Spring 2012 129 &DOLIRUQLD)LVKDQG*DPH 1RYHOSK\VLFDOHYLGHQFHWKDWEHDYHUKLVWRULFDOO\ZHUHQDWLYH WRWKH6LHUUD1HYDGD CHARLES D. JAMES AND RICHARD B. LANMAN* Bureau of Indian Affairs Northwest Region, Branch of Environmental and Cultural Resources Management, Portland, OR 97232, USA (CDJ) Institute for Historical Ecology, 556 Van Buren Street, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA (RBL) * Correspondent: [email protected] .H\ ZRUGV EHDYHU &DOLIRUQLD Castor canadensis GLVWULEXWLRQ KLVWRULFDO GLVWULEXWLRQ 1HYDGD1RUWK$PHULFDQEHDYHUUDQJH6LHUUD1HYDGD ____________________________________________________________ 1RUWK$PHULFDQ EHDYHU Castor canadensis) have been considered native to QRUWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD¶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opulus tremuloides FRWWRQZRRGP. trichocarpa ZLOORZSalix VSSDQGPRXQWDLQDOGHUAlnus incana) are plentiful (Beier DQG %DUUHWW 7KHVH IDFWV UDLVH TXHVWLRQV DV WR ZK\ EHDYHU ZRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ KLVWRULFDOO\H[WDQWLQWKH6LHUUD1HYDGD,QDGGLWLRQWKHZLGHVSUHDGSUHVHQFHRILQFLVHG UDSLGO\HURGLQJVWUHDPVLQ6LHUUDQPRQWDQHPHDGRZVZKLFKZHUHKLVWRULFDOO\ORZJUDGLHQW DQGPHDQGHULQJUDLVHVWKHTXHVWLRQDVWRZKHWKHUEHDYHUPLJKWKDYHVWDELOL]HGWKHVHVWUHDPV LQWKHSDVW:LOFR[7KHGLVFRYHU\RIVHYHUDOUHH[SRVHGEHDYHUGDPVRQWKHVHVDPH incised channels presented a novel opportunity to assess their age via radiocarbon dating 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7KHGLVFRYHU\RIWKHSK\VLFDOHYLGHQFHUHSRUWHGKHUHLQSURPSWHGDFRQWHPSRUDU\ UHYLHZRIRFFXUUHQFHUHFRUGVDQGRWKHULQGLUHFWHYLGHQFHWKDWEHDYHUKLVWRULFDOO\ZHUHSUHVHQW LQWKH6LHUUD1HYDGD/DQPDQHWDO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME Vol. 98, No. 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS :HWKDQN0.RVVRZDQG-:LOFR[RIWKH3OXPDV&RUSRUDWLRQIRUVKDULQJWKHLU ¿QGLQJVRIWKHVHFRQGDQFLHQWEHDYHUGDPLQ5HG&ORYHU&UHHN9DOOH\:HDOVRWKDQN7 %HQRLW.%UHQQDQ&&OLIIWRQ0.RVVRZ:/DFKHQP\HU71HZPDQDQG&6WXU\RI WKH3OXPDV1DWLRQDO)RUHVWZKRIUHHO\VKDUHGWKHLULGHDV6.DKUH&DOLIRUQLD'HSDUWPHQW RI)LVKDQG*DPH>&')*@PDGHDYDLODEOHFRSLHVRIHDUOLHUVWXGLHVGRQHLQWKHDUHDDQG5 Flint (CDFG) provided additional data and comments on previous studies and beaver sites. *)HOOHUV3RLQW5H\HV1DWLRQDO6HDVKRUHDQG69HLUV8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD'DYLV JUDFLRXVO\VKDUHGWKHLUSUHOLPLQDU\¿QGLQJVRQEHDYHUVLQ/DVVHQ9ROFDQLF1DWLRQDO3DUN :5RZOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HYDGD5HQRSURYLGHGYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWVRQWKHPDQXVFULSW LITERATURE CITED BEIER, P., AND R. H. BARRETT %HDYHU GLVWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH 7UXFNHH 5LYHU %DVLQ &DOLIRUQLD)LVKDQG*DPH BETA ANALYTICS. 2012. Introduction to radiocarbon determinations by the accelerator mass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sing ground penetrating radar to µXQHDUWK¶EXULHGEHDYHUGDPV*HRORJ\ LANMAN, R. B., H. PERRYMAN, B. DOLMAN, AND C. D. JAMES7KHKLVWRULFDOUDQJHRI EHDYHULQWKH6LHUUD1HYDGDRI&DOLIRUQLDDQG1HYDGDDUHYLHZRIWKHHYLGHQFH &DOLIRUQLD)LVKDQG*DPH NAIMAN, R. J., C. A. JOHNSTON, AND J. C. KELLEY$OWHUDWLRQRI1RUWK$PHULFDQ VWUHDPVE\EHDYHU%LR6FLHQFH STUIVER, M., AND H. A. POLACH 'LVFXVVLRQ UHSRUWLQJ RI 14& GDWD 5DGLRFDUERQ TAPPE, D. T7KHVWDWXVRIEHDYHUVLQ&DOLIRUQLD*DPH%XOOHWLQ WIKIPEDIA CONTRIBUTORS.&DOLIRUQLDIXUUXVK:LNLSHGLDWKHIUHHHQF\FORSHGLD $YDLODEOH IURP KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&DOLIRUQLDB)XUB5XVK! >FLWHG 'HFHPEHU@ WILCOX, J.5HG&ORYHU&UHHNGHPRQVWUDWLRQSURMHFW)HDWKHU5LYHU&RRUGLQDWHG 5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQW*URXS3OXPDV&RXQW\&DOLIRUQLD86$$YDLODEOHIURP KWWSZLOG¿VKPRQWDQDHGX&DVHVEURZVHBGHWDLOVDVS"3URMHFW,' !>FLWHG 'HFHPEHU@ ZEINER, D. C., W. F. LAUDENSLAYER, JR., K. MAYER, AND M. WHITE&DOLIRUQLD¶VZLOGOLIH 9ROXPH,,,PDPPDOV&DOLIRUQLD'HSDUWPHQWRI)LVKDQG*DPH6DFUDPHQWR86$ Submitted 27 February 2012 Accepted 22 May 2012 Associate Editor was S. Osborn
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