CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x x v
PART A
MINISYMPOSIUM:
IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR NDE
Advances in Information T e c h n o l o g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
G. O. Strawn
NDE of Material Degradation by Embrittlement and F a t i g u e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
I. Altpeter and G. Dobmann
Practical Long Range Guided Wave Inspection—
Managing Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
P. Cawley
CHAPTER 1
ELASTIC WAVES AND ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES
Section A. Ultrasonic Modeling
A Coupling Method of Boundary Element Method and Generalized
Ray Theory for Elastic Wave Scattering in a Thick Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
K. Kimoto and S. Hirose
An Extension of the Spring Model to Nonlinear Interfaces ................... 49
C. Pecorari
Diffraction of an Elastic Wave by a Rough Crack Edge ..................... 57
V. A. Borovikov and L. J. Fradkin
Scattering of Elastic Waves by a Rectangular Crack in a ThickWalled Anisotropic Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
A. Bostrom, T. Grahn, and A. J. Niklasson
Hybrid Modeling of Elastic Wave Scattering in a Welded Cylinder............ 71
A. Mahmoud, A. H. Shah, and N. Popplewell
A Formal Approach to Include Multiple Scattering in the Estimation
of Ultrasonic Backscattered S i g n a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
S. Ahmed, R. B. Thompson, and P. D. Panetta
A Multilevel Multipole Method for Modeling Elastic-Wave Multiple
Scattering in Fiber-Reinforced C o m p o s i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A. Lange, A. Harker, and N. Saffari
Simplified Modeling of Backscattered Noise and Attenuation
Phenomena for Quantitative Performance Demonstration of
UT M e t h o d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
S. Chatillon, C. Poidevin, N. Gengembre, and A. Lhemery
Modelling of the Ultrasonic Response of Inclusions in Steels................. 101
M. Darmon, P. Calmon, and B. Bele
Ultrasonic Attenuation as Influenced by Elongated Grains .................. 109
S. Ahmed, R. B. Thompson, and P. D. Panetta
Computational Study of Grain Scattering Effects in
Ultrasonic M e a s u r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A. Li, R. Roberts, P. Haldipur, F. J. Margetan, and R. B. Thompson
Advances in Modeling Ultrasonic Noise Induced by Machining
Roughness: Development and Validation of Computationally
Efficient A p p r o x i m a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
R. B. Thompson, Y. Guo, and F. J. Margetan
Ultrasonic Detection of Damage in Heterogeneous Media ................... 133
L. Yang and J. A. Turner
Waves in Anisotropic Elastic M e d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
E. L. Roetman
Section B. Guided Waves
Scattering of the SHO Mode from Geometrical Discontinuities
in Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
A. Demma, P. Cawley, and M. J. S. Lowe
Remote Monitoring of Plate-Like Structures Using Guided
Wave Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
P. Fromme, P. Wilcox, and P. Cawley
Simulations of Laser-Generated Guided Waves in Two-Layer Bonded
Plate with a Weak Interface ............................................ 165
J. Du and J. Cheng
Crack Detection for Aircraft Holes with Limited Accessibility
Containing Fasteners and Sealant ....................................... 173
J. C. Aldrin, J. R. Mandeville, D. R. Judd, R. T. Mullis, and
C. V. Kropas-Hughes
Models for Crack Detection in a Cylindrical Hole Containing an
Elastic Layer and a Fluid-Filled Cylindrical H o l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
J. C. Aldrin and J. D. Achenbach
On the Detectability of Fatigue Crack Growth at Fastener Holes
Using Guided W a v e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
P. Fromme, B. Masserey, and M. B. Sayir
Reflection of the S0 Lamb Mode from a Part-Depth Circular Defect
in a Plate, When the Incident Wave is Created by a Small Source ........... 197
O. Diligent, M. J. S. Lowe, P. Cawley, and P. Wilcox
High Frequency Guided Wave Virtual Array S A F T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
R. Roberts, A. Pardini, and A. Diaz
Fast Techniques for Calculating Dispersion Relations of
Circumferential Waves in Annular Structures ............................. 213
J. Fong, M. J. S. Lowe, D. Gridin, and R. V. Craster
VI
The Scattering of Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Partly Embedded
Cylindrical Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
T. Vogt, M. J. S. Lowe, and P. Cawley
Detection of Scale Inside of Water Supply Pipes Using Guided Waves ........ 229
S.-J. Song, Y. H. Kirn, D.-H. Lee, J. S. Park, H.-D. Lee, and C.-H. Bae
Long Range Inspection of Rail Using Guided Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
P. Wilcox, B. Pavlakovic, M. Evans, K. Vine, P. Cawley, M. J. S. Lowe,
and D. Alleyne
Non-Axisymmetric Wave Focusing in Pipe Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Z. Sun, J. L. Rose, W.-J. Song, and T. Hayashi
Semianalytical Finite Element Analysis for Ultrasonic Focusing
in a P i p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
T. Hayashi, K. Kawashima, Z. Sun, and J. L. Rose
The Application of Finite Element Modelling to Guided Wave
Testing S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
R. M. Sanderson and S. D. Smith
Section C. Laser Ultrasonics
Laser Ultrasonic System for On-Line Steel Tube Gauging................... 264
J.-P. Monchalin, M. Choquet, C. Padioleau, C. Neron, D. Levesque,
A. Blouin, C. Corbeil, R. Talbot, A. Bendada, M. Lamontagne,
R. V. Kolarik II, G. V. Jeskey, E. D. Dominik, L. J. Duly, K. J. Samblanet,
S. E. Agger, K. J. Roush, and M. L. Mester
Doppler Frequency-Shift Compensated Photorefractive Interferometer
for Ultrasound Detection on Objects in M o t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
B. Campagne, A. Blouin, C. Neron, and J.-P. Monchalin
A Theoretical Model for the Ultrasonic Detection of Surface-Breaking
Cracks with the Scanning Laser Source T e c h n i q u e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
I. Arias and J. D. Achenbach
Calculation of Ultrasound Excited by a Pulsed Thermal Source
Distributed Along the Depth Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
J. He, X. R. Zhang, Y. Y. Huang, and D. C. Xian
The Optimization of Lamb and Rayleigh Wave Generation Using
Wideband-Low-Frequency EMATs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
S. Dixon, C. Edwards, and S. B. Palmer
Laser Generation of Focused Ultrasonic Wave ............................ 305
K. Jhang, Ho. Kirn, Hy. Kirn, and Y. Ha
An Effective Generation of Lamb Waves in a Thin Plate Using Laser
Line Array Illumination and Their Propagation Characteristics.............. 311
T. S. Jang, J. J. Lee, and S. S. Lee
High Frequency Ultrasound Generation Using a Femtosecond Laser ......... 319
F. Blanchard, F. Martin, J. C. Kieffer, F. Vidal, N. Perret, T. W. Johnston,
A. Blouin, A. Moreau, J.-P. Monchalin, M. Choquet, and B. La Fontaine
A New Thermoelastic Source Model for N o n - M e t a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
C. Edwards, T. Stratoudaki, and S. B. Palmer
VII
Lamb Wave Dispersion Characterization Using Multiplexed
Two-Wave Mixing Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Y. Zhou, F. Zhang, and S. Krishnaswamy
Using Computer Vision to Map Laser Ultrasound onto
CAD G e o m e t r i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 0
W. Turner, T. Drake, M. Osterkamp, D. Kaiser, J. Miller, P. Tu,
and C. Wilson
CHAPTER 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC, THERMAL, AND X-RAY TECHNIQUES
Section A. Eddy Current Modeling, Probes, and Arrays
Coupled Transient Thermal and Pulsed EC Modeling for NDT of
Materials Subjected to Laser Based Heat Treatment ....................... 351
S. Veeraraghavan and K. Balasubramaniam
Simulation of Eddy-Current Corrosion Detection Using a
Sensor Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
V. Katyal and J. R. Bowler
Simulation of Ultrasonic and Electromagnetic Nondestructive
Evaluation of C o r r o s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
M. Spies, A. Yashan, and C. V. Kropas-Hughes
Electric Potential in Eddy Current T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
H. Hoshikawa, K. Koyama, and M. Maeda
Advances in Modeling Eddy-Current NDE of Ferromagnetic B o d i e s . . . . . . . . . . 383
H. A. Sabbagh, R. K. Murphy, and E. H. Sabbagh
Pulsed Eddy-Current NDE at Iowa State University—Recent Progress
and Results .......................................................... 390
M. J. Johnson, J. R. Bowler, and F. Azeem
Development of Eddy Current Probe for Thick-Walled Plates and
Quantitative Evaluation of C r a c k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
T. Takagi, T. Uchimoto, K. Sato, and H. Huang
An RFECT Probe with a Superconducting S h i e l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
N. Yusa, K. Demachi, and Z. Chen
A New Eddy Current Surface Probe for Short Flaws with Minimal
Lift-Off Noise ........................................................413
H. Hoshikawa, K. Koyama, and M. Maeda
GMR Magnetic Sensor Arrays for NDE Eddy-Current Testing .............. 419
C. H. Smith, R. W. Schneider, T. Dogaru, and S. T. Smith
Eddy Current Testing of Thick Aluminum Plates with Hidden Cracks........ 427
R. Sikora, T. Chady, S. Gratkowski, M. Komorowski, and K. Stawicki
Experimental Verification of Model-Based ECT Signal Interpretation
for Quantitative Flaw Characterization in Steam Generator Tubes ........... 435
S.-J. Song, Y. H. Kirn, E.-L. Kirn, T.-E. Chung, and C.-J. Yim
Vlll
Section B. Microwave and SQUID NDE
Near-Field Microwave and Embedded Modulated Scattering
Technique (MST) for Dielectric Characterization of Materials............... 443
D. Hughes and R. Zoughi
Nano Spatial Resolution with 60 GHz Near-Field Scanning
Millimeter-Wave M i c r o s c o p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
M. Kim, H. Kim, J. Kim, B. Friedman, and K. Lee
Near-Field Scanning Microwave Microscope Using a
Dielectric R e s o n a t o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
J. Kim, H. Kim, M. Kim, B. Friedman, and K. Lee
Near-Field Microwave Detection of Corrosion Precursor Pitting under
Thin Dielectric Coatings in Metallic Substrate............................. 462
D. Hughes, R. Zoughi, R. Austin, N. Wood, and R. Engelbart
Influence of Cyclical Soaking in Chloride Bath and Drying of Mortar
on its Microwave Dielectric Properties: The Forward Model ................ 470
K. Munoz and R. Zoughi
Microwave Radar Detection of Gas Pipeline L e a k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
N. Gopalsami, D. B. Kanareykin, V. Asanov, S. Bakhtiari, and A. C. Raptis
Detecting Incipient Fatigue Damage with Scanning
SQUID M i c r o s c o p y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
T.-K. Lee, J. W. Morris, Jr., S. Lee, and J. Clarke
Section C. Thermosonics and Thermal Wave Applications
Laser Vibrometry and Strain Gage Measurements of
Thermosonic A c t i v a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
W. R. Davis and M. B. Rankin
Recent Developments in Sonic IR I m a g i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
X. Han, L. D. Favro, and R. L. Thomas
Optimizing the Thermosonics S i g n a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
L Perez and W. R. Davis
Sonic IR Imaging and Vibration Pattern Studies of Cracks in an
Engine D i s k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
X. Han, L. D. Favro, and R. L. Thomas
Acousto-Thermal Microstructure C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
N. Meyendorf, H. Roesner, J. Frouin, J. Maurer, and S. Sathish
Modeling of Effects of Excitation Velocities on the Thermal Image
Obtained for Thermosonic N D E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
K. Balasubramaniam, N. V. Nair, S. Veeraraghavan, and S. K. Das
Ultrasound Burst Phase Thermography (UBP) for Applications in the
Automotive Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
T. Zweschper, G. Riegert, A. Dillenz, and G. Busse
IX
Section D. X-Ray Techniques and Applications
Special Features in Radiography Accessed by 3D Monte Carlo Model ........ 537
G.-R. Tillack and C. Bellon
A Monte Carlo Analysis of the Lead Screen Impact on Film
Radiography Image F o r m a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
F. Inane
New Developments in Virtual X-Ray Imaging: Fast Simulation Using
a Deterministic Approach .............................................. 553
N. Freud, P. Duvauchelle, and D. Babot
Issues with the High Energy Radiography Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
F. Inane
Automated Identification of Intergranular Corrosion in X-Ray
CT Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 8
P. A. Howell and W. P. Winfree
CHAPTER 3
SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING, SIZING, INVERSION, AND
RECONSTRUCTION
Section A. Signal and Image Processing
Data Fusion Method for the Optimal Mixing of Multi-Frequency
Eddy Current S i g n a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Z. Liu, M.-S. Safizadeh, D. S. Forsyth, and B. A. Lepine
Design of an NDE Integrated Data Acquisition System (NIDAS)............. 585
M. S. C. Chan, L. Udpa, and S. S. Udpa
Time-of-Flight Measurements from Eddy Current Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Y. Tian, A. Tamburrino, S. S. Udpa, and L. Udpa
Wavelet for Ultrasonic Flaw Enhancement and Image Compression.......... 601
W. Cheng, K. Tsukada, L. Q. Li, and K. Hanasaki
Neural Network Analysis for Evaluating Welding P r o c e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
K. C. Kirn, A. Chertov, and R. Gr. Maev
New Modular Ultrasonic Signal Processing Building Blocks for
Real-Time Data Acquisition and Post Processing........................... 616
W. H. Weber, H. D. Mair, and D. Jansen
Swept Frequency Multiplication (SFM) Techniques for Improved
Air-Coupled Ultrasonic NDE ........................................... 620
T. H. Gan, D. A. Hutchins, and R. J. Green
Model-Based Enhancement of the TIFD for Flaw Signal Identification
in Ultrasonic Testing of Welded Joints ................................... 628
H. J. Jung, H.-J. Kirn, S.-J. Song, and Y. H. Kirn
Mechanical and Electrical Noise in the PVLAS E x p e r i m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
M. Bregant, G. Cantatore, S. Carusotto, G. Di Domenico, F. Delia Valle,
U. Gastaldi, E. Milotti, G. Petrucci, E. Polacco, G. Ruoso, E. Zavattini,
and G. Zavattini
Statistical Characterization of Multi-Phase Flow by
Dynamic Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
G.-R. Tillack, U. Samadurau, V. Artemiev, and A. Naumov
Application of Taguchi Methodology for Optimizing Test Parameters
in Magneto-Optic Imaging ............................................. 651
Z. Zeng, L. Xuan, W. Shih, G. Fitzpatrick, and L. Udpa
Ultrasonic Array Approach for the Evaluation of Electrofusion Joints
of Polyethylene Gas Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
H. J. Shin, Y. H. Jang, J. R. Kwan, and H. D. Lee
Ultrasonic Tomographic Imaging of Air Flow in Pipes Using an
Electrostatic Transducer A r r a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
W. M. D. Wright and L J. O'Sullivan
Identification of Thermal and Optical Effects for the Detection of
Open-Crack in Photothermal Nondestructive T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
S. Hermosilla-Lara, P.-Y. Joubert, and J.-M. Decitre
A New Approach to Thermal T o m o g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
R. A. Kline, W. P. Winfree, and V. F. Bakirov
Automatic Evaluation of Welded Joints Using Image Processing
on R a d i o g r a p h s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
C. Schwartz
3D Modeling of a Magneto-Optic Imager by a Dyadic Green's
Functions Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
J. M. Decitre, D. Premel, and M. Lemistre
Section B. Sizing, Inversion, and Reconstruction
Quantitative Approaches to Flaw Sizing Based-On Ultrasonic
Testing M o d e l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
H.-J. Kirn, S.-J. Song, and Y. H. Kirn
Groove Sizing Using a Robust Neural Network A p p r o a c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
L. Le Brusquet, M.-E. Davoust, and G. Reury
Estimation of Defect's Geometric Parameters with a Thermal Method........ 719
A. Protasov and V. Sineglazov
Application of Linearized Inverse Scattering Methods to the Material
with Flat Measurement Surface ......................................... 726
K. Nakahata, M. Onishi, and M. Kitahara
Three Dimensional Born and Kirchhoff Inversions for Shape
Reconstruction of Defects .............................................. 734
M. Yamada, K. Murakami, K. Nakahata, and M. Kitaharata
Application of Optimization Methods to Crack Profile Inversion
Using Eddy Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
J. R. Bowler, W. Zhang, and A. Dogandzic
Reconstruction of 3D Flaws in Eddy Current Quantitative
Nondestructive E v a l u a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
A. Baussard, D. Premel, and J. M. Decitre
XI
CHAPTER 4
ULTRASONIC ARRAYS, TRANSDUCERS, SENSORS, TECHNIQUES,
AND DEVICES
Section A. Ultrasonic Arrays
Guided Wave Beam Steering from Omni-Directional
Transducer Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
P. Wilcox
Comparative Evaluation between Ultrasonic Phased Array and
Synthetic Aperture Focusing T e c h n i q u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
A. Chahbaz and R. Sicard
Ultrasonic NDT Simulation Tools for Phased Array Techniques.............. 777
S. Mahaut, P. Calmon, S. Chatillon, and R. Raillon-Picot
Development and Optimization of a Rotating Phased Array
Inspection S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
H. Rieder, M. Spies, R. Licht, and P. Kreier
Phased Arrays Techniques and Split Spectrum Processing for
Inspection of Thick Titanium Casting Components ........................ 793
J. Banchet, R. Sicard, D. E. Zellouf, and A. Chahbaz
Groundwork for Rail Flaw Detection Using Ultrasonic Phased
Array I n s p e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
D. Utrata and R. Clark
Corrosion Monitoring of Airframe Structures Using Ultrasonic
Arrays and Guided W a v e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
R. Sicard, A. Chahbaz, and J. Goyette
An EMAT Array for the Rapid Inspection of Large Structures Using
Guided Waves ........................................................ 814
P. Wilcox, M. J. S. Lowe, and P. Cawley
Section B. Transducers, Sensors, and Probes
New Piezocomposite Transducers for Improvement of
Ultrasonic Inspections ................................................. 822
P. Dumas, J. Poguet, and G. Fleury
A Modular Multi-Gaussian Beam Model for Isotropic and
Anisotropic M e d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
L. W. Schmerr, Jr. and A. Sedov
Similarity of Gaussian and Piston Transducer Voltages ..................... 836
D. E. Chimenti and O. I. Lobkis
Application of a Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Sensor for
Characterization of Corrosion in a Laboratory Specimen ................... 844
R. T. Ko and M. P. Blodgett
Low-Coherence Optical Probe for Non-Contact Detection of
Photothermal and Photoacoustic Phenomena in Biomaterials................ 852
S. A. Telenkov, D. P. Dave, and T. E. Milner
XII
Design of a Fiber Bragg Based Measurement System for Strain and
Temperature M o n i t o r i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
J. A. Smith and G. S. Glaesemann
Section C. Techniques and Devices
Modulation Enhanced Detectability of Cracks Using Surface
Acoustic Waves ....................................................... 867
J.-Y. Kirn, V. A. Yakovlev, and S. I. Rokhlin
Acoustic Interferometer for Localized Rayleigh Wave
Velocity M e a s u r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
R. W. Martin, S. Sathish, R. Reibel, T. J. Moran, and M. P. Blodgett
Development of a Manual Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Inspection
Instrument for Use on Aeronautical Structures Under
In-Service C o n d i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
A. Gachagan, S. Kelly, M. Altman, E. Grauvogl, G. Hayward, R. Banks,
T. McCunnie, and D. Skillen
Development of a High Performance Acousto-Ultrasonic Scan System ........ 891
D. J. Roth, R. E. Martin, L. M. Harmon, A. L. Gyekenyesi, and
H. E. Kautz
Acquisition of Time of Flight Diffraction Data by Mobile Robots ............ 899
S. Mondal, T. P. Sattar, and B. Bridge
Sequential Evaluation of QNDE Devices for Underground
Storage Tanks ........................................................ 907
Y. H. Michlin
Development of Modeling and Simulation for Magnetic Particle
Inspection Using Finite E l e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
J. Y. Lee, S. J. Lee, D. C. Jiles, M. Garton, R. Lopez, and L. Brasche
Three-Channel Non-Force Magnetic M i c r o s c o p e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
S. I. Bondarenko, A. A. Shablo, P. P. Pavlov, and N. Nakagawa
Development of a Magnetic NDE Imaging System Using
Magnetoresistive D e v i c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
C. C. H. Lo, J. A. Paulsen, and D. C. Jiles
Quantitative Evaluation of a Crack Inside of Pressure Pipeline by
Shearography and E S P I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
K.-S. Kirn, Y.-H. Cha, K.-S. Kang, M.-Y. Choi, and D.-P. Hong
Development and Testing of Prototype Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR)
Rotating Probe S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
B. Wincheski, J. Simpson, M. Namkung, D. Perey, and J. Callahan
Xlll
PARTB
CHAPTER 5
ENGINEERED MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
Section A. Composites and Components
Prediction of Ultrasonic Fields into Composite Multi-Layered
Structures: Homogenization Approach for the Direct Field and
Statistical Approach for the Inner Reflections ............................. 957
N. Gengembre, P. Calmon, O. Petillon, and S. Chatillon
Optical Absorption of Epoxy Resin and its Role in the Laser
Ultrasonic Generation Mechanism in Composite Materials.................. 965
T. Stratoudaki, C. Edwards, S. Dixon, and S. B. Palmer
Non-Contact Inspection of Composites Using Air-Coupled Ultrasound ........ 973
J. Peters, V. Kommareddy, Z. Liu, D. Fei, and D. Hsu
Thermographic Depth Profiling of Delaminations in Composites ............. 981
W. P. Winfree and J. N. Zalameda
Imaging of Fatigue Damage in CFRP Composite Laminates Using
Nonlinear Harmonic Generation ........................................ 989
C. Mattel and P. Marty
An Experimental Study on the Impact Collapse Characteristics of
CF/Epoxy Circular Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
Y. N. Kirn, K. H. Im, J. W. Park, and I. Y. Yang
Infrared Scanning of FRP Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
U. B. Halabe, G. Bangalore, H. V. S. GangaRao, and P. Klinkhachorn
Nondestructive Evaluation of Ceramic Matrix Composite
Combustor C o m p o n e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
J. G. Sun, M. J. Verrilli, R. Stephan, T. R. Barnett and G. Ojard
Development of Nondestructive Inspection Methods for
Composite R e p a i r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
D. K. Hsu, D. J. Barnard, J. J. Peters, and V. Dayal
Section B. NDE for Bonds, Interfaces, and Coatings
Modeling of Transmitted Ultrasonic Signals Through Bonded
Aluminum S k i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1026
D. K. Hsu, D. Fei, and J. M. Amos
A Comparison of the Detectability of Dry Contact Kissing Bonds in
Adhesive Joints Using Longitudinal, Shear and High Power
Ultrasonic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
C. J. Brotherhood, B. W. Drinkwater, and R J. Guild
Nonlinear Angle Beam Ultrasonic Evaluation of Adhesive Bonds............ 1041
S. I. Rokhlin, L. Wang, A. Baltazar, V. A. Yakovlev, and L. Adler
xiv
The Development of Shear and Compression Elastic Moduli
in Curing Epoxy Adhesives Measured Using Non-Contact
Ultrasonic Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
S. Dixon, D. Jaques, C. Edwards, and S. B. Palmer
Roughness-Caused Dispersion of High Frequency Surface Acoustic
Waves on Crystal Materials ........................................... 1056
C. M. Flannery and H. von Kiedrowski
The Interaction of Lamb Waves with Solid-Solid Interfaces ................ 1064
B. W. Drinkwater, M. Castaings, and B. Hosten
The Use of Ultrasound to Measure Contact Stiffness and Pressure in
Large Contacting Interfaces ........................................... 1072
C. Holmes and B. W. Drinkwater
Detection of Weak Interface Signals for Same Material
Bond/Weld Inspection ................................................ 1080
B. A. Rinker, E. E. Jamieson, J. A. Samayoa, T. G. Abeln, T. P. Lerch,
and S. P. Neal
Transmission and Reflection of AO Mode Lamb Wave in a
Plate O v e r l a p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
W.-J. Song, J. L. Rose, J. M. Galan, and R. Abascal
A Comparison of Ultrasonic Wave Reflection/Transmission Models
from Isotropic Multi-Layered Structures by Transfer-Matrix and
Stiffness-Matrix Recursive Algorithms .................................. 1095
K. Balasubramaniam, V. Mukundan, and M. V. Reddy
Application of Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method to
Scattering Analysis of SH Waves by a Lap J o i n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
T. Saitoh, A. Gunawan, and S. Hirose
Characterization of Weathering Degradation in Aircraft Polymeric
Coatings Using NDE Imaging T e c h n i q u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
V. A. Kramb, J. P. Hoffmann, and J. A. Johnson
Section C. Infrastructure Materials, Components, and Systems
Ultrasonic Methodology to Characterize the State of Cure ................. 1119
W. Punurai and L. J. Jacobs
Crack Depth Measurement in Concrete Using Surface
Wave T r a n s m i s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
J. S. Popovics and J. Zhu
Microwave Reflection and Dielectric Properties of Mortar Exposed
Periodically to 2% Chloride Salt Solution and Compression Force .......... 1132
J. T. Case, E. Gallaher, S. Peer, R. Zoughi, and K. E. Kurtis
Inspection of Steel Tendons in Concrete Using Guided Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
M. D. Beard, M. J. S. Lowe, and P. Cawley
Radar Detection of Rebars Including Use of Neural Networks and
Horn Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148
J. H. Bungey, S. G. Millard, T. C. K. Molyneaux, and Y. Huang
xv
Calculation and Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation for
Distributed Cracks in a Solid .......................................... 1156
M. Kitahara and T. Takahashi
Nondestructive Evaluation of Double Bevel T-Joint by Tandem Array
Ultrasonic Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164
H. Shirahata, C. Miki, and R. Yamaguchi
NDE of FRP Wrapped Timber Bridge Components Using
Infrared T h e r m o g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
U. B. Halabe, W. E. Steele III, H. V. S. GangaRao, and P. Klinkhachorn
NDE of FRP Bridge Beams and Decks .................................. 1178
J. C. Duke, Jr., S. Case, and J. J. Lesko
Improving the Accuracy of Impact-Echo in Testing
Post-Tensioning D u c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
C. Colla
Three-Dimensional Steady-State Green's Function for a Layered
Isotropic Plate ....................................................... 1193
H. Bai, J. Zhu, A. H. Shah, and N. Popplewell
Axisymmetric Modes that Propagate in Buried Iron Water Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . 1201
R. Long, M. J. S. Lowe, and P. Cawley
Designing and Building to "Impossible" Tolerances for Vibration
Sensitive E q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
B. H. Hertlein
CHAPTER 6
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
Section A. Materials Properties, Microstructure, and Degradation
Principal Surface Wave Velocities in the Point Focus Acoustic
Materials Signature V(z) of an Anisotropic Solid ......................... 1219
A. G. Every and M. Deschamps
Errors in the Measurement of Ultrasonic Phase Velocity in the
Context of Materials E v a l u a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227
A. N. Kalashnikov and R. E. Challis
A Guided Wave Technique for the Characterization of Highly
Attenuative Viscoelastic Materials ...................................... 1235
F. Simonetti and P. Cawley
Parabolic Mirror and Air-Coupled Transducer for Multimodal Plate
Wave Detection ...................................................... 1243
B. Hosten and M. Castaings
Characterization of Solution Annealing Behaviour in Titanium Alloys
by Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements ................................... 1251
A. Kumar, B. Raj, T. Jayakumar, and K. K. Ray
Identification of Sintered Irons with Ultrasonic Nonlinearity ............... 1257
Y. Ohara, K. Kawashima, M. Murase, and N. Hirose
Ultrasonic Backscattering Profiles on Periodically Rough Interface.......... 1265
S. D. Kwon and S. S. Yoon
xvi
Materials Characterization Using Reconstructed Thermographic Data....... 1270
S. M. Shepard, J. R. Lhota, B. A. Rubadeux, D. Wang, and T. Ahmed
Investigation of Velocity Surface of Bulk Acoustic Waves for
Proton-Exchanged LiNbO3 Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277
G. Chen, X. R. Zhang, and J. C. Chen
Calculation of the Saw Velocity Change of Proton-Exchanged
L i N b 0 3 C r y s t a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284
B. Lin, G. Chen, X. R. Zhang, D. Zhang, and J. C. Chen
Investigation of Thermal Diffusivity of Nano-Structured TiO2Films . . . . . . . . . 1292
X. R. Zhang, S. Lin, J. He, G. H. Li, and D. Zhang
A Study on Point Defects of ZnSe/Ga Sa Epilayer Obtained from
Photoluminescience Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
K. J. Hong, S. H. You, J. W. Jeong, H. W. Baek, C. S. Park, K. H. Im,
and R S. Ohuchi
A Study on Properties of Infrared Detector for a HGCDTE Epilayers
Using Photocurrent Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
C. S. Park, K. J. Hong, S. Y. Lee, J. W. Jeong, H. W. Baek, K. H. Im,
and R. K. Bordia
Electrostatic Detection of Density Variations in Green-State Powder
Metallurgy C o m p a c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
G. Leuenberger and R. Ludwig
A Study of Drying and Cleaning Methods Used in Preparation for
Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection-Part I ................................ 1323
L. Brasche, R. Lopez, and B. Larson
A Study of Drying and Cleaning Methods Used in Preparation for
Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection-Part II................................ 1331
L. Brasche, R. Lopez, and B. Larson
Modeling Ultrasonic Grain Noise within Ti-6Al-4V Forgings ............... 1339
L. Yu, R. B. Thompson, F. J. Margetan, and A. Degtyar
Simultaneous Measurement of Grain Size and Shape from Ultrasonic
Backscattering Measurements Made from a Single Surface ................ 1347
Y. Guo, R. B. Thompson, and F. J. Margetan
Correlation between Local Ultrasonic Properties and Grain Size
within Jet-Engine Nickel Alloy Billets ................................... 1355
P. Haldipur, F. J. Margetan, and R. B. Thompson
Effect of Surface Curvature on Backscattered Ultrasonic Grain Noise
in Titanium F o r g i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363
F. J. Margetan, R. B. Thompson, A. Degtyar, and H. Wasan
Localization of Dwell Fatigue Cracks in Ti-6242 Alloy Samples............. 1371
S. L Rokhlin, J.-Y. Kirn, B. Xie, V. A. Yakovlev and B. Zoofan
A Lamb Wave Study on Thermal Damage in a Degraded Plate............. 1379
L K. Park, Y. Cho, and J. L. Rose
Dependence of the Perpendicular Residual Leakage Magnetic Flux
Density on Fatigue Damage in an Austenitic Stainless Steel ................ 1387
M. Oka, T. Yakushiji, Y. Tsuchida, and M. Enokizono
Monitoring Fatigue Damage Accumulation with Rayleigh Wave
Harmonic Generation Measurements ................................... 1393
D. J. Barnard, L. J. H. Brasche, D. Raulerson, and A. D. Degtyar
XVII
Estimation of Degradation of Strength Properties of a Material of
Structures Intended for a Long Service Life Using a Combination of
Mathematical Models and "Practicable" Measurements ................... 1401
V. I. Makhnenko
Comparison of Ultrasound with Tensile Testing of Thermally
Damaged Polyimide Insulated Wiring (MIL-W-81381)..................... 1407
E. I. Madaras and R. F. Anastasi
Non-Baseline Damage Detection from Changes in Strain Energy
Mode Shapes. Experiments on Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge .......... 1415
E. S. Sazonov, P. Klinkhachorn, H. V. S. GangaRao, and U. B. Halabe
Section B. Applications of Acoustic Emission for
Materials Characterization
Multifrequency Acoustic Emissions (AE) for Monitoring the Time
Evolution of Microprocesses within Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423
G. Paparo and G. P. Gregori
Relation between Amplitude and Duration of Acoustic
Emission S i g n a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431
M. I. Lopez Pumarega, M. Armeite, J. E. Ruzzante, and R. Piotrkowski
Acoustic Emission Technique for Characterizing Deformation and
Fatigue Crack Growth in Austenitic Stainless Steels....................... 1439
B. Raj, C. K. Mukhopadhyay, and T. Jayakumar
Acoustic Emission Performance for Damage Monitoring of Impacted
FRP Composite Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447
M. P. Amoroso, C. Caneva, F. Nanni, and M. Valente
Detection and Identification of Concrete Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete by Acoustic E m i s s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455
M. Ohtsu
Section C. Applications of Laser Ultrasonics for
Materials Characterization
Laser Ultrasound: An Inspection Tool of Soft Porous Low-Dielectric
Constant Films for Microelectronic Interconnect.......................... 1463
C. M. Flannery and D. C. Hurley
Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Compositionally Graded
Mullite Coatings ..................................................... 1471
T. W. Murray, O. Balogun, V. K. Sarin, and S. N. Basu
Nonlinear Laser Ultrasonic Measurements of Localized
Fatigue Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
J. L. Blackshire, S. Sathish, J. Na, and J. Frouin
Laser Ultrasonic Study of Crack Tip D i f f r a c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489
M. Ochiai, D. Levesque, R. Talbot, A. Blouin, A. Fukumoto,
and J.-P. Monchalin
XVlll
Visualization of Surface-Breaking Tight Cracks by
Laser-Ultrasonic F - S A F T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497
M. Ochiai, D. Levesque, R. Talbot, A. Blouin, A. Fukumoto,
and J.-P. Monchalin
Laser Ultrasonic Characterization of Residual Stresses in Thin Films........ 1504
C. M. Hernandez and S. Krishnaswamy
Repeatability of an Ablation Source Using a
Time-Frequency R e p r e s e n t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509
K. Luangvilai and L. J. Jacobs
Section D. Stress and Texture
Characterization of Plastically Deformed Steel Utilizing EMAT
Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements ...................................... 1516
P. D. Panetta, B. Francini, M. Morra, G. A. Alers, and K. Johnson
Monitoring of the Level of Residual Stress in Surface-Treated
Specimens by a Noncontacting Thermoelectric Technique.................. 1523
B. Lakshminarayan, H. Carreon, and P. B. Nagy
Residual Stress Relaxation Due to Fretting Fatigue in Shot Peened
Surfaces of T i - 6 A l - 4 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531
S. A. Martinez, S. Sathish, M. P. Blodgett, S. Namjoshi, and S. Mall
A New Model Equation for Interpreting the Magnetomechanical
Effect Using a Generalization of the Rayleigh L a w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539
L. Li and D. C. Jiles
Stress Evaluation by Chaotic Characteristic of Barkhausen Noise........... 1545
Y. Tsuchida and M. Enokizono
The Effect of Plastic Deformation and Residual Stress on Magnetic
Barkhausen Noise Signals in Mild Steel ................................. 1552
T. Rahim and L. Clapham
Experimental Observation of Linear and Non-linear Guided Wave
Propagation in Rolled Aluminum S h e e t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559
D. A. Scott and D. C. Price
Theoretical Aspects of Linear and Non-linear Guided Wave
Propagation in Rolled Aluminum S h e e t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1567
D. C. Price and D. A. Scott
CHAPTER 7
NDE APPLICATIONS
Section A. "Smart" Systems for Structural Health Monitoring
A Hybrid Approach to Structural Health Monitoring Using
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) and Active Damage Interrogation......... 1577
R. W. Engelbart, D. D. Palmer, Jr., and D. M. Pitt
xix
Sensor Technology for Integrated Vehicle Health Management of
Aerospace Vehicles ................................................... 1582
W. H. Prosser, T. L. Brown, S. E. Woodard, G. A. Renting,
and E. G. Cooper
Lasernet Fines Wear Debris Analysis Technology: Application to
Mechanical Fault D e t e c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1590
J. Reintjes, J. E. Tucker, S. E. Thomas, A. Schultz, L. L. Tankersley,
C. Lu, P. L. Howard, T. Sebok, and C. Holloway
Fatigue and Stress Monitoring Using Scanning and Permanently
Mounted M W M - A r r a y s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1598
A. Washabaugh, V. Zilberstein, R. Lyons, K. Walrath, N. Goldfine,
and E. Abramovici
Concepts for an Integrated Vehicle Health Monitoring System.............. 1606
D. Abbott, B. Doyle, J. B. Dunlop, A. J. Farmer, M. Hedley, J. Hermann,
G. C. James, M. E. Johnson, B. Joshi, G. T. Poulton, D. C. Price,
M. Prokopenko, T. Reda, D. E. Rees, D. A. Scott, P. Valencia, D. Ward,
and J. G. Winter
Plate-Wave Diffraction Tomography for Structural Health Monitoring....... 1615
C. H. Wang and L. R. F. Rose
Embedded Ultrasonic Transducer Design and Wireless
Communications for Intelligent Monitoring of Structures .................. 1623
G. Hayward, G. Benny, A. Gachagan, R. Farlow, B. Hailu, A. McNab,
and D. Girma
Development of an Intelligent Electromagnetic Sensor to Detect
Ferrous Corrosion Products Under Structural Coatings ................... 1631
J. M. Liu and R. L. Ruedisueli
Section B. NDE for Process Characterization and Control
Using Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating Spectroscopy to Characterize
Fluids and S l u r r i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637
M. S. Greenwood, A. Brodsky, L. Burgess, and L. J. Bond
Characterization of Solid Liquid Suspensions Utilizing
Ultrasonic M e a s u r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1644
P. D. Panetta, B. J. Tucker, R. A. Pappas, and S. Ahmed
Artificial Neural Network Based Algorithm for Acoustic Impact Based
Nondestructive Process Monitoring of Composite Products................. 1651
V. Srivatsan, K. Balasubramaniam, and N. V. Nair
The Consistency of Phenomenological Models of Ultrasonic Wave
Propagation in a Curing Thermoset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657
R. E. Challis and M. E. Unwin
A Laboratory Laser-Ultrasonic Instrument for Measuring the
Mechanical Properties of Paper W e b s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1665
E. Lafond, P. Ridgway, T. Jackson, C. Habeger, and R. Russo
An Ultrasonic Meter to Characterize Degree of Fouling and Cleaning
in Reverse Osmosis Filters............................................. 1673
M. Morra, L. J. Bond, and G. R. Golcar
xx
Laser-Ultrasonic Characterization of the Annealing Process of
Low-Carbon S t e e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681
G. Lamouche, S. E. Kruger, L. Gille, N. Giguere, S. Bolognini,
and A. Moreau
Wide Bandwidth Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Testing of Food Containers
in Air .............................................................. 1689
T. H. Gan, D. A. Hutchins, and D. R. Billson
Depth Profiling of Machined Surfaces Using Cross Correlation of
Barkhausen Noise Butterfly C u r v e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697
N. Meyendorf and H. Roesner
Locating LCD Glass for Robotic H a n d l i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705
J. A. Smith
Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry for Nondestructive
Process M e a s u r e m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713
S. L. Randall, A. M. Brodsky, L. W. Burgess, and R. L. Green
Defect Signal Enhancement in Inspection Lines by Magnetic
Flux L e a k a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721
J. Etcheverry, A. Pignotti, G. Sanchez, and P. Stickar
On-Line NDE for Advanced Reactor D e s i g n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1728
N. Nakagawa, R Inane, R. B. Thompson, W. R. Junker, R H. Ruddy,
J. M. Beatty, and N. G. Arlia
Section C. NDE for Bio Materials
Neural and Decision Theoretic Approaches for the Automated
Segmentation of Radiodense Tissue in Digitized Mammograms ............. 1735
R. Eckert, J. T. Neyhart, L. Burd, R. Polikar, S. A. Mandayam,
and M. Tseng
CT Based Radiography Simulations for Both Industrial and
Medical R a d i o g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1743
R Inane
Noninvasive Imaging for Tissue Characterization and
Hyperthermia T h e r m o m e t r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1751
H. A. Sabbagh, E. H. Sabbagh, and R. K. Murphy
Attenuation Coefficient Estimation Using Equivalent Diffraction
Points with Multiple Interface Reflections ............................... 1759
T. P. Lerch and S. P. Neal
CHAPTER 8
BENCHMARK COMPARISONS, RELIABILITY, AND EDUCATION
Section A. Benchmark Problems
2002 Ultrasonic Benchmark Problem: Overview and Discussion
of R e s u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769
R. B. Thompson
xxi
Modeling Ultrasonic Problems for the 2002 Benchmark Session ............ 1776
L. W. Schmerr, Jr. and A. Sedov
Prediction of Insonifying Velocity Fields and Flaw Signals of the
2002 Ultrasonic Benchmark P r o b l e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1784
S.-J. Song, J. S. Park, and H. J. Kim
Prediction of Transient Flaw Signals of the Ultrasonic
Benchmark P r o b l e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1792
M. Spies
Ultrasonic Benchmark Problem: Application of a Paraxial Model to
Side-Drilled Holes and Oblique Incidence ............................... 1800
T. A. Gray
Evaluation of Standard Configurations for Nondestructive EddyCurrent T e s t i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1808
R. Sikora, H. May, and R. Palka
Simulation of the World Federation's Second Eddy Current
Benchmark P r o b l e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816
Y. Tian, Y. Li, L. Udpa, and S. S. Udpa
MFL Benchmark Problem 2: Laboratory Measurements................... 1824
J. Etcheverry, A. Pignotti, G. Sanchez, and P. Stickar
Numerical Predication of Signal for Magnetic Flux Leakage
Benchmark T a s k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1830
V. Lunin and D. Alexeevsky
Section B. Reliability—POD Jack Lincoln Memorial Session
Statistical Analysis of Probability of Detection Hit/Miss Data for
Small Data S e t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1838
C. A. Harding and G. R. Hugo
Recent Studies on the POD Analysis of "a vs. a" NDI Data ................ 1846
M.-S. Safizadeh, D. S. Forsyth, and A. Fahr
Reliability Assessment of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Inspection Data
Using Monte Carlo S i m u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1854
I.-K. Park and H.-M. Kim
The Application of Case-Based Reasoning to Ultrasonic Data for Use
in Inspection Q u a l i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1862
D. McNab, A. McNab, P. Leggat, and S. McArthur
Evaluation of Multizone Inspection Variability at the Supply Base for
8 Inch-Diameter Ti-6Al-4V: A Round-Robin S t u d y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1870
W. Hassan
Automated Error Interpretation in Flaw Response Models for
Ultrasonic N D T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1878
R. J. Robinson, A. McNab, D. M. McNab, and P. Leggat
Interactive Software Tools for Inspection Qualification .................... 1884
P. Leggat, D. McNab, and A. McNab
Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection Probability of Detection
Demonstrations Performed for Space Propulsion ......................... 1891
J. A. Lively and T. L. Aljundi
xxn
Section C. NDE Education
Collaboration for Nondestructive Testing Education—Extending
the R e a c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899
B. Larson and L. Schmerr
Attendees ........................................................... 1905
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al
Subject Index ......................................................... SI
XXlll