Lecture 1: Course introduction
g
g
g
g
g
Course organization
Historical overview
Computer organization
Why the MC68000?
Why assembly language?
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
1
Course organization
g Grading
Instructor
n Exams
g 1 midterm and 1 final
n Homework
g 4 problem sets (not graded)
n Quizzes
g Biweekly
n Laboratories
g 5 Labs
Teaching Assistant
g Grading scheme
Quizes
Laboratory
Midterm
Final Exam
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Office: 401 Russ
Tel:775-5120
[email protected]
http://www.cs.wright.edu/~rgutier
Office hours: TBA
Weight (%)
20
40
20
20
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
Mohammed Tabrez
Office: 339 Russ
[email protected]
Office hours: TBA
2
Course outline
g Module I: Programming (8 lectures)
g MC68000 architecture (2)
g Assembly language (5)
n Instruction and addressing modes (2)
n Program control (1)
n Subroutines (2)
g C language (1)
g Module II: Peripherals (9)
g Exception processing (1)
g Devices (6)
n PI/T timer (2)
n PI/T parallel port (2)
n DUART serial port (1)
g Memory and I/O interface (1)
g Address decoding (2)
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
3
Brief history of computers
GENERATION
FEATURES
Early machines
(3000BC-1945)
Mech.,
Electromech.
First
(1945-1956)
Vacuum
tubes
Second
(1956-1963)
Transistor
(1947)
Third
(1964-1971)
IC
(SSI, MSI)
Fourth
(1971-present)
Microprocessor
LSI, VLSI
MILESTONES
Asia Minor, Abacus
Blaise Pascal, Pascaline
Charles Babbage Differential Engine
Herman Hollerith, Punch Card
Howard Aiken, Harvard Mark I
Alan Turing, Colossus
Eckert, Mauchly, ENIAC
Von Neumann, EDVAC
MIT Lincoln Labs, TXO
High level programming languages
IBM Stretch, Sperry-Rand LARC
Seymour Cray, CDC 6600
IBM SYSTEM 360
DEC PDP-8
Intel 4004
Intel 8008
Motorola 6800
Intel 8086
Motorola 68000
Intel 80286
Motorola 68020
Intel 80386
Motorola 68030
Intel 80486
Motorola 68040
Motorola Power PC 601 (G1)
Intel Pentium
Motorola 68060
Motorola Power PC 603 (G2)
Motorola Power PC 604 (G3)
Intel Pentium Pro
Motorola Power PC 620 (G4)
Intel Pentium II
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
YEAR
3000BC
1642
1823
1889
1937
1943
1946
1950
1953
1956
1950s
1964
1964
1965
1971
1972
1974
1978
1979
1982
1984
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1993
1994
1994
1994
1995
1996
1997
NOTES
Only replaced by paper and pencil
Decimal addition (8 decimal figs)
Steam powered
US census, origin of IBM
Ballistic charts of US Navy
Decode German ENIGMA codes
1st general purpose electronic computer
Von Neumann architecture
st
1 computer based on transistors
FORTRAN (1956), COBOL (1959)
st
1 supercomputers, scientific computation
st
1 to use parallelism (10 processors)
Makes other systems obsolete
st
1 successful minicomputer
4-bit (1st microprocessor)
8/8/14
8/8/16
16/16/20
32/16/24
16/16/24
32/32/32
32/32/32, pipelining
32/32/32, MMU
32/32/32, cache, FPP
32/32/32, FPP
32/64/32, RISC, super-scalar
32/64/32, super-scalar
32/32/32, super-scalar
32/64/32, portable computing
32/64/32, server, workstations
32/64/32 (optimized for 32-bit OS)
64/64/32
32/64/32, MMX
4
Anecdote: the first ‘bug’ (1945)
g Grace Murray Hopper, working in a temporary World War I building at
Harvard University on the Mark II computer, found the first computer
bug (a moth) beaten to death in the jaws of a relay.
n She glued it into the logbook of the computer and thereafter when the machine
stopped (frequently) they would tell Howard Aiken that they were "debugging"
the computer.
n The very first bug still exists in the National Museum of American History of the
Smithsonian Institution. The word bug and the concept of debugging had been
used previously, perhaps by Edison, but this was probably the first verification
that the concept applied to computers.
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
5
Computer organization building blocks
g Memory
n Stores the instructions and data comprising the program to be executed
g CPU
n Interprets and executes program instructions in sequence
g I/O devices
n Communicates the CPU with the real world
g System buses
n A collection of wires that allow access to the circuitry around the CPU
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus
CPU
I/O DEV
MEMORY
Interface circuitry
Peripheral devices
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
6
Memory types
g Classification by access
Registers
n Registers: Internal to the CPU
n Cache: Tightly linked to the CPU
n Main memory: Connected to system
buses
n Secondary memory: On-line
n Archival: Off-line
Semiconductor
Fast and Expensive
Cache
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Magnetic/Optical
Archival Storage
Cheap and Slow
g Classified by technology
n Semiconductor
g Random Access Memory (RAM)
n
Semiconductor
memory
Magnetic
memory
Optical
memory
Volatile, Read and write
g Read Only Memory (ROM)
n
Non-volatile, Can only be read
n Magnetic memory
RAM
g Disk, Tape
ROM
Disk
Tape
CDROM
n Optical
g CD-ROM
MEMORY ACCESS
Registers
Cache
Main memory
Secondary memory
Archival storage
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
RAM
X
X
X
MEMORY TECHNOLOGY
ROM
Disk
Tape
X
Virtual
X
X
Optical
X
X
7
Central Processing Unit
g Registers
g Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
n
n
n
n
n
n Performs the operations required
by the CPU
g Control Unit
n Determines the operation to be
performed by an instruction
n Sets in motion necessary actions
to perform the operation
D0
IR
D7
CONTROL
UNIT
PC
A0
SR/CCR
A7
Data/Address Registers
Instruction Register
Program Counter
Status Register
Memory Data/Address Registers
MDR
ALU
MAR
Data bus
Address bus
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
8
I/O devices
g Mass-Storage Devices
n Hold large quantities of information that cannot fit into the computer’s
main memory
n Disks, tapes, CD-ROMs
g Human Interface Devices
n Input: keyboard, mouse, ...
n Output: displays, printers, ...
g Control/Monitor Devices
n Control devices are actuators (outputs)
n Monitor devices are sensors (inputs)
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
9
System buses
g Address Bus
n Carries the location in memory of a given item
n Uni-directional (always supplied by the CPU)
n Determines maximum amount of memory available to CPU
g Data bus
n Carries data between CPU and memory or I/O devices
n Bi-directional
n Determines the width of the architecture
g Control Bus
n Carries timing signals (and more) to synchronize CPU to external
circuitry
n Highly dependent on the specific CPU
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
10
CPU operation
g CPU “fetch-execute” cycle
n fetch instruction from memory
n decode instruction
n perform operations required by the
instruction
function von_newmann {
pc=init_pc();
while (not_done) {
opcode = fetch_instr(memory[pc]);
execute(opcode);
pc=pc+1;
}
}
function execute(opcode) {
decop = decode(opcode);
MEMORY
FETCH
CPU
if need_data(decop) {
EXECUTE
(manipulate
data as
programmed)
data = get_data(decop);
}
result = compute(decop, data);
if save_result(decop) {
save_result(decop, result);
}
Program Counter
DECODE & EXECUTE
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
}
11
Opcode fetch
CPU
N
Program Counter
Address bus
Data bus
opcode
Instruction Register
MEMORY
Clock
____
Read
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
Control
bus
opcode
N+1
N
N-1
12
Why the MC68000?
g A straightforward and ‘nice’ µP
Powerful and relatively simple instruction set
Sophisticated interfacing capabilities
Ability to support multi-tasking
The most popular µP family in academia
Flat memory map
3000
4-bit
8-bit
16-bit
2500
Look at the microcontroller market
# microcontrollers (millions)
n
n
n
n
n
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1990
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
13
Why assembly language?
g Hardware prospective
n Assembly language teaches how a computer works at the machine level
(i.e. registers)
n Assembly language helps understand the limitations of the Von
Neumann architecture
g Software prospective
n The foundation of many abstract issues in software lies in assembly
language and computer architecture:
g Data types, addressing modes, stack, recursion, input/output
g Assembly language is not used just to illustrate algorithms, but
to demonstrate what is actually happening inside the computer!
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
14
Micro-processor Vs. Micro-controller
g Micro-processor (MPU, µP)
n
n
n
n
CPU alone
may contain some memory
classified by data path width 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits
Ex: MC68000
g Micro-controller (MCU)
n
n
n
n
microprocessor plus peripherals on a single chip
a one chip computer system
additional peripherals may be interfaced separately
Ex: 68HC11
Microprocessor-based System Design
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Wright State University
15