Semantic Email: Adding Lightweight Data Manipulation
Capabilities to the Email Habitat
Oren Etzioni, Alon Halevy, Henry Levy, and Luke McDowell
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195 U.S.A
etzioni,alon,levy,lucasm @cs.washington.edu
ABSTRACT
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Copyright is held by the author/owner.
International Workshop on the Web and Databases (WebDB).
June 12–13, 2003, San Diego, California.
1. INTRODUCTION
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6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
)+'(I!',,95_0$-!'()1;1;:(8-$$&0'(,I2?:a#qc( } § ',
ccA´H2´Ê2Í!¢>ÊK:a#qBw · }M¤^¤l} § ',!_cc(AËË!>ʨ0¨¡S*F0' · 1 0
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7. ¨NaTREFERENCES
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IS`O"w+0-@PKxO8aY8IK!-2 · O"'' u&O8}M@56'(; -<
!<0<!'<H>, J 8'( I8" -<. @5M@O-c ¤o(pIl>ô^p(þ¤)ælçZ K
$"!<!IR6¨ Ê2Êè"
¨ ÍÍK\¨ ËË2ËO
¢> .O&w+!-!1;1;:O · uI5_1)2<0#-0(&086 ,'-N6
;1WO
,$L Í0Í>5_5_5#O 5M¢O !'<Í!2 ´´2´H=Í ´!¡Í>
;1;1!<!',2*WÍI
>;1]O ,
?1WO
¡¦
}aOq&<! PLK åO»SO-~T1 $&'LK»SO-G0(I@K`"2%/O».O Å !',2WO
¢Meg!dNp!hjFh Ì ¸ p!³b
i éh&p!ÿ6m e¹ Ì e O"/O cNO Cv^'I@KP¨ ËËÊO
ÊIS`O § '8-
.-0,%"z
2 rO-+) WO`ÆT,-#N0,6!*
,'()1 ±2G!<!<0'<0,a @5M@O-c ¤o(pIl>ô^p
þ ¤)ælçZ K-2 ´´2´O
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}aO~T81;1]K-/O"¿+-I2 uIK Å O&w+'(,!$-2I@K-!"E
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