Geovisualization, GIS
and Chronic Disease
Eric Hanson
Jim Peacock
Chuck Stroebel
Minnesota Department of Health
10/27/2010
Data Visualization
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pmcruz/4449045508/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/infojocks/3947454143/
Periodic table of visualization
http://www.visual-literacy.org/periodic_table/periodic_table.html
Geovisualization
Techniques and tools for the visual analysis of
geographic and geographic related data
Gain quick insight with Geovisualiation
Beginnings of Geovisualization?
•Many possibilities – impossible to truly know the first
•6200 BC
•Town map with volcano
http://datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?group=pre-1600
1826 Charles Dupin
- First known choropleth map
- Examined illiteracy in France
http://datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?page=introduction
1855 John Snow
 Cholera Map
 Mapped Cholera
deaths and
locations of
water pumps
 Very influential
in spatial
epidemiology
http://datavis.ca/milestones/index.php?page=introduction
1869 Minard’s Napoleon Visualization
Geography:
est. 422,000 soldiers rivers, cities
and battles
Quantity
est. 10,000 soldiers
http://www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/posters
Army’s course
Army’s direction
Temperature
Time - dates
Flight Patterns
http://www.aaronkoblin.com/work/flightpatterns/
Geovisualization Methods
 Maps
 Scatterplot
 Parallel coordinate plot
 Graphs
 Charts
 3D
 Augmented reality
 Cartograms
Maps
http://www.dceg2.cancer.gov/atlas/download/pdf2/acc-maps.pdf
Scatter Plots
•Examining association between two variables
Parallel Coordinate Plot
• Multivariate analysis
Cartograms
 Size of unit based
on the variable.
3D Visualization
Ability to examine more than two variables
Demsar and Skepstrom, 2005
Animation
Factbook eXplorer
Geovisual Analytics
GVA
Online GVA tool
 InstantAtlas Report
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/disease_ctrl/epi/cancer/inc_mor/FL_Cancer_Inc_Mort.html
GeoDa
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ESDA – Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
Good for statistical analysis and GVA
User friendly
Free online download
Linking and brushing
GeoDa tools
 choropleth map, cartogram,
map movie, scatterplot,
boxplot, 3D scatter
plot, parallel coordinate plot
 Statistical analysis
 Univariate/multivariate Moran and LISA
GeoDa User Guide
GeoViz Toolkit
 Visualization of multidimensional geographic
data
 User friendly
 Free online download
 Many tools
 Histogram, cartogram,
choropleth map, scatterplot, link graph, parallel
coordinate plot, starplot map, treemap, animator,
moran map, etc.
GeoViz tutorial
GIS (Geographic Information
Science/Systems)
 Software and hardware system to capture,
store, manage and display spatial data.
 Also allows for analysis of spatial data.
 Not simply about making pretty maps.
 Spatial analysis
 Spatial statistics
 Data inventory
 Models
Capture
Display
Store and manage
Analyze/model/statistics
Disease incidence
GIS
layers
Pollution levels
Administrative boundaries
Roads
Temperature
Rainfall
Land cover
Elevation
GIS
 Explore data
 Query data
Disease incidence
 Create maps
Pollution levels
 Spatial statistics
Administrative boundaries
 Relationships
 Patterns
 Trends
Roads
Temperature
Rainfall
Land cover
Elevation
GIS and Chronic Disease
 Descriptive epidemiology
 Person
 Place
 Time
 Chronic Disease
 Heart disease
 Cancer
 Diabetes
Map from: http://blogs.esri.com/Dev/blogs/geoprocessing/archive/2010/07/13/Spatial-Statistics-Resources.aspx
Asthma
Locations of point source
pollution and major roadways.
http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/4/1/14
Asthma rates
Lead exposure
 What areas have the highest level of risk for
lead poisoning?
Lead Poisoning Risk in the City of Hartford: A GIS Analysis – Katie E. Perham – ESRI GIS Health Conference
Weighted
overlay
analysis
Indoor Radon Potential
Radon – 2nd
leading
cause of
lung cancer
Weighted analysis:
-Bedrock geology
-Surface materials
-Surface radioactivity
-Indoor air radon testing
-Well water radon data
http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/geology/radon/RadonPotential.pdf
• Identification and
communication of
geographic cancer
patterns
• Environmental
exposure assessment
• Spatial statistical
models
http://gis.cancer.gov/nci/
Web Mapping
 Adding GIS to the web
http://ephtn.dhss.mo.gov/EPHTN_Data_Portal/maps.html
Considerations when mapping
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Know your data
Cell suppression
Choropleth maps can be deceiving
Aggregation – as unit aggregated to a
larger unit, loss of detail.
 Boundaries change!
 Web maps - standards
Cell Suppression
The type of classification
 There are a number of types of classification
 Equal interval
 Defined interval
 Quantile
 Natural Breaks
 Geometric interval
 Manual
 Can be misleading depending on the type of
classification
Equal
Interval
Defined
Interval
Two outliers
Jackson
Natural
Breaks
Quantile
Jackson
Aggregation
Census
Tracts
Zip Codes
County
4
3
Boundary changes
B
Year X
Zip code A:
23 counts of disease
Zip code B:
9 counts of disease
A
B
Year Y
Zip code A:
9 counts of
disease
Zip code B:
23 counts of
disease
A
Year X
Year Y
Zip code A 23
9
Zip code B 9
23
B
Year X
A
B
Year Y
A
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) State
Surveillance for Heart Disease, Stroke, and
other Chronic Diseases
Sponsors:
Division for Heart Disease & Stroke Prevention at
CDC
National Association of Chronic Disease
Directors
Trainers:
Children’s Environmental Health Initiative (CEHI)
at the Nicholas School of the Environment at
Duke University
GIS State Surveillance Training Goal
Integrate the use of GIS approaches
…into the daily operations of state health
departments,
…in order to meet existing priorities,
…for prevention of heart disease, stroke and other
chronic diseases.
GIS Training for State Health Departments
 Phase I: 2007-2009
 Phase IIA: 2010
Arkansas
Colorado
Michigan
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Montana
North Carolina
Utah
Components of GIS Training
 States received:
• GIS needs assessment
• ESRI Software Licenses
• GIS training at Duke
University
• Monthly telephone-based
consultation
• Weekly office hours
 State responsibilities:
• Identify GIS team to attend all
trainings
• Establish expanded GIS
team
• Establish and maintain GIS
infrastructure
• Identify priority areas
• Complete training projects
• Share lessons learned
GIS is a Critical Tool
 Document the burden
 Inform policy and program development
 Enhance partnerships
 Facilitate collaboration among units within an
agency
GIS Training for State Health Departments
 Phase IIB: 2011
New States + Local Public Health
Arkansas
Minnesota
Colorado
Montana
Massachusetts
North Carolina
Michigan
Utah
For more information contact Jim Peacock: [email protected]
MN DATA
•Summary data, query tool, & GIS (by August 2011)
Data & Measures
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Hospitalizations (asthma, heart attacks, COPD)
Drinking Water Quality
Carbon Monoxide Poisonings
Air Quality
Childhood Lead Poisoning
Birth Defects
Reproductive Outcomes
Cancers
Developmental Areas
 Pesticides
 Climate Change
For More Information
 Web Site
 http://www.health.state.mn.us/tracking
 Email Updates (GovDelivery)
 Resources (handout)
 Questions?