Israel’s PSE System
Undergraduate Students by Type of Inst.
70,000
65,000
60,000
55,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
70
N
26
Universities
25
19
22
23
24
19
19
20
21
22
23
22
22
22
23
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
40
16
14
30
13
19
80
10
84
/8
1
/8
5
89
/
19 9 0
90
/
19 9 1
91
19 /9 2
92
/
19 9 3
93
/9
19
4
94
/
19 9 5
95
/
19 9 6
96
19 /9 7
97
/
19 9 8
98
/
99 9 9
/2
0
20 0 0
00
/
20 0 1
01
/
20 0 2
02
/
20 0 3
03
/
20 0 4
04
/0
20
5
05
/0
6
20
Academic colleges
Teacher training colleges
US
• Admission cutoff point
is major-specific
• Within each institution
there are more and less
selective departments
• Admission cutoff point
is institutional-specific
• Between institution
differences in
selectivity
I-HOPE
8
8
6
7
7
7
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
16
8
17
Israel
– Supply and demand
7
26
8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Universities
I-HOPE
10
7
0
Application and Admission
5
Academic colleges
50
18
20
T eacher training colleges
60
19
19
N of Institutions
I-HOPE
Admission Criteria
Research Universities
Composite score based on:
9 Grades – Advanced HS
matriculation diploma
(similar to AP grades)
9 Psychometric test score –
similar to SAT
Academic Colleges
9 Grades – Regular HS
matriculation diploma
 Some departments have
additional requirements
19
I-HOPE
Challenge:
Declining government commitment
Stratification in Kind
• Despite massive expansion - stagnation in
government support (privatization?)
• Universities face financial constraints
• Tuition rise ?
• Change in financial aid policy ?
Israel
• Within-inst diff in
– Selectivity: majors
• Small between-inst diff
– Selectivity
– Tuition
(Private/public)
– a new loan program with income-contingent repayment,
following the Australian model
22
US
• Large between-inst diff
I-HOPE
21
– 2 vs. 4-yr (type of
degree)
– Selectivity
– Tuition
– Private/public
I-HOPE
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pupils in grade 12
24
6
Took
Matriculation
exam
Matriculation
Diploma
I-HOPE
Advanced
Total Number
Percent
Matriculation Diploma:
The College Pipeline, 2006
Access and Opportunity
matriculation diploma and test scores
Share of HS graduates with Advanced Matriculation,
by SES of Locality of Residence, 2006 (Jewish pop)
Share of HS graduates with Advanced Matriculation,
by Origin, 2006
80.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
P e rc e n t
percent
70.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
9-10
High
26
7-8
5-6
3-4
I-HOPE
Europe-America
1-2
Low
Test Scores, by Ethnicity, 2007
(Hebrew version only)
25
I-HOPE
Hebrew
500
Mean Score
Mean Score
Arabs
600
580
570
560
550
Ara bic
400
300
200
100
540
0
Verba l
530
7
Asia-Africa
Test Scores, by Subsections and
Language of the Test, 2007
590
28
Israel
Euro pe-America
Israel
I-HOPE
Asia-africa
27
Qua ntita tive
I-HOPE
English
Composite
Test Scores, by Economic Status, 2007
600
580
560
Mean Score
Diversity in PSE
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
average+++
average++
29
by Origin and Type of Inst.
40
30
H igh SES level
7-8
5-6
3-4
Low SES level
30
20
15
Europe-America
Israel
Asia-Africa
Arabs
25
20
Percent
25
average--
I-HOPE
by SES of Locality of Residence and Type of Inst.
35
average-
Share HS Graduates pursuing PSE, 1998
Share HS Graduates pursuing PSE, 1998
Percent
average+
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
University
32
8
University
Academic College
I-HOPE
31
Academic College
I-HOPE
Challenge:
Inequality of Educational Opportunity
• Continuing stratification despite
expansion
• Public pressure on the universities to
expand accessibility of disadvantaged
populations
• Integrate between excellence and
equality of educational opportunity
34
I-HOPE
33
The AA Plan
• Uniform application
• Centrally examined by a nonprofit organization
• One scale for socioeconomic disadvantage (0-100)
–
–
–
–
place of residency
parental SES
family size
student’s adverse circumstances (orphan, disability,
immigrant, divorce, single parent, death of sibling)
– parents’ adverse circumstances (disability, divorce,
chronic illness)
36
9
I-HOPE
I-HOPE
Background of the Project
• Since 2004, five Israeli universities have
incorporated a comprehensive and standardized
program of class-based AA in their admissions
practices
• Applicants with borderline academic achievements
who are found to be socioeconomically eligible
receive an edge in admission
• Edge: 0.5 standard deviations below the cutoff
point (major-specific)
35
I-HOPE
Guidelines
The Uniqueness of The Plan
• Class-based AA
• A natural experimental design
– pre- and post-AA periods
•
•
•
•
Standardized
Clear identification of affirmative admits
Mechanistic admission
Capture the non-pecuniary effect of affirmative
action policy
Æ Causal Inference: the magnitude of the AA plan
on EEO and diversity
38
I-HOPE
• Each department has discretion as to whether or
not they will admit an eligible applicant, as long as
the share of affirmative admits in each department
does not exceed 5 percent of the department’s
entering class
• No floor but a ceiling to the number of affirmative
admits
37
I-HOPE
Design
Preliminary Findings
TAU
Undergraduate applicants
• Institutional administrative data on
applicants, admits, and matriculants,
from five research universities
• Data for an 12 years period (19972008), including pre and post-initiative
years
39
10
I-HOPE
Preferential Treatment Applicants
600
Periphery class valedictorians
AA
500
3.8%
15000
3.2%
Ethiopia
400
Undergraduate Applicants at TAU,
1997-2007
14500
3.2%
14000
N u m be r
2.9%
Number
300
13500
200
13000
12500
12000
11500
100
11000
10500
0
10000
1997
1998
1999
42
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
I-HOPE
2007
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
41
Undergraduate Applicants at TAU,
by Origin and AA Status, 2004-2007
I-HOPE
Rejection Rates, by AA Status of the
Applicant
70
40.0
Regula r
AA
Percent
25.0
20.0
40
30
15.0
20
10.0
10
5.0
0
1997
0.0
Europe-America
11
Israel
I-HOPE
Asia-Africa
Regular
50
Percent
30.0
44
AA
60
35.0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Arabs
43
I-HOPE
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Applicants,
Students, by First Choice Major and AA
status, 2004-2007
by AA Status, 2004-2007
AA
Female
55.6%
61.8%
Arabic HS
11.2%
25.1%
35.0
30.0
AA
20.0
Father not in Labor 6.5%
Force
Father deceased
1.7%
15.6%
6.0%
5.0
Mother not in
Labor Force
Mother deceased
16.9%
32.8%
0.0
0.6%
1.8%
N Siblings
1.96 (1.5)
46
Regula r
25.0
Percent
Regular
15.0
I-HOPE
45
Thank You!
12
AA
23.1%
Matriculation score 101.2 (8.1)
99.5 (8.5)
Psychometric score 631.1 (87.6)
593.4 (86.4)
Composite score
618.6 (74.4)
587.4 (76.4)
Financial Aid
3.4%
13.7%
Grant’s amount
5,004 (2228)
6,737 (2679)
Final GPA
86.7 (5.0)
84.0 (4.4)
47
I-HOPE
n
t
Educational Characteristics of Applicants,
by AA Status, 2004-2007
Regular
io
en
I-HOPE
Preparatory studies 6.8%
at
uc
eg
m
an
ed
l
re
tu
m
na
t io
te
c
ca
ch
i
vo
ar
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h
at
in
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m
e
fo
nc
in
r/
te
pu
m
w
la
sc
ie
al
tu
r
na
co
m
g
ce
en
ci
es
l if
nu
rs
in
2.77 (2.2)
in
al
ed
ne
gi
-m
en
g/
pa
ra
er
ic
ie
sc
al
ci
so
hu
m
an
it i
es
nc
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10.0