CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
DATING OUTSIDE OF ONE'S RACE: ATTITUDES AMONGST
LATINO AND ASIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
A thesis submitted in pmiial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Science in Counseling,
Marriage and Family Therapy
By
Maria Chan Jimenez
May 2011
The thesis of Maria Chan Jimenez is approved:
Sun-Mee Kang,IPh.D.
Date
Date
California State University, Northridge
11
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this thesis to the loving memory of my mother, Maria del
Socorro Chan Jimenez. Mami, thank you for instilling in me that everything that turns out
to be amazing in this life, is only accomplished with timing. Your memories and words of
wisdom will forever guide me. This thesis is also dedicated to my father, Antonio Chan.
For with out your love and support, I would have never achieved everything that I have
today.
Mami gracias por inculcarme que en esta vida todo lo que es maravilloso, lleva su
tiempo. Tus memorias y consejos siempre guillaran mi camino. Este tesis tambien te lo
dedico a ti papi, porque con tus esfuerzos y sacrificios como padre, pude lograr y obtener
la educaci6n que no muchos pueden alcanzar.
Somev11here there waiteth in this world of ours
For one lone soul another lonely soul
Each choosing each through all the ~weary hours
And meeting strangely at one sudden goal.
Then blend they, like green leaves with golden flowers,
Into one beautiful and pe1fect whole;
And life's long night is ended, and the way
Lies open onward to eternal day.
- Sir Edwin Arnold
lll
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Foremost I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chair Dr. Michael
Laurent, for his motivation, encouragement and immense knowledge. Thank you for
believing in this project. My sincere appreciation goes to my reader Dr. Sun-Mee Kang,
for all your intellectual and emotional support during this process. Thank you for always
making time for me. My thanks also go to my reader and practicum professor Dr. Charles
Hanson, thank you for sharing all your lmowledge and suppmi while in practicum. With
out your support and insightful comments my journey and growth as a future marriage
and family therapist would have not been possible.
I would also like to aclmowledge all the people who were patient and
understanding with me during this demanding process. Each and every one of you has
contributed something special to me during tllis process. Gloria, thank you very much for
supporting me as an older sister and for reassuring me that everything will turn out great.
Leidi, thank you for being my roommate and for sacrificing your sleep to ente1iain me. I
would also like to acknowledge my two special friends, Crystal Espinoza and Karla
Valle. For this long journey in graduate school would have not been the same with out
you guys.
Lastly but most importantly, I would like to also dedicate this thesis to my other
half, Tuan Huynh. Thank you love, for teaching me the joy and wisdom of intenacial
dating. For the journey and the inspiration to write this thesis would have not been
possible with out you. Every experience along your side has shaped who I am today and
has inspired me to look at life differently.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval page.................................................................................
11
Dedication.....................................................................................
111
Acknowledge1nents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV
Abstract........................................................................................
v11
List of Tables.................................................................................
v111
Chapter I: Introduction......................................................................
1
Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
1
Statement of the Problem..........................................................
1
Purpose of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 2
Significance of the Study.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
Definitions of Terms................................................................
4
Organization of the Study..........................................................
7
Chapter II: Literature Review.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
8
Introduction...........................................................................
8
Purpose of Literature Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
9
Review of Research Data.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Social Life and Customs: A brief overview.....................................
12
Families of Asian Origins: A brief overview....................................
12
Families ofHispanic/Latino Origins: A brief overview........................
14
Chapter III: Methodology...................................................................
19
Introduction...........................................................................
19
v
San1ple............................................................................. ....
19
Instrument.............................................................................
20
Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Procedure..............................................................................
23
Chapter IV: Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
25
Introduction...........................................................................
25
Sa1nple...... .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
25
Results.................................................................................
26
Synthesis..............................................................................
32
Chapter V: Discussion and Conclusion....................................................
34
Stnrunary..............................................................................
34
Discussion.............................................................................
36
Clinical Implications.................................................................
39
Limitations and Recommendations For Future Research.......................
40
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Suggested Resources.................................................................................
48
Appendix A: Informed Consent/Bill of Rights Form....................................
50
Appendix B: Romantic Relationship Questionnaire......................................
52
Appendix C: Research and Sponsored Projects Approval Letter.......................
63
Appendix D: Human Subject Protocol Form.............................................
64
Appendix E: Psychology Approval Form (SONA)......... .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ....
65
Appendix F: Tables Data Analyses........................................................
66
Vl
ABSTRACT
DATING OUTSIDE OF ONE'S RACE: ATTITUDES AMONGST
LATINO AND ASIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
By
Maria Chan Jimenez
Master of Science in Cmmseling
Marriage and Family Therapy
The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes and experiences on interracial
dating between Asians and Hispanic/Latinos. To further examine the likelihood of
interracial dating amongst Asians and Hispanics, a total of 86 undergraduate psychology
students from California State University, Nmihridge were recruited to take part in this
study. Pmiicipants were presented with a 33 Item self-administered questionnaire that
assessed the attitudes and experiences on interracial dating. In addition, the respondent's
views on stereotypes regarding the members of the opposite race and parental influences
on interracial dating were also furthered analyzed.
Comparisons across race and ethnicity reveal that, over all Asians and
Hispanic/Latinos have dated outside of their race and are comfortable with interracial
dating. Findings from this study show that Asian and Hispanic/Latinos are more than
likely to date each other. Some findings varied across race and gender as results
suggested that the male groups demonstrated a more favorable attitude and commitment
towards interracial dating than the female groups. These findings have implications for
future research on interracial relationships between Asian-Hispanic couples.
Vll
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1- Descriptive Statistics ........................................................... 66
la. Respondent's Age ............................................................ 66
lb. Respondent's Gender ........................................................ 66
lc. Respondent's Classification ................................................. 66
1d. Respondent's Sexual Orientation ........................................... 67
le. Respondent's Race ........................................................... 67
Table 2- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ........................... 67
(Dated outside of my race) ...................................................... 67
Table 3- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ............ 68
(Dated outside of my race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Table 4- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ........................... 69
(I have been in an intimate/physical relationship) ............................. 69
Table 5- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ............... 70
(I have been in an intimate/physical relationship) ........................... 70
Table 6- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ........................... 71
(I see nothing wrong with me dating outside of my race ...................... 71
Table 7- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ............. 72
(I see nothing wrong with me dating outside of my race) .................... 72
Table 8- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ........................... 72
(I will consider having children with someone outside my race) ...................... 72
Vlll
Table 9- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ............. 73
(I will consider having children with someone outside my race) ........... 73
Table 10- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ............................ 74
(I am comfortable with interracial dating) ...................................... 74
Table 11- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ............ 75
(I am comfortable with interracial dating) ..................................... 75
Table 12- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ......................... 76
(It is important for me to marry within my race) ............................ 76
Table 13- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ............ 77
(It is important for me to marry within my race) ............................ 77
Table 14- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race ......................... 78
(What elements of culture are most important to you) ...................... 78
Table 15- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Race .......................... 78
(My parents care what race my significant other belongs to) .............. 78
Table 16- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race ........... 79
(My parents care what race my significant other belongs to) .............. 79
Table 17- Cross tabulation and Chi square values for Gender By Race .......... 80
(Would your family criticize you, if you dated outside of your cu1ture) .. 80
Table 18- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
(What are some of the racist things you've heard from the other race) .. 82
Table 19- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race ............... 83
IX
(What are some of the racist things you've heard from the other race) ... 83
Table 20- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race .............................. 84
(What is the worst thing your family will say if you're dating
someone who Asian or Latino). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Table 21- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race ................ 84
(What is the worst thing your family will say if you're dating
someone who Asian or Latino). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Table 22- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race .............................. 85
(What relationship problems do you think you might encounter) ......... 85
Table 23- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 86
(What relationship problems do you think you might encounter) ......... 86
Table 24- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race .............................. 87
(Will your parents disown you) ................................................. 87
Table 25- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race ............... 87
(Will you parents disown you) .................................................. 87
Table 26- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race .............................. 88
(What do you find attractive about the other race/etlmicity) ................. 88
Table 27- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race ................ 89
(What do you find attractive about the other race/ethnicity .................. 89
Table 28- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race .............................. 90
(Can you see your self-committing to a long term relationship
with someone who is Asian or Latino) ........................................... 90
X
Table 29- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race ................ 90
(Can you see your self-committing to a long term relationship with
someone who is Asian or Latino) .............................................. 90 .
Table 30- Cross tabulation and percent values for Race .............................. 91
(What are the advantages and disadvantages of raising a bi-racial
child) .............................................................................. 91
Table 31- Cross tabulation and percent values for Gender By Race ................ 92
(What are the advantages and disadvantages of raising a bi-racial
child) .............................................................................. 92
Xl
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The rates of interracial marriage and interracial dating have been increasing over
the last several decades. "According to the 2000 U.S. Census, there are approximately 1.5
million interracial marriages in the U.S. today" (Levin, Taylor & Caudle, 2007, p.324).
Despite this common rise, interracial couples continue to face relationship distress due to
racial and cultural expectations, as they attempt to preserve an emotion known as love.
As a future marriage and family therapist, it is necessary to understand and
become informed about the relational issues that interracial couples are faced with when
it comes to race, cultme and ethnic backgrounds. Therefore, this thesis is intended for
mental health professionals and for the community to gain more knowledge about the
potential conflicts and concerns that interracial couples are faced within our society.
Statement of the Problem
Over the past thirty years, research has been conducted to examine the attitudes
and dating patterns of interracial relationships and interracial marriages. Most include
interracial dating and interracial marriages amongst White- African American couples
(Batson, Qian & Lichter, 2006; Heer, 1966; Madison, 2004; Schoepflin, 2009), WhiteAsian couples and African American-Asian couples (Fiebert, Karamol & Kasdan, 2000;
Vaquera & Kao, 2005). However, the prevalence of and issues related to interracial
relationships and marriages amongst minority groups, such as the Latino and Asian
couples within the United States has not been thoroughly documented.
It is known that California alone has been recognized for being "one of five largest
states in which intermaniages are accounted for" (Root, 2001, p.7). Although California
is already racially and ethnically diverse, it is still necessary to continue to add more
literature on what has been ignored in past research, and focus more on the increasing
rates ofintenacial unions amongst the minority groups (Asian and Hispanic/Latinos).
Bratter and King (2008) noted that, "the rise in intenacial maniages by Asians and
Hispanics has diversified the 'typical intenacial couple' that had previously dominated by
the experiences of Black/White couples" (p.160). This is partially due to the increasing
number of individuals immigrating from Latin America and Asia. Research has shown
that "Hispanics and Asian Americans have become the largest minority group in the
United States since early 2004" (Gonsoulin & Fu, 2010, p.258). It is estimated that "by
the year 2050, one in every four Americans would be Hispanic and one in every ten
would be Asian or Pacific Islander" (Lee & Edmonston, 2001, p.l 0).
Purpose of the Study
The present study will be carried out to assess and determine the attitudes and
experiences toward intenacial dating amongst Latino and Asian college students in
California. It is hypothesized that these two groups will demonstrate the willingness to be
open in becoming involved in an interracial union, with females from both groups
repmiing higher numbers of willingness in becoming involved in interracial dating.
A self-administered questionnaire will be given to college students who racially
identified themselves as Hispanic/Latina or Asian. This questionnaire will focus on
assessing attitudes and experiences towards interracial dating. In addition, the
2
questionnaire will explore how factors such as parental influence and stereotypes about
members of the opposite race might influence the participant's decision-making when it
comes to dating preferences.
Working with couples and multiracial families requires special attention for
mental health professionals. In general, couples that are dating and marrying outside of
their own race experience the same relationship difficulties that occur in same race
couples, but interracial couples are also in constant distress due to culture expectations
and discrimination. Furthermore, in order to fully understand couples that are dating and
marrying outside of their race, one must view each individual's cultural differences based
on their gender, cultural values, race, and sexual orientation within their families.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to continue to assist marriage family
therapists and other mental health professionals in understanding how ethnic and racial
differences in relationships can impede healthy long-term relationships.
Significance of the Study
It is beneficial for future marriage and family therapists to be educated and
receive more training on the dynamics of interracial dating. In order to be better equipped
in providing couple's therapy, a therapist needs to understand the challenges and cultural
factors that may lead to relationship distress. Therefore, the information gained from this
study can be valuable to the community and mental health professionals as they become
informed about the cultural differences and specific needs of interracial couples and
individuals within our society. In addition, findings from this study can also be helpful to
couples that are considering interracial dating and marriage.
3
Definitions of Terms
Interracial dating /marriage:
Refers to people from one of seven different racial groups who marry someone from a
different racial group. The term intermarriage generally refers to a marriage or union in
which the pmiies' racial, ethnic, nationality, or religious background differ (Ho, 1990, p.
V).
Race:
The concept of race as used by the Census Bureau reflects self-identification by people
according to the race or races with which they most closely identifY. These categories are
sociopolitical constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or
anthropological in nature. Furthermore, the race categories include both racial and
national-origin groups.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census ofPopulation, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting
Data File. Updated every 10 years. http://factfmder.census.gov.
Asian:
"Asian" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East,
Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China,
India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It
includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Asian
Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian"
or provided other detailed Asian responses.
4
Some other race:
"Some Other Race" includes all other responses not included in the White, Black or
African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or
Other Pacific Islander race categories described above. Respondents reporting entries
such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, or a Hispanic or Latino group (for example,
Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or Spanish) in response to the race question are included
in this category.
Two or more races:
In response to items on the questimmaire, respondents may have chose to provide two or
more races
Hispanic, Latino or Spanish Origin:
People of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin are those who trace their racial origin or
descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South
America, and other Spanish cultures. Origin can be considered as the heritage, nationality
group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors
before their arrival in the United States. People of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin
may be of any race. (Population and Distribution and Change: 2000-201 0)
http://20 10 .census.gov/20 1Ocensus/data/
Religion:
There are many interpretations of what defines religion; therefore it is difficult to find an
accurate definition. Religion is associated with actions, rituals, customs, and traditions
that may distinguish the believer from adherents of other religions. (Gum1, 2003)
5
Ethnicity:
Derived from the Greek word ethnos, meaning people of nation or tribe. Etlmicity is
usually used to denote one's racial, national, or cultural origins. It is also generally used
in reference to group characteristics by a common nationality, geographic origin, culture
or language. (Matsumoto & Juang, 2008)
Culture:
The custommy beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social
group; and or the characteristic features of everyday existence. (Matsumoto & Juang,
2008, p.7)
Couples/Marital therapy:
Marriage counseling, also called couples therapy. The purpose of couple's therapy is to
restore a better level of functioning in couples that experience relationship distress.
The focus of couple's therapy is to identify the presence of dissatisfaction and distress in
the relationship, and to devise and implement a treatment plan with objectives designed
to improve or alleviate the presenting symptoms and restore the relationship to a better
and healthier level of functioning. Couples therapy can assist persons who are having
complaints of intimacy, sexual, and communication difficulties.
http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/couples-therapy#ixzzlHsazeJmz
Racial Stereotypes:
The operationalization of racial myths as social reality beliefs concerning members of
racial groups based on perceived group affiliations. (Kamalipour & Carilli, 1998, p.157)
6
Familismo:
Familismo is a cultural attitude and value that places the interest of the family over the
interest of the individual. Familismo also refers to family interdependence and unity, and
it involves extended family members sharing financial responsibility and the nurturing
and discipline of children. (Falicov, 2005, p.234)
Marianismo:
Marianismo derives from the worship of the Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church.
It means that all women are perceived as possessing qualities of semi divinity, moral
superiority and spiritual strength in order to sacrifice themselves for their children and
tolerate the imperfections of their husbands, to whom they remain submissive. (Ruiz &
Sanchez-Korrol, 2006 p. 423)
Organization of the Study
The first chapter of this thesis was presented to introduce the statement of the
problem and its significance. Chapter two will present a review of literature and research
data, and a general brief summary on the social life and customs of Asian and Hispanic
Americans in order to be familiar with the similarities and the difference that each race
and etlmicity have when it comes to family structure, gender roles, religion and culture.
Chapter three will focus on the methodology of the study followed by the study's
findings in chapter four. Chapter five will provide future implications for research and a
final discussion of why this study is important for mental health professionals as a means
of becoming aware of the challenges and experiences that interracial couples are faced
with in our society.
7
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
In the recent years, the United States has witnessed an increase in racial and
ethnic diversity. Lee and Edmonston (2005) indicated that the number and proportions of
interracial couples in the United States has had a steady increase from about 1.5 million
in 1970 to more than 3 million in 2000 (Lee & Edmonston, 2005).
In fact " people who live in California and other states on the west coast are more
likely than a person who lives in the other pmis of the United States to date and marry
interracially" (Belgrave & Allison, 2010, p.228). Roughly, more than half of all
Hispanics, African Americans, and Asian young adults have dated someone from a
different race and ethnicity (Yancey, 1998).
Evidently, the increasing number of immigration during the past years can be
accounted for the rise on interracial dating and marriage in the United States (Gonsoulin
& Fu, 201 0). However, the increasing rates on ethnic diversity and race can be explained
by the new demographic changes that occurred on the 2000 Census. For the first time,
multiracial individuals were given the opportunity to identifY them selves with more than
one race (Qian, 2004).
Although the Census and literature indicate a dramatic increase in interracial
dating and marriage amongst White, Black, American Indian, Asian and Hispanic, they
have not yet fully explored the dating patterns and or experiences of the minority
population, particularly those involving Asian-Hispanic couples in the United States.
8
Purpose of Literature Review
The following literature review will look at other research studies that have
examined the attitudes, experiences and other external factors that might impact the
attitudes on interracial dating amongst college students. In addition, a brief overview on
Asian and Hispanic/Latina social life and customs will be discussed in order to highlight
how family and culture can influence and determine each partner's beliefs, values, and
behaviors within the relationship.
Review of Research Data
The formation of interracial relationships has been a topic that has been
investigated throughout the years (Root, 2001; Fibe1i, Nugent, Hesberger & Kasdan,
2004; Joyner & Kao, 2005; Heaton, 2002; Heer, 1966; Bratter & King, 2008; Lee &
Edmonston, 2005; Fujino, 1997; Levin, Taylor & Caudle, 2007; Knox, Zusman,
Buffington & Hemphill, 2000; Fiebert, Karamol & Kasdan, 2000). Researchers today
have been demonstrating that college students are becoming more open-minded, as they
continue to demonstrate an increasing trend of becoming romantically involved with
someone other than their own race. Knox, Zusman, Buffington, and Hemphill (2000)
surveyed 620 first-year college students at East Carolina University, regarding their
attitudes and behaviors towards interracial dating. Knox et al. (2000) sample consisted of
63% females and 37% males with a mean age of 19. The majority of the student
population (87%) reported being white, 8.5% African American, 1% Hispanic and 3.6%
classified them selves as being from another racial or ethnic background. Knox et al.
(2000) findings demonstrated that interracial dating is becoming the norm in the lives of
9
many young Americans, for almost one-half(49.6%) ofthe pmiicipants reported an
openness to interracial dating, and 24.2% of the participants repmied having and or being
involved romantically with someone from another race.
In 2004, Fiebeti, Nugent, Hershberger, and Kasdan examined both dating and
committing choices as a function of ethnicity and sex amongst Asian Americans, African
Americans, Hispanic Americans and Euro American college students from California
State University of Long Beach. Their sample consisted of 195 females and 134 males
between the ages of twenty and thirty years old. From the total of 329 participants, most
of them (114) reported they were Euro Americans, 69 African Americans, 61 Asian
Americans, and 85 Hispanic Americans. Each participant was asked to look at four
different pictures of men and women that were previously selected by the researcher to
represent each ethnic group. Participants were then instructed to make a selection based
on the following questions: "Who are you likely to date," "Who are you most likely to
bring home to visit your parents," "Who are you mostly likely marry," and finally,
"Whom are you most eager to have as the mother or father of your child."
Fibeti et al. (2004) findings discovered a positive association between ethnicity
and dating preference for both males and females in their study. Repmied findings
indicate that 55% ofthe women and 53% of men in the study preferred dating a member
of a different ethnic group. Researchers also noted the 63% of the men were willing to
have children with an individual of a different etlmicity, while 61% of the women were
willing to consider to do the same. A slight majority of the Euro-Americm1 men, Hispanic
men, and the Asian men selected the photograph of the Hispanic woman as the first
choice for dating, commitment, and visiting parents. Respectively, when it came to
10
parental contact and commitment, Hispanic women, Asian women and the EuroAmerican women selected to stay within their race and chose a member of their own
racial group. Fiebe11 et al. (2004) findings also revealed that the majority of all African
Americans chose members of their own group more often for both dating and
commitment. Based on this study, almost half of the pm1icipants reported positive
attitudes toward interracial dating and commitment. However this study only represented
a small sample of the population.
In a more recent longitudinal study of interracial dating among college students,
Levin, Taylor and Caudle (2007) surveyed 3,877 incoming freshman college students in
order to examine the outcomes and predictors of interracial dating before entering
college, and during their college experience. Data was collected at five different time
periods throughout their freshman and senior yem· ( 1996-2000) in order to further
examine the psychological variables (prejudice, intergroup anxiety, in-group
identification, and perceived pressure not to date members of the racial groups) that
might contribute to interracial dating. Of the 3,877 participants 32% classified them
selves as white, 36% as Asian Americans, 18% Latinos, 6% African Americans, and 8%
classified them selves as some other race or ethnicity. Levin et al. (2007) results
suggested that 61% Latinos, 35% of Asian Americans, 47% of African Americans and,
46% of whites had dated at least one member of another group during their first three
years in college (Levin, Taylor & Caudle, 2007). Results also indicated that most men in
all ethnic groups tend to date interracially more often than women. The researchers also
noted that those in a more diverse neighborhood and high schools were more likely to
date outside their race or ethnic background during their college years, and later on in the
11
future. However, some limitations should be taken into consideration regarding the
representation of race in this study, since the Afi·ican American race sample was omitted
from the researcher's analyses due to not being an accurate representation of the
population due to its small size.
Social Life and Customs: A brief overview
Like any other couple " Intermarried couples will naturally encounter adjustment
difficulties because oftheir many differences" (Ho, 1990, p.23) in values and culture.
The following literature on Asian American and Hispanic/ Latino social life and customs
are meant to give a better understanding of how values and cultural differences might
impact the development of healthy interracial relationships.
Families of Asian Origin: A brief overview
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the Asian population accounts for 4.4 million
people living in the United States, thus making them the fastest growing major race
group. The term Asian American generally refers to the Asian families who have
originated from Asian countries such as Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Thailand,
Vietnam, Pakistan and Malaysia (McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005, p.270).
Asian Americans have a total of thirty-two different primary languages. Next to Spanish,
Chinese is probably the most widely spoken non-English language in this country
followed by Tagalog, Vietnamese and Korean (McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto,
2005, p.270).
Family Structure and Gender Relations
Asian Americans are more than likely to live in households consisting of five or
more family members. Family members can include relatives that are outside ofthe
12
nuclear family in order to provide support and discipline within the family. Although
autonomy is encouraged, most Asian American children live with both of their parents
until the age of 18. It is known that in some Asian families, the firstborn male child
always holds a special position within the family. It is the duty of the eldest son or
daughter to model responsibility and cooperation at all times. In the Asian culture,
parents teach the children to embrace a "we" identity rather than an "I" identity
(McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005, p.271) in order to model healthy behavior
and keep the family united. In addition, one of the strongest beliefs that children of Asian
families are taught early on is the obligation to provide for their elderly parents when
they become adults.
According to Lee and Mock (2005) in the Asian tradition, expressing feelings
directly are not usually encouraged and physical and verbal expressions of love are
uncommon. Asian families are composed of a patriarchal system in where the husband
assumes the role of leadership, provider, disciplinarian and protector ofthe family
(McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005). The wife, on the other hand assumes the
role of homemaker, while providing mniurance and support to her children and husband.
Religion and Spirituality
Religion and its practice vary greatly among the different Asian groups; however,
the most popular religions in the Asian community include Buddhism, Christianity,
Catholicism and the practice of Zen/ Bushido (Heinz, 1999, p.209). Religion, faith and
spirituality are known to have a tremendous influence in child-rearing practices and
family values within the Asian community. The teaching of various religions and
13
spiritual practices teaches the children the Eastern philosophical approaches to life and
family interactions (McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005).
Culture Rituals and Customs
Rituals, family celebrations, birth/death rites, and the passing down of culture
metaphors and stories are the most common ways that Asian's hold on to their culture
traditions and customs. The veneration and worshiping of their ancestors is a major value
that is taught to children early on through the use of holidays and celebrations. For
example, Chinese New Year also lmown as Chinese Lunar Year is considered to be the
most important holiday that most Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodians
and other non-Asians celebrate. According to Yeh (2008) the Chinese New Year usually
begins on the first day of the first month (January or February) in the Chinese calendar
year and ends with the celebration of the lantern festival, which is marked on the fifteen
day ofthe same calendar month. For most Asians, Chinese New Year is an occasion for
family reunion, for worship and remembrance for their deceased loved ones. Chinese
New Year is a day of gathering and giving. This is a holiday where an entire month is
dedicated for food preparation, remembrance and family unity. Asian children not only
enjoy the sight of fire works and the delicious food, but also look forward to receiving
little red envelopes (also lmown as lay see) that contain money as a gift (Yeh, 2008,
p.123).
Families of Hispanic and Latino Origins: A brief overview
According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2010, there were 50.5 million Hispanics as
of April 1, 201 0, thus making them the largest ethnic minority in the United States. Most
people would agree that for many individuals who migrate to this country, holding on to
14
their national heritage is one the most impmiant things to do in order to protect their
nationality. However, "once they arrive in the United States, they are officially
categorized as 'Hispanic,'(McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005, p.155) even
though they come from different countries of origins that represent South America,
Central America, and the Caribbean. According to Garcia-Preto (2005) the label
"Hispanic" was first established during the 1970's by the United States Department of
Education to track trends in education and later used by the U.S. Census Bureau to track
population growth as well as socioeconomic levels.
Family Structure and Gender Relations
Spanish is still the most common language that most Hispanic and Latino
Americans use when conversing with their children, families and friends. According to
Falicov (2005) Hispanic and Latino family systems can be nuclear, extended or blended.
Families are lmown to be large, consisting of the parents and either four or more children
living in the same home. Familismo is a term used to describe family unity; it involves
the extended family members sharing the mniuring and discipline of the children
(McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005, p. 234). Like Asian American families,
Hispanic/Latina families are also known to be collectivistic. Generally, most children are
taught early on the impmiance of strong sibling ties and family unity. Family unity
guarantees protection and caretaking as long as they stay in the family system
(McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto, 2005). Therefore children are expected to be
obedient and respectful and are often discouraged from leaving their home unless they
marry. In the Hispanic and Latino culture being emotionally expressive is highly valued,
although it's sometimes done tlu·ough indirect, and cove1i ways. Eye contact is also
15
encouraged amongst Hispanics and Latinos because it shows an expression of frankness
and personal honesty (Wood, 2010, p.128).
Most Hispanic and Latino families can agree that "machismo" and "marianismo"
are two impmiant constructs that tend to organize gender roles (McGoldrick, Giordano &
Garcia-Preto, 2005, p.162) within their culture. In Latino families, the men have the
responsibility to dictate his children and to provide for the well being of the entire family.
Although, the men or fathers are known to be the enforcers, the mother of the family has
the major responsibility of disciplining the children and taking care of each family
member's needs.
Religion and Spirituality
Religion and spirituality are a common cultural value practiced by many Hispanic
and Latino families. In 2007 the Pew Research Center published one of the most
comprehensive studies about Hispanic religion in the United States. According to the
Pew Report, 68% of Hispanics identified themselves as Roman Catholics, 15%
Protestants, 6.9% Pentecostal, and 3.1 %identified themselves as Baptist (De la Torre,
2009, p.487). Hispanic and Latinos tend to personalize their relationship with God and
Saints through prayers and offerings. Catholicism continues to be the most cmmnon
religion that Hispanic and Latinos practice, however involvement and commitment to the
church varies amongst individuals.
Culture Rituals and Customs
Cultural rituals and special holidays such as el Dia de los Muertos (Day of the
Dead), Easter, Quinceafieras (Sweet 15), Semana Santa (Lent /holy week) and Christmas,
seem to be of particular importance for most Hispanic and Latino families. According to
16
Menard and Cheech (2000), holidays signify the good things in life to the Latino family
because they offer the opportunity to com1ect to one's culture by spending time with
family and friends.
During celebrations like Dia De Los Muertos (The day of the dead), which takes
place on November 2, Mexican Americans are given the opportunity to honor their
ancestor and deceased relative's through prayers, food and flowers. During this time of
the year, most families are known to honor their deceased loved ones in many different
ways. Most often, families go to the cemetery to pay their respect through silent prayers
and vigils. Offerings such as food, marigold flowers and candy skulls are placed over
their loved one's graves as a symbolism for remembrance. In addition, building and
decorating a home altar in honor of their deceased loved ones with food, candles, flowers,
and pictures is the most common way to remember their loved ones (Najera-Ramirez,
1994, p.333). The making and giving of calaveras (skulls) is another popular way to
celebrate the life and death theme of this holiday. The need to share happiness, sorrow,
and grief is what attract many more people to this celebration, for it brings all ethnicities
together in celebration while keeping the customs and traditions alive (Menard &
Cheech, 2000).
Although, there is currently an increasing number of research that illustrate and
focus on dating patterns and attitudes on interracial dating in college campuses, none of
these studies have yet explored and documented the dating patterns between Asian and
Hispanic couples. The purpose ofthe current study is to contribute to existing literature
on interracial dating by adding new empirical data on dating experiences, by examining
the dating trends and attitudes of two of the largest minorities groups in the United States.
17
The following hypothesis will be tested: (1) Hispanic and Asian participants will
demonstrate the willingness to be open in becoming involved in an interracial union, and
(2) Females from both groups will also report higher numbers of willingness in becoming
involved in an interracial relationship. This study will be carried out through the
utilization of a self- administered questionnaire, which will be fmiher discussed in the
following chapter.
18
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This quantitative/qualitative study was designed to examine the attitudes and
experiences towards interracial dating amongst Latino and Asian college students. It is
hypothesized that these two groups will demonstrate the willingness to be open in
becoming involved in an interracial relationship. It is also expected that females from
both groups will report higher numbers of willingness on becoming involved in an
intetTacial relationship.
A description of the methodology utilized to test the research questions will be
presented in tllis chapter. The chapters are organized into four sections: (a) sample (b)
instruments (c) research design and (d) procedure.
Sample
Using stratified random sampling; the sample was compromised of 86 students
within California State University ofNmihridge, whom were enrolled in a lower division
introductory psychology course during the Fall 2010. The sample consisted of 41 males
( 18 Asian, 23 Hispanic/Latina), and 45 females (25 Asian, 20 Hispanic/ Latinas ). Among
the respondents, 95.3% identified them selves as heterosexuals, 1.2% as gay and 3.5%
identified them selves as bisexuals. Participants were between the ages 18 and 21, with a
majority (91. 9%) of them repmiing being 21 and younger.
19
Participants were required to be at least 18 years old and be of Asian and or of
Latina/Hispanic nationality. Out of the 100 students who emolled to take part of the
study, only eight-six volunteered to patiicipate in the study.
Instrument
Each participant was provided with a packet that included a consent/bill of rights
form and a self-administered questimmaire (See Appendix A).
The self- administered questimmaire consisted of 33 items that were divided into
four segments. The first segment was designed to look at demographic information (age,
race, sexual orientation), see Tablel. The second segment was designed to look at
interracial dating preferences in general. In this segment fifteen questions were developed
in order to inquire about dating attitudes and experiences on interracial dating.
Participants were provided with multiple-choice answers such as: yes/no, same
race/different race answers to the following questions: "Are you currently in a
relationship" (Item 1), "Have you dated outside of your own race" (Item 2), "The race of
last person I dated was" (Item 3), and "I have been in an interracial intimate/physical or
sexual relationship" (Item 4). In addition, participants were also presented with a 5 point
likert scale answers (1 = strongly agree, 5 =No opinion) to the following questions: "I see
nothing wrong with my dating outside of my race" (Item 5), "It is important for me to
many within my race" (Item 6), "I would consider having children with someone outside
of my race" (Item 7), "I am comfortable with interracial dating" (Item 8), and " I would
marry someone from another religion other than mine" (Item 11).
The second segment of the questionnaire also contained rank order answers (1 =
race, 2 = religion, 3 = income, 4 = skin color, 5 = education level, 6 = family, 7 =
20
physical appearance, 8 other= personality, 9 other= compatibility, 10 other= attitude),
in order to fmiher inquire about the pmiicipants interest when selecting their significant
other and the elements of culture most irnJ)Ortant to them (1 = religion, 2= food, 3= music,
4= clothing, 5= holidays, 6= philosophy, 7= family status, 8 other= personality).
The third segment of the self-administered questionnaire was designed to look at
parental in11uences over dating in general. In this segment ten questions were developed
in order to inquire about the pmiicipant's self perceived parental influences on interracial
dating. Participants were asked to rank what they believed influences their parents
attitudes when meeting their significant other (1 =race, 2= religion, 3= income, 4= skin
color, 5= education level, 6= family, 7= physical appearance, 8= other) and to rank what
elements of culture do they feel that is most important to their parents (1 = religion, 2=
food, 3= music, 4= clothing, 5= holidays, 6= philosophy, 7= family status, 8= other),
when it comes to dating.
Answers to this segment were also presented using a four point Iikert scale (often
=1, never= 4) and multiple choice (yes/no) answers in order to further explore whether
dating and marriage outside of ones race were discussed by their parents when growing
up (Item 21-22), to the impmiance ofhaving parents' approval of their dating partners
(e.g., "My parents care what race my significant other belongs to" and "Would your or
did your friends/family criticize you or threaten you if you (when you) dated outside or
your culture"). In addition, information regarding participant's views on interracial dating
and race were also explored (e.g., "When growing up did you know of any interracial
couples" and "Do you feel that interracial dating slowly eliminates a specific race").
21
Furthermore, two versions of a qualitative fourth segment were created to show
the attitudes and stereotypes of Asians have of Latinos and then show the attitudes and
stereotypes Latinos have of Asians. In this last segment participants were asked to answer
a total of eight questions in paragraph form regarding the opposite race/etlmicity.
Participants were asked to list any racial stereotypes that they might have heard regarding
the opposite race in the following questions: "What are the racist things you have heard
from the other race", "What would be the worst thing that their parents will say if they
know you are dating someone from another race/culture", and "Will you be concerned
that your parents will disown you if you are dating outside of your race". In addition,
these open ended questions were designed to gather more information on their likelihood
of dating interracially as well to explore some of the conflicts that interracial couples
might face in their relationship: "What relationship problems do you think you might
encounter while dating someone from another race" (Item 29), ''Can you see your selfcommitting to a long-term relationship from someone from another race" (Item 32),
"What do find attractive about the Asian or Latino culture"(Item 31 ), and finally "What
are some ofthe advantages and disadvantages ofraising a bi-racial child"(Item 33).
Research Design
This was a casual comparative descriptive study designed to examine the attitudes
and experiences on interracial dating amongst Hispanic and Asian college students. A
chi- square analysis was used to compare the group frequencies of the independent
variables (race/ethnicity, gender) for each question in the self-administered questimmaire.
In addition, a constant comparative method was used to analyze for similarities and
differences for all the Items in the fomih segment of the questionnaire.
22
Procedure
The Human Research Committee at Califomia State University, Northridge
approved the questionnaire and data collection procedures on October 20, 2010. All
participants were treated in accordance with accepted ethical protocol.
Participants (N= 100) were recruited and prescreened online by the psychology
research pool area (SONA system) in order to fulfill the requirements of race and
ethnicity before enrolling in the study. Participants were divided into four groups
according gender and race (N=25 Asian females, N=25 Asian males, N= 25 Hispanic
females, N 25=Hispanic males), out of the 100 pmiicipants who enrolled to pmiicipate in
the study, only 86 pmiicipants showed during the time scheduled to take part in the study.
Prior to the experiment, all participants were provided with a packet that
contained an explanation of the researchers purpose and the intended outcome of the
study (See Appendix A). Participants were guaranteed anonymity and instructed to read
and sign the consent form/bill of rights prior to filling out the questionnaire.
Pmiicipants were given 30 minutes to complete all 34 questions from the selfadministered questimmaire. Upon completion of the study the participants were given a
copy of the signed and dated consent form, along with a debriefing form (See Appendix
B) that explained the hypothesis and outcome of the study.
The data obtained from the questionnaire was coded and analyzed using SPSS
(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) in order to explore the relationship and
obtain statistical analysis for each response in the questionnaire. Measurement and
a11alysis of the fourth segment (qualitative) of the questionnaire were analyzed for
similarities and differences. Using the constant comparative method, the responses for the
23
qualitative section of the questionnaire were compared to each other by categorizing and
coding conm1on themes in order to determine similarities and differences between
responses.
24
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
Introduction
This study is intended to investigate the relationship and differences towards
interracial dating between Asians and Hispanics. It is hypothesized that both groups will
demonstrate a high willingness in becoming involved in an interracial relationship. It is
furthered hypothesized that females from both groups will be more than likely to repmi a
higher degree of willingness in becoming involved with a member of another ethnic or
racial group. The premise of this study was carried out through the utilization of a selfadministered questionnaire. This chapter presents the results of the data analysis for the
two stated research questions.
Sample
Originally, 100 participants compromising of25 females and 25 males from each
ethnic and racial group enrolled through the SONA system in order to take part in this
study. However, out ofthose 100 pariicipants, only 86 ofthe pariicipants volunteered to
take pari in this study.
Descriptive Statistics
Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics (frequency and percent distributions) of
the respondent's age, class classification, sexual orientation, and gender. The distribution
of race and ethnicity was similar across both groups. As noted earlier, the sample
consisted of41males (18 Asians, 23 Hispanic/Latinos), and 45 females (25 Asians, 20
Hispanic/Latinas).
25
Results
Quantitative Results
Inferential statistics were used to investigate the two hypotheses in the
quantitative part of this study. A chi-square analysis was used in order to compare the
level of significances (p <. 05) of the responses between both etlmic groups.
Hypothesis 1
A chi-square goodness of fit was calculated comparing the Asian and
Hispanic/Latina responses in regards to interracial dating. It is hypothesized that both
groups will demonstrate the willingness in becoming involved in an interracial union
across racial and ethnic lines. Table 2-10 shows the responses of Asian and
Hispanic/Latinos to Items 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. There were no significant relationships
between Item 2 (Dated outside of race) )(2 (1, N = 86) = .764, p >. 05; Item 4 (I have been
in an interracial relationship) )(2 (1, N = 86) = 4.052, p >. 05; Item 5 (I see nothing wrong
with me dating outside my race) )(2 (1, N = 86) = 1.696, p >. 05; and for Item 8 (I am
comfmiable with interracial dating) )(2 (1, N = 86) = 4.235, p >. 05 (See Table 6-10).
These findings are consistent with previous research and supportive of this research
study, for findings suggest that Asian and Hispanic/Latina pmiicipants' perception
towards interracial dating are not significantly different and therefore suggesting that they
are more than likely to date outside of their own race and or ethnic background.
However, a significant deviation [)(2 (1, N = 86) = 13.83, p <. 05] was found for
Item 6 (It is important to marry within my race), suggesting that Asian college sh1dents
perceptions differ from the Hispanic/ Latinos college students towards marrying within
26
ones own race. Of the forty-three Asian participants, 18 (41.8%) reported that it was not
impmiant to many within their own race, while 34 (79%) of the Hispanic/Latinos
reported feeling the same (See Table 12). A further evaluation ofltem 6 (It is important
to many within my race) was made for the responses within the experimental groups,
comparisons were made between males and females using a chi-square test for
independence in order to calculate and compare the frequency between race and gender
(See Table13). A significant interaction [x 2 (1, N = 41) = 8.39, p <. 05] was found for all
males from both groups, indicating that the men frmn both groups will be more than
likely to many outside of their race. Although no statistically significance was found in
the female groups [X2 (1, N = 45) = 5.78, p >. 05], it is still impmiant to note that 11
females from the Asian group (24.4%) were the only ones to report higher numbers of
being "Slightly Impmiant" to many within their own race.
Hypothesis 2:
A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing the frequencies for
intenacial dating experiences for both males and females. It was hypothesized that
females from both groups will report higher numbers of willingness of becoming
involved in an interracial relationship. A significant interaction was found in Item 4 (I
have been in an intimate/physical relationship with someone other than my race), X2 ( 1, N
= 41) = 8.781, p <. 05. Thus indicating that the perceptions on intenacial dating
experiences of males from both groups differed significantly from the perceptions of the
females from both groups (See Table 5). The findings did not provide additional support
for the hypothesis, which predicted that the female groups would report higher numbers
on the likelihood of being involved in intenacial dating.
27
Although no statistical significance was found in Item 2 (I have dated outside of
my own race),
x2 (1, N = 43) = .764, p >. 05 (See Table 2), both Asian 62.8% (N=43) and
53.4% (N=43) Hispanic/Latinos repmied having dated outside of their own race. To
further test the hypothesis, a comparison was made between race and gender (See Table
3). A chi-square test of independence was calculated comparing the frequency on
interracial dating experience for males and females within the experimental group. No
significant interaction was found for males [x2 (1, N = 41) = .009, p >. 05], and females
[X2 (1, N = 45) = 1. 799, p >. 05] for Item 2. The findings did not support the hypothesis,
which predicted a difference on the likelihood in interracial dating according to gender.
Additional Analyses
Additional comparison for rates on dating, dating preference, parental influences
on dating, and participant's views on race and interracial dating were further analyzed
within the experimental groups.
A chi-square was used to examine the pariicipant's rates on dating. Findings show
that there was not a significant deviation for Item 1 (In a relationship), [X2 (1, N = 86) =
1.72, p >. 05], and for Item 3 (Race of last person dated), X2 (1, N = 86) = 3.30, p >. 05.
Additional analyses were made to examine the patterns of dating experiences. The
results indicate that there is no statistical significance between the variables on Item 12
(Criteria most interested when selecting significant other) X2 (1, N = 86)= 12.84, p >. 05,
Item13 (My first priority in a relationship is),
x2 (1, N = 86) = 1.97, p >.05; Item 7 (Will
consider having children with another race) X2 (1, N = 86) = 4.35, p >.05, and for Item 23
(When growing up did you know of any interracial couples), X 2 (1, N = 86) = 3.50, p
>.05. However, for Item 14 (What elements of culture most important to you), a
28
significant deviation was found [X2 (1, N = 86) = 15.99, p <. 05] as illustrated in Table 14.
Twenty-six (30%) of the respondents reported "Food" as being the most important
element in culture.
Furthermore, parental influences on dating were analyzed for similarities and
difference on interracial dating. As illustrated in Table 15, findings demonstrated that a
significant interaction was found for item 18 (My parents care what race my significant
other is), X2 (1, N = 86) = 15.98, p <. 05, suggesting that Asian parents views are more
than likely to influence their decision-making when it comes to interracial dating. In
addition, no significant relationship was found for Item 22 (Was dating outside of your
race discussed by your parents), X2 (1, N = 86) =7.25, p >.05, nor for Item 19 (Parents
criteria most interested when meeting your significant other), X2 (1, N = 86) = 12.23, p
>.05.
Comparisons were also made in relation to participant's views on race and
interracial dating. Results indicate that there was a significant difference for Item 17
(Would your family criticize or threaten you ... ), X2 (1, N = 86) =7.90, p <. 05, these
findings suggest that more than likely, families from both groups will not criticize nor
threaten the participants for dating across racial and ethnic lines (See Table 17).
Furthermore, group comparisons findings suggested that there was no statistical
significance found in Item 9 (I feel embarrassed to date outside of my race/culture), X2 (1,
N = 86) = 5.53, p >.05; Item 25 (Do you feel that interracial dating slowly eliminates
race),
x2 (1, N = 86) =1.23, p >.05, and Item 26 (Have you heard of any negative racial
stereotypes about the other race), X2 (1, N = 86) = 4.31, p >.05.
29
Qualitative Results
Using a comparative method, the responses for the qualitative section of the
fourth segment of the questionnaire were compared to each other by categorizing and
coding the common themes in order to determine differences and similarities between the
participant's responses.
As seen in Table 18, a total of 18 (41.8%) Hispanic/ Latinos listed "Bad drivers"
as the most common theme when exploring Item 27 ("What were the most racist things
they have heard of regarding the Asian group"). In addition, out ofthe forty-three Asian
participants, 9 (30%) members ofthe Asian group listed "Immigration"(eg., border
hoppers, illegal's, beaners) as one of the racist things they have heard regarding the
Hispanic/Latina ethnicity. No gender differences were found among the participant's
responses in relation to racial stereotypes between both groups.
When participants were asked, "What relationship problems do you think you
might encounter while dating someone from another race," most Hispanic/Latinos (30%)
repmied that being accepted by their partner's family would more than likely cause a
conflict due to interracial dating (See Table 22). However, 28% Asian patiicipants listed
"Culture differences" as being a problem that they might encounter while being involved
in an interracial relationship. Further findings suggest, that 20% of the female group
reported "Culture Differences" as being a potential conflict due to interracial dating. In
addition, findings also suggest that both Asian and Hispanic/Latinos males will be more
than likely to report relational conflicts due to not being accepted by their partner's
family. On the other hand, it is also important to note that findings suggest that the
30
Hispanic/Latina male group will be more than likely to report not encountering any
conflicts due to interracial dating (See Table 23).
As illustrated in Table 24, both groups (72% Asian, 97.6% Hispanic/Latinos)
reported that their parents would not disown them due to them dating someone from
another race or etlmic background. Although findings did not show any gender
differences, it is impmiant to note that 40% of the female (N=25) pmiicipants from the
Asian group reported the highest numbers for the possibility of being disowned by their
parents due to interracial dating (See Table 25).
Comparisons were also made within both Asian and Hispanic/Latina groups in
regards to what they find attractive about the other race/ethnicity. Differences were found
between both groups. Most of the forty-three Asian participants (28%) listed, "Food" as
what attracts them most to the Hispanic/Latina culture. On the other hand, 28% (N=43)
ofthe Hispanic/Latina par-ticipants listed, "Physical characteristics" (e.g., eyes, hair, slim
bodies) as being the most attractive aspect they admire about the Asian race. No gender
differences were found between groups. The most common answer for both genders as
shown in Table 27 was "Food".
As illustrated in Table 28, both Asian (65%) and Hispanic/Latinos (81.3%)
groups responded, "Yes" to Item 32 (Can you see your self, committing to a long-term
relationship with someone from the Asian/Latina culture). Findings suggest no gender
differences for Item 32 (see Table 29). Thus, findings suggested that both Asians and
Hispanic/Latinos would be more than likely to inter-date and commit to a long-term
relationship. In addition, pmiicipants were also asked to list some ofthe advantages and
disadvantages of raising a bi-racial child. As illustrated in Table 30, "Multiracial" and
31
"Tri-Lingual" (Be able to speak three languages) were amongst the most common
responses (31.3%) made by both Asians and Hispanic/Latinos regarding advantages of
raising a bi-racial child. These findings also demonstrated similar responses by gender as
they all equally agree that being "Multiracial" and learning to speak three languages is
one of the biggest advantages that a bi-racial child born from Asian and Hispanic parents
could have (See Table 31 ).
Synthesis
The results of the current study suppmied hypothesis 1, which it stated that both
Asians and Hispanic/Latinos would demonstrate the willingness in becoming involved in
an interracial union. Results from the quantitative segment of the questionnaire revealed
that 62.7% ofthe Asians (N=43) and 53.4% ofthe Hispanic/Latinos (N=43) have dated
outside oftheir race [X2 (1, N = 86) = .764, p >. 05], and are comfortable (79%) with
interracial dating [X2 (1, N = 86)
=
4.23, p >. 05]. In addition, when making commitment
choices for marriage and children (Item 7), 43% of the pmiicipant's reported considering
the idea of committing to a long-term relationship with someone from another race or
ethnic background [x2 (1, N = 86) = 4.35, p >. 05]. Similarly, Item 32 from the fourth
qualitative segment of the questionnaire assessed whether the Asian and Hispanic/Latinos
would inter-date amongst each other. Findings suggested that out of the fmiy-three Asian
participants, 28 (65%) of them responded that they could see them selves committing to a
long-term relationship with someone from the Hispanic/Latina ethnicity. In addition, 35
(81.3%) of the Hispanic/Latina (N=43) participants responded the same willingness to
commit to long-term relationship with someone from the Asian race. As hypothesized,
findings demonstrated no significant difference on the likelihood and willingness of
32
interracial dating amongst both groups. Therefore, supporting hypothesis 1 that both
groups will be more likely to be involved in an interracial relationship with a high chance
of both groups inter-dating with each other.
Results :from Hypothesis 2 hypothesized that females from both groups will be
more than likely to report higher numbers of willingness in becoming involved with a
member of another etlmic and or racial group. Results revealed that although there were
slight statistical differences between males and females on the openness on interracial
dating (See Table 4-6), findings on Item 4 (I have been in an intimate/physical
relationship with someone other than my race) showed that the males perception from
both groups differed significantly [X,2 (1, N = 41) = 8.78, p <. 05] from the perceptions of
both female groups [X.2 (1, N = 45) = .190, p >. 05], similarly when it came to exploring
dating preference on Item 5 (I see nothing wrong with dating outside of my race) as seen
in Table 7. No significant differences were found for the female group [x.2 (1, N = 45) =
1.75, p >. 05, and the male group [X.2 (1, N = 41) = .836, p >. 05]. The findings did not
support the hypothesis, which predicted a difference in perceptions on interracial dating
according to gender. However, findings demonstrated that males from both groups
showed more favorable commitment to interracial dating.
33
CHAPTERV
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Summary
The current study examined the attitudes and likelihood of interracial dating
amongst Asian and Hispanic/Latina college students. Prior studies on interracial dating
and interracial marriage have found that interracial dating amongst all races continues to
become more apparent within our society, as we continue to shift into a more diverse
country (Root, 2001; Fibert, Nugent, Hesberger & Kasdan, 2004; Joyner & Kao, 2005;
Heaton, 2002; Beer, 1966; Bratter & King, 2008; Lee & Edmonston, 2005; Fujino, 1997;
Mok, 1999; Levin, Taylor & Caudle, 2007; Knox, Zusman, Buffington & Hemphill,
2000; Fiebert, Karamol & Kasdan, 2000).
Even though the prevalence of interracial dating and interracial marriage is
increasing, there is still not enough information on the dating patterns of Hispanic-Asian
couples. Nevertheless, given the recent growth of Hispanic and Asian immigrants into the
United States, researchers are projecting that due to this growth, the rise of interracial
marriages amongst Asian-Hispanic couples will continue to increase as well (Levin,
Taylor & Caudle, 2007; Lee & Edmonston, 2005). As a result due to these demographic
changes, Asian and Hispanic couples will be given the opportunity to erase the "picture
of the 'typical interracial couple' that had previously been dominated by the experiences
of Black-White and White-Asian couples" (Bratter !?T King, 2008, p.160).
To further examine the likelihood of interracial dating amongst Asians and
Hispanics, a total of 86 undergraduate psychology students from California State
34
University, Northridge were recruited to take pmi in this study. Participants were
presented with a 33 Item self-administered questionnaire that assessed the attitudes and
experiences on interracial dating. The questionnaire was compromised of four segments.
The first segment was designed to look at demographic information (age, race, sexual
orientation). The second segment was designed to look at interracial dating preferences in
general. The third segment was designed to inquire about the participant's self perceived
parental influences on interracial dating in general. Furthermore, two versions of a fourth
segment were created to show the attitudes/stereotypes of Asians have of Latinos and
then show the attitudes/stereotypes that Latinos have of Asians.
Results from this study revealed that 58.8% (N=86) of Asians and
Hispanic/Latinos repmied dating outside of their race. In addition, among the participants
79% of them reported being comfortable with intenacial dating. Fmihermore, the fomih
segment of the questionnaire assessed whether Asian and Hispanic/Latinos would interdate amongst each other. Findings suggested that out ofthe eighty-six pmiicipants, 73.3%
of them demonstrated the likelihood in engaging and committing to a long-term
relationship with each other. Implications from tllis study mirror other research findings
(Root, 2001; Bratter & King, 2008; Fibeti, Nugent, Hesberger & Kasdan, 2004) that
report high rates of interracial dating and long-term commitment across both racial and
ethnic lines. These findings also suggest that Asians and Hispanic/Latinos are more than
likely to inter-date but that numbers and trends are not currently being reported.
Results for hypothesis 2, predicted that females from both groups will be more
than likely to report a higher degree of willingness in becoming involved with a member
of another ethnic or racial group. Findings as shown in chapter four, revealed a slight
35
statistical difference between the males and females participant's attitudes and ope1mess
on intenacial dating. As reported in chapter four, although findings did not suppmi the
hypothesis, it did show that males are cunently demonstrating a more favorable
commitment to interracial dating than females.
Discussion
Previous research on interracial dating has shown that there are common
characteristics of those individuals who are dating across racial and ethnic lines.
Individuals who are more than likely to engage in interracial relationships, tend to be
third generation, younger and posses a higher education (Fu & Heaton, 2008; Gounsoulin
& Fu, 201 0; Rosenfeld, 2002). Prior studies on interracial dating (Fujino, 2000; Yancey,
1998; Gounsoulin & Fu, 2010; Mok, 1999) have reported that Asians had a much larger
gender difference in out marriage rates than Hispanics, with Asian women out marrying
more often than Asian men (Levin, Taylor & Caudle, 2007; Gounsoulin & Fu, 2010). As
reported in chapter four, a statistical significant interaction was found on the effects of
gender and interracial dating. Table 5, demonstrates that new gender patterns on
interracial dating are shifting, for men today are more than likely to date and many out
from their racial or ethnic groups (Levin, Taylor & Caudle, 2007). Fmiher findings in this
study revealed that marrying within one's own race continues to be "Slightly Impmiant"
for some Asian women. An explanation for this finding could relate to previous literature
(Mole, 1999) that suggest that parental approval in pminer choice and dating continues to
be highly valued and important for some women when it comes to race (See Table 13).
With the increased rate of interracial dating and marriage, most intenacial couples
are also reporting relationship conflicts due to family and external pressures (Joyner &
36
Kao 2005; Heaton, 2002; Zhang & Hook, 2009; Blackwell & Litcher, 2000; King &
Bratter, 2008). According to Mok (1999), the most prominent obstacle in pursing an
interracial relationship has been said to be parental objections. Fmiher analysis in this
study indicated a significant interaction for Item 18 (My parents care what race my
significant other is), suggesting that Asian parents views are more than likely to influence
their children's decision-making when it comes to interracial dating (See Table15). In
addition, an explanation for the rejection of parents could be tied to the collectivistic
attitudes and values that Asian and Latino parents have on interracial dating (Lamanna &
Riedmman, 2009).
Fmihennore, when participants were asked, "What relationship problems do you
think you might encounter while dating someone from another race?" most participants
continued to repmi that being rejected by their patiner's family would more thm1likely
cause relational distress within the relationship. Thus indicating that rejection and denial
by one's own fatnily can create a burden and make it impossible for the couple to
overcome all the psychological, emotional and physical cutoffs. Root (200 1) further
explained that during these times of conflict, parents are unable to fully see the sorrow
that their children are experiencing for they are caught within their own grief and
imaginary loss of their son or daughter to the other side. According to Root (200 1) in
order for the parents to accept the new situation, parent~ need to understand that resolving
their grief means that they must reconcile their disappointed hopes with a reality they did
not anticipated, in order to fully be able to accept their child's autonomy.
37
Another area of challenge faced by interracial couples involves culture differences
and child rearing practices. Findings in this study showed that 43% of the participants are
more than likely to consider having children with someone from another race. Therefore
it is impm1ant to note that raising bi-racial children can sometimes create more tension
and anxiety for some couples. As explained by Romano (1988) raising bi-racial children
is the real test of how well a couple has learned to handle their many differences, because
with the arrival of children all of these cultural and identity issues will re-surface
(Romano, 1988, p.92) yet again within the relationship.
Fm1hermore, results from this study revealed that most participants repmied
similar concerns of raising a bi-racial child, as most participants reported that "Teasing"
and "Stereotyping" would be of concern (Campbell & Eggerling-Boeck, 2006) as they
raise a child from two different cultures. According to Root (2001) bi-racial children are
easy targets of racial insults; therefore they might have to go through the burden of being
labeled, bullied, and or teased. With proper teaching and positive role modeling "parents
can help their children defend themselves against childish taunts and bullying by not
ignoring the problem ofrace" (Root, 2001, p.150) in order to help the child recognize and
become aware of what is going on in the name calling process. If parent's are able to
provide a nurturing and welcoming environment when a child asks to talk about race,
then most likely the child might learn to be better equipped in finding their own ways on
how to deal with these type of situations.
On the other hand, findings in this study pointed out that bi-racial children have
major advantages over children who are not bi-racial (Wang, 2008). One of the
advantages noted in chapter four, is that bi-racial children are often tri-lingual and
38
multiracial. Previous (Wang, 2008) literature also suggest that bi-racial children have
many advantages, not only is it easier for them to integrate into society, they are also
better equipped when it comes to education and job opportunities.
Clinical Implications
Implications from the current study revealed that some individuals within our
society continue to be more accepting of interracial relationships as they continue to
engage in interracial dating. However, findings from the current study continue to
demonstrate that some interracial couples are still being faced with difficult challenges
due to social and family pressures. Based on the findings of the current study and some of
potential conflicts that interracial couples are repmiing, the pressing need of finding a
competent, multiracial and sensitive counselor are important. Therefore, it is crucial for
marriage and family therapists providing services to multiracial couples and families to
gain the lmowledge of the cultural context within the relationship. Furthermore, it will
also be helpful for marriage and family therapists to explore and acknowledge the needs
of each partner by facilitating and addressing the difficulties experienced within the
relationship, in order to foster healthy communication between both pminers (Kenney &
Kenny, 2009).
In addition, marriage and fmnily therapists "working with couples who are
presenting with issues related to child-rearing, need to have an understanding of the
context of what it means to be multiracial in U.S. society" (Kenny& Ke1my, 2009, p.ll6)
in order to help them maintain the family's cohesion. Furthermore, marriage and family
therapists should also examine their own biases and attitudes on immigration, racism, and
culture in order to develop the necessary skills to work with multiracial individuals.
39
Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research
The goal of this study was to investigate the attitudes and experiences that Asians
and Hispanic/Latinos have on interracial dating. Despite the study's interesting results,
the limitations of this research should be noted. First, the group sample was small and it
was only composed of undergraduate students between the ages of 18-21, therefore the
results may not represent the entire population. Secondly, this study only focused on the
overall race and etlmicity of the participants and it did not test the attitudes on sub groups
within the Asian and Hispanic population. Future research should focus on investigating
the patterns on interracial dating within subgroups and continue to further explore the
changing trends and the potential conflicts that Asian-Hispanic couples experience as
they merge across cultures.
Conclusion
Indeed American society continues to shift its attitudes on interracial dating as it
becomes more apparent and acceptable. Findings in this study suggest that patterns of
interracial dating continue to change, as males are more than likely to commit and engage
in interracial dating more often than females. Although, interracial dating amongst Asians
and Hispanics is rather rare in the United States, findings in this study and previous
research (Lee & Edmonston, 2005) project that Asian and Hispanics will be more than
likely to inter-date as we continue to anticipate the projected social and demographic
changes in the United States. As interracial couples become more prominent in the
United States, so will the need for looking for a competent counselor will be necessary in
order to assist interracial couples with dealing with possible conflicts due to race and
culture differences.
40
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47
SUGGESTED RESOURCES
Recommended Readings
Root, P.M. (2001). Love's revolution interracial marriage. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press.
Romano, D. (1988). Intercultural marriage: Promises & pitfalls. Maine: Intercultural
Press Inc.
Lee, E., & Mock, M. (2005). Asian families an overview. In M. McGoldrick, J.
Giordano, N. Garica-Preto (Eds.), Ethnicity & family therapy (3rd ed., pp. 269289). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Videos:
The Joy Luck club, 1993
Fools Rush In, 1997
Double Happiness, 1994
Our Family Wedding, 2010
American Fusion, 2008
Websites
Interracial Voice
www.webcom.com/intvoice
Association of Multi ethnic and multiracial groups
www.ameasite.org
All Family Resources: Multiracial Children Articles for Parents
http://www.familymanagement.com/facts/english/multi racial children.html
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Multiracial Children, Facts For Families
http://aacap.org/page.ww?name=Multiracial+Children&section=Facts+for+Families
National Healthy Marriage Center
Interracial Marriage and Relationships: A Fact Sheet
v-.rww .healthymarriageinfo. org
48
Low cost Counseling Agencies
http://www.ccrcla.org/financial-assistance/family-resource-directory/198-health-andhuman-services
Counseling Agencies:
Relationship Counseling Center
http://Vvww.relationshipcounselingcenter.org/
Asian Pacific Counseling/ SFV
5900 Sepulveda Blvd Ste 425
Van Nuys, CA 91411
(818) 267-1100
San Fernando Valley Counseling Center
8350 Reseda Boulevard
Northridge, CA 91324
(818) 341-1111
West Valley Counseling Center
J 9634 Ventura Blvd
Suite 212
Tarzana, CA 91356
818-758-9450
El Centro de Amistad - East
(818) 898-0223
566 South Brand Boulevard
San Fernando, CA 91340
El Centro de Amistad - West
(818) 347-8565
6800 Owensmouth A venue, #31 0
Canoga Park, CA 91303
49
APPENDIX A
INFORMED CONSENT/BILL OF RIGHTS FORM
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
INFORMED CONSENT FORM/PARTICIPANT BILL OF RIGHTS
Dating outside of one's race: Attitudes amongst Latino and Asian college students
This project will be conducted by Maria C. Chan, as part of the requirements for the M.S
degree in Marriage and Family Therapy.
Over the past years research studies have been conducted to examine the attitudes and
dating patterns of interracial relationships and interracial marriages.
This research is therefore indented to add to the literature and to offer valuable
information on the dynamics of interracial dating amongst Latino and Asian couples.
In addition, the information gained from this study can be useful to marriage family
therapists, psychologists, sociologists, and other mental health professionals in working
with multiracial individuals and/or counseling interracial couples.
The population for this study will consist of 100 students emolled at California State
University, Northridge. Pmiicipants will also consist of an equal number offemales and
male students between the ages of 18-29, of either Latino or Asian decent. Participants
will be provided with a packet that contains a consent form and questionnaire. All
participants will have 30 minutes to complete the self-administered questionnaire.
The risks from participating in this study include boredom and fatigue. If at anytime the
student feels uncomfortable with any question they can either skip the item(s) or
withdraw from the study with out penalty.
To protect confidentiality, all data will be anonymous. Only the signed consent forms
have names and they will be kept separate and stored in a lock file cabinet.
No monetary compensation will be given in this study. Your approval to participate in
tllis study is completely voluntary. Information from participants is greatly appreciated
and will add very important perspective to society and the need for new research.
If you have any concerns or questions about the research, you may direct your questions
to Research and Sponsored Project, 1811 Nordhoff Street, California State University,
Nmihridge, CA 91330-8232 or phone (818) 677-2901.
If you have specific questions about the study you may contact the researcher Maria Chan
at (626) 394-9488, or contact the Graduate Advisor Dr. Michael G. Laurent Licensed
Psychologist at (818) 677-2541, California State Utliversity, Nmihridge, 18111 Nordhoff
street, Nmihridge, CA 91330-8232.
50
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS
BILL OF RIGHTS
The rights below are the rights of every person who is asked to be in a research study. As an
experimental subject I have the following rights:
1) To be told what the study is trying to find out,
2) To be told what will happen to me and whether any of the procedures, drugs, or
devices is different from what would be used in standard practice,
3) To be told about the frequent and/or impotiant risks, side effects or discomforts of the
things that will happen to me for research purposes,
4) To be told ifl can expect any benefit from pmiicipating, and, if so, what the benefit
might be,
5) To be told the other choices I have and how they may be better or worse than being
in the study,
6) To be allowed to ask any questions concerning the study both before agreeing to be
involved and during the course of the study,
7) To be told what sort of medical treatment (if needed) is available if any
complications arise,
8) To refuse to participate at all or to change my mind about participation after the study
is stmied. This decision will not affect my right to receive the care I would receive if
I were not in the study.
9) To receive a copy of the signed and dated consent form.
I 0) To be free of pressure when considering whether I wish to agree to be in the study.
Ifl have other questions I should contact the researcher Maria Chan at (626) 394-9488, or contact
the Graduate Advisor Dr. Michael G. Laurent Licensed Psychologist at (818) 677-254 I,
California State University, Northridge, I 8I I I Nordhoff street, Northridge, CA 9I 330-8232.
I have read and understand the Informed Consent Form and the Experimental Subjects Bill of
Rights and I fully agree to participate in this study.
X
Date
Signature of Subject
51
APPENDIXB
Romantic Relationships
This questionnaire will take approximately 30 minutes. Please read the questions and
answer them to the best of your knowledge by placing an X on the line and/or answering
the question when indicated.
Demographic Information
Age:
_ _ 18-21
___22-25
26-29
--Gender:
Female
Male
Classification:
Freshman
_ _ Sophomore
Junior
-Senior
Sexual Orientation:
_ _ Straight
___ Gay
Lesbian
--Bisexual
--Race/Etlmicity:
Asian
Asian American
_ _ Hispanic or Latino
_ _ Other (please list what most applies to you.)
Bi- racial (please specify)
52
1. I am cunently in a relationship?
Yes
No
2. I have dated outside of my race?
Yes
No
3.The race of the last person I dated was?
Same race
Different race
N/A
4. I have been in an interracial intimate/physical or sexual relationship
Same race
Different race
NIA
5. I see nothing wrong with my dating outside of my race.
_ Strongly agree
_Agree
_Disagree
_Strongly disagree
_No opinion
6. It is important for me to marry within my race?
_Very impmiant
_Slightly important
_Not impmiant
__No opinion
7. I would consider having children with someone outside of my race?
_ Strongly agree
_Agree
_Disagree
_Strongly disagree
53
_No opinion
8. I am comfmiable with interracial dating?
_Approve
_Slightly approve
_Slightly disapprove
__Don't approve
_No opinion
9.Would you (or did you) feel embarrassed to date someone outside of your culture?
Often
_Fairly often
_Occasionally
Never
10. What religion do you currently practice?
Catholic
Protestant
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Jewish
Other
11. I would marry someone from another religion other than mine?
_ Strongly agree
_Agree
_Disagree
_Strongly disagree
_No opinion
12. The criteria that I am most interested in when selecting my "significant other" is?
Race
_Religion
Income
Skin color/features
Education level
_Family
_Physical appearance
Other - - - - - -
54
13. When I am in a relationship my first priority is _ _ _ __
_ Finding a spouse
_Having fun
_Satisfying my sexual need
_Having companionship
Other
14.What elements of culture are most impmiant to you?
_Religion
Food
Music
_Clothing
_Holidays
_Philosophy
_Family Status
Other
--~---
15.What influences your attitudes the most and least about inter-racial dating?
{Place a 1 for the thing that influenced you the MOST and a 5 for the thing that
influence you the LEAST regarding inter-racial dating and rate the others accordingly}
Parents
Friends
_Siblings/Cousins
Church
TV /Movies/Media
16. Would your (or did your) friends criticize or stay away from you if you (when you)
dated outside of your culture?
Often
_Fairly often
_Occasionally
Never
17. Would your (or did your) family criticize or threaten you if you (when you) dated
outside ofyour culture?
Often
_Fairly often
_Occasionally
55
Never
18. My parents care what race my significant other belongs to?
Yes
No
N/A
19. What criteria do you think your parents are most interested in when meeting your
"significant other"?
Race
_Religion
Income
Skin color/features
Education level
_Family
_Physical appearance
Other - - - - - 20. What element of culture do you think is most important to your parents?
_Religion
Food
Music
_Clothing
_Holidays
_Philosophy
_Family Status
Other - - - - - -
21. Was marriage discussed by your parents when you were growing up?
Often
_Fairly often
_Occasionally
Never
56
22. Was dating outside of your race discussed by your parents when you were growing
up?
Often
_Fairly often
_Occasionally
Never
23. When growing up did you know of any interracial couples?
Yes
No
I don't remember
24. If yes, how were they accepted? If NO MARK N/A
___ Accepted
_Accepted, but not approved
__Not approved and not accepted
NIA
25. Do you feel that interracial dating slowly eliminates a specific race?
Yes
No
_No opinion
57
26. Have you heard of negative racial stereotypes about Latinos?
Often
_Fairly often
__ Occasionally
Never
27. What are some of the racist things you've heard about Latinos?
28. What is the worst thing your family will say if they lmow you are dating someone
from the Latino culture?
29. If any, what relationship problems do you think you might encounter while dating
someone from the Latino culture? Will you stay in that relationship?
30. Will you be concerned that your parents will disown you when they find out that you
are dating someone from the Latino culture?
58
31. What do you find attractive about the Latino culture?
32. Can you see yourself, committing to a long-term relationship with someone from the
Latino culture?
33. What are some ofthe advantages/disadvantages to raising a child that is both Latino
and Asian?
Thank you for your participation!
59
26. Have you heard of negative racial stereotypes about Asians?
Often
_Fairly often
_Occasionally
Never
27. What are some of the racist things you've heard about Asians?
28. \Vhat is the worst thing your family will say if they know you are dating someone
from the Asian culture?
29. If any, what relationship problems do you think you might encounter while dating
someone from the Asian culture? Will you stay in that relationship?
30. Will you be concerned that your parents will disown you when they find out that you
are dating someone from the Asian culture?
60
31. What do you find attractive about the Asian culture?
32. Can you see yourself, committing to a long-term relationship with someone from the
Asian culture?
33. What are some ofthe advantages/disadvantages to raising a child that is both Latino
and Asian?
Thank you for your participation!
61
Dating Outside of One's Race: Attitudes Amongst Latino and Asian College Students
Maria C. Chan
California State University, Nmihridge
DEBRIEFING
This experiment was conducted to assess and determine the attitudes and differences
toward interracial dating amongst Latino and Asian female and male students.
Participants from each group were provided with a self- administered questionnaire that
consisted of four segments. The first segment was designed to look at demographic
information (age, race, sexual orientation). The second segment was designed to look at
dating preference and the likelihood of the pmiicipants engaging in interracial dating in
general. A third segment was design to look at parental influences in general. In addition,
two versions of a fourth segment were created to show the attitudes/stereotypes of Asians
have of Latinos and then show the attitudes/stereotypes Latinos have of Asians.
Although past research suggest that interracial dating has been showing a dramatic
increase over the past years. Much attention has not been given to interracial couples,
particularly those involving Asians and Latinos. Fmihermore, I hypothesize that these two
groups will demonstrate the willingness to be open in becoming involved in an interracial
union and I also hypothesize that females from both groups will be more willing to
engage in interracial dating. Thank you for participating in this study, your participation
was ve1y valuable to me.
RERERENCES
Kenney, K., & Kenney, M. (2009). Counseling multiple heritage couples and
families. Counseling multiple heritage individuals, couples, andfttmilies (pp. 111-124).
Alexandria, VA US: American Counseling Association.
Pm·k, Y. (20 10). Interracial and Interethnic Relationships. Culturally responsive
counseling with Asian American men (pp. 235-257). New York, NY US: Rout
ledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
62
APPENDIXC:
Research and Sponsored Projects Approval Letter
California State University
Northridge __
Office of the Associ at~ Vice President
Research
~nd Sponsored
Projects
October 20, 201 0
Maria C. Chan
7039 Firmament Ave
Van Nuys,CA 91406
Re:
·'Dating outside of one's race: Attitudes amongst Latino and Asian college
students" Research Protocol
Dear Ms. Chan:
Enclosed for your records is a copy of the cover sheet of your approved Human
Subjects Protocol Form. Please note that your project has been approved as
exempt. lf there are any change~ to your protocol, you must contact the Office of
Research and Sponsored Projects to ensure your project is still within the exempt
guidelines.
lf you have any questions, call this office at (818) 677-2901.
si'rrely,
0:
jJ~LG-t~lc~/)
Suzth;Je Blnnding, Complil¢'ce Officer
On 13ehalf of
Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects
enclosure
IHIIl '-lwdhuff SlrL'l'l· "lurdmdge · C.Jiiimrhd 'H JJU·Hl Jl •UHJ1 h77~2901 · ia' •0181677·-lb'H
fftt
Co~li(orni.a
'.l.tlllt!n•··\•~•l·nt\
Sblr \lnh·r11i!'t !I.JI.o-t~Ut•ld t h.!:<illd l•!.~rt<f<
,~ .. u-,·n"l ~'" .,.,.,if,..,J~c- f't•n"-•'"<.1 "•••>nK'fiH-
< imt• !l,,-l,tiJ:;;o•tlh:!...
"•-~'•<f•·t•H••Iil"' 1,.,,nfln~•
63
l:Hid:l )(Hil.peny4.t'tsurJ.edu
f.aq fl.l) llt>~llo) ~uilr.lt<<'J !!<llllh<tiC!f I•Alt.! Ht•,a;h l<>~ "nJ.to•!~.;.
.._,,,r"u"-'"''' !i-.l'•'•r-t· '>.lnto;o~t·~~~~l": "•"'·'l.:tll•t-- ~,,.,.n_l "'·''~'!.oui
APPENDIXD
Human Subject Protocol Form
8
HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTOCOL APPROVAL FORM
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE
This Protocol Approval Fonn must be completed for all California
State University, Northridge faculty and smdenl research which
involves human subjects. Additional materiul(s), as described below,
must be attached to this form at the time it is submitted to !he Standing
Advisory Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects (SACPHS)
in the Office of Research and Sponsored Projects (UH 265, ext. 2901).
In ALL cases, RESEARCH JviAY NOT PROCEED until authorized
by the Committee. You will be notllicd of the aclion or the
Committee following the receipt of an (lriginal and nine copies of
1. Title of research
this form and all required supplementary Information {see
below) in tbe Office of Research and Sponsored Projects.
ALL SIGNATURES MUST BE OBTAINED PRIOR TO
SUBMISSION.
Brief, excerpted defmitions and guidelines regarding research
involving human subjects appear on the attached instructions.
For a copy of complete regulations, contact the Office of
Research and Sponsored Projects. Read all instructions before
completing the fonn. ONLY TYPEWRITTEN FORMS WILL
BE ACCEPTED,
Dating outside of one's race: Attitudes amongst Latino and As jan college students
Campus
Major or
2. Nan1e ofresearcher(s) .,M..,a"'-n'.''a,_,C~C""h"'anill-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __,e.,x"'t.--------'D!.!e£1p<!!artm!!.!!!~ee!n!!.t_2E~d!J!Ullicl!lat13io,!!Oll!!al
!'svchology:Marr!agc and family Therapy
3. Address
7039 finnamcnt Ave
VMNuys, CA 91406
Home phone (626) 394-948.8
Email Address [email protected]
4. Name of Faculty Advisor ""Dccr•..,M=jc"'h"'a"'ei'-'Q"'·'"'.L"aullillre"'n"'t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Faculty Advisor ext.
5. Period of Project (see pg. 1-Itemized Instructions) From September 28.2010
6. Check one:
0
Course prefiX and:number
7. Check one:
..,E"-P.,.C..,6""9'-'R..,.C._:- - - - - - - -
IE] Unfunded
8. History of Protocol:
~ Studeut thesis
Faculty Research
121
New
0
0
Other (specifY) - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Funded - - - - - - - - - Date (to be) submitted - - - - - - - - - -
0
Renewal
Approval Date - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
§gccial_proc~durcs: (~ive detailed de.«ription on separate •heet)
U Radtoll\:ttve matenals
II. Is a Subject Bill of Rights attached?
12.
To Mav 31 2011
Course title Titcsis Graduate Proje~t
9. Does this protocol contain modification(s) from a previously approved protocol?
10.
.,2~54~1L__ _ __
0
0
Yes (explain)
£81NIA
0No
.
Dmg(s). Spec11)':._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
0No
l8)Yes
Are copiecs of any qucstionnairc(s), survey instrument(s) and/or interview schedule(s) referred to in this protocol statement
[g) Yes
0 No
attached?
13.
Is draft Informed Consent Fonn(s} attached?
0
Yes
0
No
14. Is a letter of permission attached?
DYes
0No
cncrnllnstructions--lcttcr D
/0 -s--!0
i ature of Facultv Researcher or tudent Advisor
Date
.FOR SACPHS AND RESEARCH OFFTCE USE ONLY
0 Approved, expedited review
fliNoted, exempt
,(] Noted, minimal risk
, /':}
0 Approved, reaso able ris
'Wn~h
- ()
Date
0
0
See attached memo
Not approved, see attached memo
date received
Revised 2i08
64
APPENDIXE
Psychology Approval Form (SONA)
f•
A
•
t'
. ')·
>;.
.J
_lo!,.,
,_ ...
RESEARCH
A
R [A
Contact Person for Experiment:
.
Maria C. Chan
6,263,949,488
[email protected]
Name·-------------~ Phone:-~------ CSUN Email~ --------------~
Research/Experiment Members: {Not including contact person)
Name-:
Phor.f.': - - - - - ·
CSUN Etn.-:ul:
Phor:(": - - - - - -
CSUN Em<Jil'
Name:~--------------~ Phon~:
N~me:
· - - ___ CSUN Emili!·
Phon!.'--~----. __ CSUN£mtul - - - - - - - · · - -
~--~-
PhunP ---------"--(SUN Emad -------~ ---~- __
THE EXPERIMENT
Study Title:
"Experiment# _ _ _~
sona Description of Study
{Br.cf de~tnpt!On o! wha~ studef'ts v;ill be doHlg ouring the e::r;pt·.mnent. DO N01 g1ve too rnu-ch dH.ail- JOO chatacters max):
Participants will be asked lo complete a 33 item sell·adminislered survey to eXplore altitudes on
romantic relationships. Two credits will be given for th1s 30 minute study. At the conclusion of the study
a debriefing form and a copy of the Consent Form/Bill of rights will be handed to each participant
Prestteen Restrictions and/or Requirements; jGcr.der, Na:lional;ty, Visron, Heanng, etc. )
· - - - - . ---~----,
!
iTo participate in this study you must be of Asian or Lahno decent.
i
~-~-~--~
.~---
----
"'~----~~~~---
--~-----------~--
---
Description of Study ~for Research Ama};
~
his
expenmenl will be conducted to asses and determine the attitudes and differences toward
terracial dating amongst Latmo and As1an female and male students Participants will be provided with
self-administered survey that will look at demographic information. dating preferences and the
kclihood of the participants engagmg in mlerracial dating 1n general The setf·admmistered survey will
,also look at parenlalln!luences. and thc at!Itudes/stereotyoes of Asians have ol Latmos as well as the
jattitudes thai Latinos have of Asians
L.------~---~-
# of Participants Requested:
Time Per Participant:
100
_ __
30 minutes
65
I
_I
APPENDIXF
Tables: Data Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Table l.a
Respondent's Age
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Age 18-21
79
91.9
91.9
91.9
Age 22-25
7
8.1
8.1
100.0
86
100.0
100.0
Total
Table l.b
Respondent's Gender
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Female
45
52.3
52.3
52.3
Male
41
47.7
47.7
100.0
Total
86
100.0
100.0
Table l.c
Respondent's Classification
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Freshman
47
54.7
54.7
54.7
Sophomore
23
26.7
26.7
81.4
Junior
12
14.0
14.0
95.3
Senior
4
4.7
4.7
100.0
86
100.0
100.0
Total
66
Table l.d
Respondents Sexual Orientation
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Straight
Percent
Percent
Valid Percent
82
95.3
95.3
95.3
Gay
1
1.2
1.2
96.5
Bisexual
3
3.5
3.5
100.0
86
100.0
100.0
Total
Table l.e
Respondent's Race
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
Asian
43
50.0
50.0
50.0
Hispanic/Latina
43
50.0
50.0
100.0
Total
86
100.0
100.0
Table 2
Dated outside of my race * Race
Race
Asian
Dated outside of my race
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Total
Yes
27 (62.8%)
23 (53.4%) 50 (58.1%)
No
16 (37.2%)
20 (46.5%) 36 (41.8%)
43
43
67
86
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)
.764a 1
.382
Continuity Correctionb
.430 1
.512
Likelihood Ratio
.766 1
.382
Pearson Chi-Square
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-Linear Association
.512
.756 1
N of Valid Cases
.256
.385
86
.
.
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The m1mmum expected count
IS
18.00 .
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 3
Dated outside of my race Respondent's Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Dated outside of my race
Asian
Yes
15
8
23(51.1%)
No
10
12
22 (48.8%)
25
20
45
Yes
12
15
27 (65.8%)
No
6
8
14 (34.1%)
18
23
41
Total
Male
Dated outside of my race
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Total
68
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Value df
Female Pearson Chi-Square
1.779
8
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
Exact Sig. (2sided)
1
.182
Continuity Correctionb
1.068 1
.301
Likelihood Ratio
1.790 1
.181
Fisher's Exact Test
Male
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.739 1
N of Valid Cases
45
.923
Continuity Correctionb
.000 1
1.000
Likelihood Ratio
.009 1
.923
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-Linear
Association
.009 1
N of Valid Cases
.236
.151
1.000
.594
.187
.009c 1
Pearson Chi-Square
Exact Sig. (1sided)
.924
41
..
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The m1n1mum expected count 1s 9.78.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
c. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.15.
Table 4
I have been in an interracial intimate/physical relationship * Race
Race
Asian
I have been in an interracial Same race
intimate/physical relationship
Different race
n/a
Hispanic/Latina
Total
15 (34.8%)
21 (48.3%) 36 (41.8%)
13 (30.2%)
15 (34.8%) 28 (32.5%)
15 (34.8%)
7 (16.2%) 22 (25.5%)
Total
43
69
43
86
Chi-Square Tests
Value
df
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
4.052a
2
.132
Likelihood Ratio
4.125
2
.127
Linear-by-Linear Association
3.477
1
.062
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
a.
86
..
0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The mm1mum expected
count is 11.00.
Table 5
I have been in an interracial intimate/physical relationship Respondent's*
Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
I have been in an interracial Same race
intimate/physical relationship Different race
n/a
Total
Male
I have been in an interracial Same race
intimate/physical relationship Different race
n/a
Total
70
Hispanic/Latina
Total
10
9
19(42%)
9
6
15(33%)
6
5
11 (24%)
25
20
45
5
12
17 (41%)
4
9
13 (31%)
9
2
11 (27%)
18
23
41
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Female
Value
.190a
2
Likelihood Ratio
.191
2
.909
Linear-by-Linear Association
.027
1
.869
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Male
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
.909
45
Pearson Chi-Square
8.781°
2
.012
Likelihood Ratio
9.150
2
.010
Linear-by-Linear Association
6.428
1
.011
N of Valid Cases
41
..
a. 1 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The mm1mum expected count
4.89.
JS
b. 1 cells (16.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
4.83.
Table 6
I see nothing wrong with me dating outside my race * Race
Race
Asian
I see nothing wrong with me
dating outside my race
Hispanic/Latino
Strongly agree
27(62.7%)
31 (72%)
58 (67%)
Agree
14(32.5%)
9 (21%)
23 (26%)
Disagree
1 (2.3%)
1(2.3%)
2 (2.3%)
No opinion
1 (2.3%)
2 (4.6%)
3 (3.4%)
43
43
86
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Total
1.696a
3
.638
1.712
3
.634
.016
1
.899
86
..
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The m1mmum
expected count is 1.00.
71
Table 7
I see nothing wrong with me dating outside my race* Respondent's Gender By
Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
I see nothing wrong with me dating
outside my race
13
14
27 (60%)
Agree
11
5
16 (35.6%)
0
0
0
No opinion
1
1
2 (4.4%)
20
45
14
17
31 (76%)
Agree
3
4
7 (17%)
Disagree
1
1
2 (4.8%)
0
1
1 (2.4%)
18
23
41
Strongly agree
No opinion
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Female
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Linear-by-Linear Association
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
2
.416
.409
1
.576
Pearson Chi-Square
.836b 3
.841
Likelihood Ratio
1.209 3
.751
N of Valid Cases
Male
df
8
1.786 2
1.753
Likelihood Ratio
.312
45
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases
(0 %)
25
Total
I see nothing wrong with me dating
outside my race
Total
Strongly agree
Disagree
Male
Hispanic/
Latino
Asian
.390
.532
1
41
..
a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The mm1mum expected count 1s .89.
b. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .44.
Table 8
I will consider having children with someone outside my race * Race
Race
Asian
I will consider having children Strongly agree
with someone outside my race Agree
Hispanic/Latina
Total
15(34%)
22 (51%)
37 (43%)
18(41%)
16 (37%)
34 (39%)
Disagree
4(9.3%)
1 (2.3%)
5 (5.8%)
Strongly disagree
1(2.3%)
0 ( 0%)
1 (1.1%)
No opinion
5(11%)
4 (9.3%)
9(10.4%)
43
43
86
Total
72
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
8
4
Likelihood Ratio
4.875
4
.300
Linear-by-Linear Association
1.752
1
.186
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
4.353
.360
86
..
a. 6 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The m1n1mum expected
count is .50.
Table 9
I will consider having children outside my race Respondent's*Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female I will consider having children
outside my race
Asian H ispanic/Latino
8
9
17 (37%)
13
9
22 (48%)
Disagree
1
0
1 (2.2 %)
Strongly disagree
0
0
0 (0 %)
No opinion
3
2
5(11%)
25
20
45
Strongly agree
Agree
Total
Male
I will consider having children
outside my race
Total
Strongly agree
7
13 20 (48.7%)
Agree
5
7 12 (29.2%)
Disagree
3
1
4 (9.7%)
Strongly disagree
1
0
1 (2.4 %)
No opinion
2
2
4 (9.7%)
18
23
41
Total
73
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Female
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
1.448a
3
.694
1.821
3
.610
.411
1
.522
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases
Male
df
45
3.577b
4
.466
Likelihood Ratio
3.984
4
.408
Linear-by-Linear Association
1.475
1
.225
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
41
. .
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count 1s .44 .
b. 6 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .44.
Table 10
I am comfortable with interracial dating * Race
Race
Asian
I am comfortable with
interracial dating
Hispanic/Latina
Total
Approve
32 (74%)
36 (83.7%) 68 (79%)
Slightly
approve
6 (14%)
6 (14%) 12 (14%)
Slightly
disapprove
2 (4.6%)
0 (0%) 2 (2.3%)
Don't
approve
1 (2.3%)
1 (2.3%) 2 (2.3%)
No opinion
2 (4.6%)
0 (0%) 2 (2.3%)
43
Total
43
86
Chi-Square Tests
df
Value
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
4.235a
4
.375
Likelihood Ratio
5.781
4
.216
Linear-by-Linear Association
2.391
1
.122
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
86
. .
a. 6 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
74
IS
1.00 .
Table 11
I am comfortable with interracial dating Respondent's* Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
I am comfortable with
18
36 (80%)
Slightly approve
2
2
4 (8.8%)
Slightly disapprove
2
0
2 (4.4%)
Don't approve
1
0
1 (2.2%)
No opinion
2
0
2 (4.4%)
25
20
45
14
18
32 (78%)
Total
Male
I am comfortable with
Approve
interracial dating
Slightly approve
4
4
8 (19.5%)
Don't approve
0
1
1 (2.4%)
18
23
41
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Female
Value
4.500 8
df
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
4
.343
Likelihood Ratio
6.375 4
.173
Linear-by-Linear Association
3.657
1
.056
Pearson Chi-Square
.904b 2
.636
Likelihood Ratio
1.276 2
.528
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Male
Total
18
Approve
interracial dating
Hispanic/Latina
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases
45
.194
.660
1
41
. .
a. 8 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The mm1mum expected count
IS
.44 .
b. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .44.
75
Table 12
It is important for me to marry within my race * Race
Race
Asian
It is important for me to marry Very important
within my race
Slightly important
Hispanic/Latina
Total
3 (6.97%)
0 (0%)
3 (3.4%)
17 (39.5%)
8 (18.6%)
25 (29%)
18 (41.8)
34 (79%)
52 (60%)
5 (11.6%)
1 (2.3%)
6 (6.7%)
43
43
86
Not important
No opinion
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases
df
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
8
3
.003
15.388
3
.002
3.347
1
.067
13.830
86
..
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The mrnrmum expected count rs 1.50.
76
Table 13
It is important for me to marry within my race Respondent's* Gender By
Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
It is important for me to
marry within my race
Very important
0
1
4 15 (33.3%)
Not important
10
15 25 (55.5%)
3
1
4 (8.8%)
25
20
45
2 (4.87%)
It is important for me to
Very important
2
0
marry within my race
Slightly important
6
4 10 (24.4%)
Not important
8
19 27(65.8%)
No opinion
2
0
2 (4.87%)
18
23
41
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Value
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
8
3
.123
Likelihood Ratio
6.280
3
.099
Linear-by-Linear Association
1.588
1
.208
8.397b
3
.038
Likelihood Ratio
9.951
3
.019
Linear-by-Linear Association
1.793
1
.181
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Male
1 (2.2%)
11
Total
Female
Total
Slightly important
No opinion
Male
Hispanic/Latina
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
5.783
45
41
..
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The m1n1mum expected count
.44.
IS
b. 5 cells (62.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
.88.
77
Table 14
What elements of culture are most important to you * Race
Race
Asian
What elements of culture
are most important to you
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Religion
11 (25.8%)
8
(18.6%) 19
(22%)
Food
11 (25.8%) 15
(34.8%) 26
(30%)
Music
5 (11.6%)
5
(11.6%) 10(11.6%)
Clothing
1 (2.3 %)
1
Holidays
0
2
Philosophy
4 (9.30%) 10
Family status
10 (23.3%)
Personality
1 (2.3%)
(0%)
Total
(2.3%)
(4.65%)
2 (2.32%)
2 (2.32%)
(23.2%)
14 (16.2%)
0
(0%)
10(11.6%)
2
(4.65%)
43
3 (3.48%)
43
86
Chi-Square Tests
Value
8
7
.025
20.725
7
.004
.263
1
.608
15.994
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
86
N of Valid Cases
..
a. 6 cells (37.5%) have expected count less than 5. The m1mmum
expected count is 1.00.
Table 15
My parents care what race my significant other belongs to*Race
Race
Asian
My parents care what race
my significant other belongs
to
Total
Total
Hispanic/Latina
8 (18.6%) 34 (39.5%)
Yes
26 (60.4%)
No
15 (34.8%)
29 (67.4%) 44
N/a
2 (4.65%)
6 (14%)
8 (9.30%)
43
43
86
78
(51%)
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
15.984a
2
.000
Likelihood Ratio
16.659
2
.000
Linear-by-Linear Association
14.012
1
.000
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
86
a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 4.00.
Table 16
My parents care what race my significant other belongs to*
Respondent's* Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
My parents care what race
Yes
16
5
21 (46%)
No
8
12
20 (44%)
N/a
1
3
4 (8.8%)
25
20
45
Yes
10
3
13 (31.7%)
my significant other belongs No
to
N/a
7
my significant other belongs
to
Total
Male
Total
Hispanic/Latina
My parents care what race
Total
17 24 (58.5%)
1
3
4 (9.75%)
18
23
41
Chi-Square Tests
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asymp. Sig. (2sided)
df
7.094a
2
.029
Likelihood Ratio
7.355
2
.025
Linear-by-Linear Association
6.679
1
.010
8.452b
2
.015
Likelihood Ratio
8.708
2
.013
Linear-by-Linear Association
6.721
1
.010
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
Male
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
45
41
..
a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The mm1mum expected count
1.78.
IS
b. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
1.76.
79
Table 17
Would your family criticize you if you, when you dated outside of your culture
Respondent's* Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
Would your family criticize
you if you, when you dated
Total
Hispanic/Latino
Often
4
1
5(11%)
Fairly often
2
0
2 (4.4%)
Occasionally
8
8
16 (35%)
11
11
22 (48%
25
20
45
outside of your culture
Never
Total
Male
Would your family criticize
Often
2
0
2 (4.8 %)
you if you, when you dated
Fairly Often
0
0
0
Occasionally
7
4 11 (26.8%)
Never
9
19 28 (68.2%)
outside of your culture
Total
23
18
Chi-Square Tests
Value
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
df
8
3
.048
Likelihood Ratio
9.083
3
.028
Linear-by-Linear Association
7.187
1
.007
Pearson Chi-Square
N of Valid Cases
7.905
86
..
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The m1mmum expected count
80
IS
1.00.
(0%)
41
Case Processing Summary
Cases
N
Percent
Total
Missing
Valid
N
Percent
N
Percent
14.0% 86 100.0%
74
86.0% 12
83
96.5%
3
3.5% 86
79
91.9%
7
8.1% 86 100.0%
Respondent's Gender * Race * Will your parents dis-own you
84
97.7%
2
2.3% 86 100.0%
Respondent's Gender* Race * What do you find attractive
75
87.2% 11
12.8% 86 100.0%
82
95.3%
4
4.7% 86 100.0%
83.7%
14
16.3% 86 100.0%
Respondent's Gender * Race * What are some of the racist
things you've heard from the other race
Respondent's Gender* Race *What is the worst thing your
100.0%
family will say if you're dating someone who is (Asian or
Latino)
Respondent's Gender* Race* What relationship problems do
you think you might encounter, will you stay in the relationship
about the other race/ethnicity
Respondent's Gender* Race* Can you see your self
committing to a long term relationship with someone who is
(Asian or Latino)
Respondent's Gender * Race * What are some of the
advantages and disadvantages of raising a child that is both
Latino and Asian
81
72
Table 18
What are some of the racist things you've heard from the other race * Race
Race
Asian
What are some of the racist
things you've heard from the
Hispanic/Latina
Total
Education
7 (16.2%)
7 (16.2%) 14 (4.65%)
Criminals
8 (18.6%)
0
(0%)
8 (9.3%)
Immigration
9
(30%)
0
(0%)
9 (10%)
SES
4 (9.30%)
0
(0%)
4 (4.65%)
Biology/sexual characteristics
0
8 (18.6%)
8 (9.3%)
Physical characteristics
2 (4.65%)
8 (18.6%) 10 (11.6%)
Work industry/ skills
3
(7%)
0
Bad drivers
0
other race
(0%)
(0%)
3 (3.48%)
(0%)
18 (41.8%)
18 (21%)
Total
33
43
86
Missing N=12
10
2
74
Total N= 86
82
Table 19
What are some of the racist things you've heard from the other race * Respondent's
Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female What are some of the racist things
you've heard from the other race
Hispanic/Latina
Asian
Total
Education
4
3
7 (15.5%)
Criminals
7
0
7 (15.5%)
Immigration
3
0
3 (6.6%)
SES
4
0
4 (8.8%)
Biology/sexual
0
2
2 (4.4%)
2
4
6 (13.3%)
0
9
25
20
45
5
2
38
characteristics
Physical
characteristics
Bad drivers
Total
Missing N=7
9
(20%)
Total N=45
Male
(17%)
What are some of the racist things
Education
3
4
7
you've heard from the other race
Criminals
1
0
1 (2.43%)
Immigration
6
0
6 (14.6%)
Biology/sexual
0
6
6 (14.6%)
0
4
4 (9.75%)
3
0
3 (7.3%)
0
9
9
18
23
41
5
0
36
characteristics
Physical
characteristics
Work industry/
skills
Bad drivers
Total
Missing N=5
Total N=41
83
(22%)
Table 20
What is the worst thing your family will say if you're dating someone who is (Asian
or Latino) * Race
Race
Asian
What is the worst thing your Nothing
family will say if you're dating
Be supportive
someone who is (Asian or
Be judgmental
Latino)
I don't' know
5 (11.6%)
19
4
(9.3%)
3
23 (53.4%)
19
9
(21%)
Total
Missing N=3
Total
Hispanic/Latina
(44%) 24
(7%)
7
(28%)
(8%)
(44%) 42 (48.8%)
1 (2.32%) 10 (11.6%)
43
2
43
1
86
83
Table 21
What is the worst thing your family will say if you're dating someone who is (Asian
or Latino)* Respondent's Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
What is the worst thing your Nothing
family will say if you're dating
Be supportive
someone who is (Asian or
Be judgmental
Latino)
I don't' know
Total
Missing N=1
Total N=45
Male
What is the worst thing your Nothing
family will say if you're dating Be supportive
someone who is (Asian or
Be judgmental
Latino)
I don't' know
Total
Missing N= 2
Total N= 41
84
Hispanic/Latina
Total
2
6
8 (17%)
2
3
5(11%)
18
10
28 (62%)
2
1
3 (6.6%)
25
1
20
0
45
44
3
13
16 (39%)
2
0
2 (4.8%)
5
9
14 (34%)
7
0
7 (17%)
18
1
23
41
39
1
Table 22
What relationship problems do you think you might encounter, will you stay in the
relationship * Race
Race
Asian
What relationship problems
do you think you might
Hispanic/Latina
Total
12 (28%)
10 (23%) 22 (25.5%)
Religion
6 (14%)
5 (11 %) 11 (12.8%)
Family acceptance
9 (21%)
13 (30%) 22 (25.5%)
Language barriers
6 (14%)
4 (9.3%) 10(11.6%)
Conflicts due to race
1 (2.3%)
0 (0%)
1 (1.1%)
3 (6.97%)
0 (0%)
3 (3,4%)
Cultural differences
encounter, will you stay in the
relationship
I will not marry someone
from another race
I will not encounter any
0 (0%)
10 (23%) 10(11.6%)
conflicts
Total
Missing N=7
Total N=86
85
43
43
86
6
1
79
Table 23
What relationship problems do you think you might encounter, will you stay in the
relationship* Respondent's Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
What relationship problems
do you think you might
Asian
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Cultural differences
8
5 13
(28%)
Religion
3
4
7
(15%)
Family acceptance
3
7 10 (22.2%)
Language barriers
4
2
6 (13.3%)
I will not marry someone from
3
0
3
(6.6%)
0
2
2
(4.4%)
25
20
45
4
0
41
encounter, will you stay in the
relationship
another race
I will not encounter any
conflicts
Total
Missing N=4
Total N= 45
Male
(22%)
What relationship problems
Cultural differences
4
5
9
do you think you might
Religion
3
1
4 (9.75%)
Family acceptance
6
6
12 (29%)
Language barriers
2
2
4 (9.75%)
Conflicts due to race
1
0
1 (2.4%)
I will not encounter any
0
8
8 (19.5%)
18
23
41
2
1
38
encounter, will you stay in the
relationship
conflicts
Total
Missing N= 3
Total N=41
86
Table 24
Will your parents dis-own you * Race
Race
Asian
Will your parents dis-own you Yes
No
Hispanic/Latina
10 (23.2%)
31
Total
Total
1 (2.3%) 11 (12.8%)
(72%)
42 (97.6%) 73 (84.8%)
43
43
86
Missing N=2
Table 25
Will your parents dis-own you * Respondent's Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Asian
Will your parents dis-own you Yes
Hispanic/Latina
Total
10
1 11 (24.4%)
15
19 34 (75.5%)
25
20
45
Will your parents dis-own you No
16
23
39 (95%)
Total
16
23
41
2
0
39
No
Total
Missing N=O
Total N=45
Male
Missing N=2
Total N=41
87
Table 26
What do you find attractive about the other race/ethnicity * Race
Race
Asian
What do you find attractive
about the other race/ethnicity
Food
Social life
Religion
Hispanic/Latina
Total
12 (28%)
9 (21%) 21 (24.4%)
5 (11.6%)
5 (11.6%) 10 (11.6%)
1 (2.3%)
1 (2.3%)
2 (2.3%)
5 (11.6%)
3 (7%)
8 (9.3%)
1 (2.3%)
1 (2.3%)
2 (2.3%)
3 (7%)
6 (14%)
9 (10.4%)
Family unity
4 (9.3%)
3 (6.9%)
7 (8.1%)
Physical characteristics
4 (9.3%)
12 (28%) 16 (18.6%)
Culture
Language
Personality
Total
Missing N= 11
88
43
43
86
8
3
75
Table 27
What do you find attractive about the other race/ethnicity * Respondent's Gender
by Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
What do you find attractive
about the other race/ethnicity
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Asian
Food
6
3
9 (20%)
Social life
2
3
5(11%)
Religion
0
1
1 (2.2%)
Culture
4
2
6 (13%)
Language
0
1
1 (2.2%)
Personality
2
2
4 (8.8%)
Family unity
3
3
6 (13%)
Physical characteristics
3
3
6 (13%)
20
25
45
0
7
38
6
6 12 (29.2%)
3
2
5
Religion
1
0
1 (2.4%)
Culture
1
1
2 (4.8%)
Language
1
0
1 (2.4%)
Personality
1
4
5 (12%)
Family unity
1
0
1 (2.4%)
Physical characteristics
1
9 10 (24.3%)
Total
Missing N=7
Total N= 45
Male
What do you find attractive
Food
about the other race/ethnicity Social life
Total
Missing N= 4
Total N=41
89
(12%)
18
23
41
3
1
37
Table 28
Can you see your self committing to a long term relationship with someone who is
(Asian or Latino) * Race
Race
Asian
Can you see your self
committing to a long term
Hispanic/Latina
Yes
28
No
11 (25.5%)
(65%)
Total
35 (81.3%) 63 (73.2%)
8 (18.6%) 19
(22%)
relationship with someone
who is (Asian or Latino)
Total
Missing N=4
43
43
86
4
0
82
Table 29
Can you see your self committing to a long term relationship with someone who is
(Asian or Latino)* Respondent's Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
Can you see your self
committing to a long term
Asian
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Yes
17
No
8
15 32
(71%)
5 13 (28.8%)
relationship with someone
who is (Asian or Latino)
Total
25
20
11
20 31 (75.6%)
45
Missing N=O
Total N=45
Male
Can you see your self
Yes
committing to a long term
No
6
(14.6)
3
3
18
23
41
4
0
37
relationship with someone
who is (Asian or Latino)
Total
Missing N=4
Total N=41
90
Table 30
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of raising a child that is both
Latino and Asian
* Race
Race
Asian
What are some of the
advantages and
Hispanic/Latina
Total
Identity confusion
2
Multiracial
11 (25.5%)
Disapproval from society
4
(9.3%)
1 (2.3%)
5 (5.8%)
Trilingual
8 (18.6%)
10 (23.2%)
18 (21%)
Education/achievement
2
(4.6%)
2 (4.6%)
4 (4.6%)
Stereotyping/teasing
7 (16.2%)
Cultural barriers
1
(4.6%)
1
(2.3%)
3 (3.4%)
16 (37.2%) 27 (31.3%)
disadvantages of raising a
child that is both Latino and
Asian
Total
Missing N=14
91
3 (6.9%) 10(11.6%)
(2.3%)
4 (9.3%)
5 (5.8%)
43
43
86
8
6
72
Table 31
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of raising a child that is both
Latino and Asian* Respondent's Gender By Race
Race
Respondent's Gender
Female
What are some of the
advantages and
Asian
Total
Hispanic/Latina
Identity confusion
1
1
2 (4.4%)
Multiracial
7
9 16 (35.5%)
Disapproval from society
3
0
3 (6.6%)
3
4
7 (15.5%)
Education/achievement
2
1
3 (6.6%)
Stereotyping/teasing
4
0
4 (8.8%)
Cultural barriers
0
3
3 (6.6%)
25
20
45
5
2
38
1 (2.4%)
disadvantages of raising a
child that is both Latino and
Asian
. Tri lingual
Total
Missing N=7
Total N=45
Male
What are some of the
Identity confusion
1
0
advantages and
Multiracial
4
7 11 (26.8%)
Disapproval from society
1
1
Trilingual
5
6 11 (26.8%)
Education/achievement
0
1
1 (2.4%)
Stereotyping/teasing
3
3
6 (14.6%)
Cultural barriers
1
1
2 (4.8%)
18
23
41
3
4
34
disadvantages of raising a
2
(4.8%)
child that is both Latino and
Asian
Total
Missing N=
Total N=41
92