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: G1112, Scientific Writing I
: 2006
: v 1.0 rev 1
Module 8
Quotation and Citation
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What’s inside
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2.
3.
4.
MLA Standard
APA Standard
Turabian Standard
Chicago Standard
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Introduction
Citing ppl. noting the source of a quote, paraphrase, or
idea as an authority or proof.
• Citing is the process of giving credit to the sources you
used to write your paper. Citations can be located in the
text or at the end of the work in a bibliography. It can be
difficult to figure out what needs to be credited.
• Use this rule of thumb: If you knew a piece of information
before you started doing research, generally you do not
need to credit it. You also do not need to cite well-known
facts, such as dates, which can be found in many
encyclopedias. All other information such as quotations,
statistics, and ideas should always be cited in your
papers.
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Anatomy of a Citation
As you create your list of cited sources, it is helpful to know what type
of information you need to write down.
Parts of a Citation
Orenstein, David. There is Intelligent Life on the Web. Computerworld. 32:39-42. Nov 30 1999.
Author:
Title:
Title of Periodical:
Orenstein, David.
There is Intelligent Life on the Web.
Computerworld.
Volume:
32:
Page(s):
39-42.
Date:
Nov 30 1999.
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Format of Citation
Formats for citing are consistent so that other researchers may quickly
identify the sources you used and easily locate them. To find the guidelines
for a particular format, you will need to look in a style manual. Your
instructor will probably recommend a particular style manual such as APA,
MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style. Each style manual format includes the
same basic parts of that citation but may organize them slightly differently.
Look at the examples of citations in APA format:
•
•
•
Book:
Jennings, C. (2000). The hundredth window: Protecting your privacy and
security in the age
of the Internet. New York: Free Press.
Article:
Higgins, M. (1999). High tech, low privacy. ABA Journal, 85, 52-58.
Web page:
Computer and Internet Security. (2000). Retrieved March 24, 2002, from
Library of Congress
Web site: http://lcweb.loc.gov/global/internet/security.html
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APA Style
APA Citation Style
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition
Follow these color codes:
Author(s) Date Title of Book Title of Article Title of Periodical
Volume Pages Place of Publication Publisher Other Information
Journal or Magazine Article
(use for journals that start each issue with page one)
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek:
The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
Journal or Magazine Article
(use for journals where the page numbering continues from issue to issue)
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics
Teacher, 28, 316-318.
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APA Style
•
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes
explore modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles
Times, p. A3.
•
Article from an Internet Database
(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official site)
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November-December). Star Trek on the brain:
Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86, 585. Retrieved
July 29, 1999, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
•
Book
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history
of the future. New York: Pocket Books.
•
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according
to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic
(pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
•
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana
(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
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APA Style
• ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting
of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)
•
Website
(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official site)
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved
October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club
Web site:
http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html
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APA Style
Notes
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If you are using the style for Copy Manuscripts, doublespace all lines.
If you are using the style for Final Manuscripts, singlespace all lines
and skip a line in between each reference. Ask your professor which style
to follow.
•
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author,
interfiling books, articles, etc.
•
Indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch.
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Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
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If no author is given, start with the title and then the date.
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If you are using a typewriter that cannot produce italics, then use
underlining instead.
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Magazine articles: include the month (and day) as shown under
Newspapers.
•
Websites: if the date the page was created is not given, use (n.d.).
•
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for
purposes of clarity.
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MLA Style
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Book
•
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History
of the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993.
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Journal Article
•
•
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Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star
Trek: The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):
53-65.
Newspaper or Magazine Article
•
•
•
Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern
Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.
1995: A3.
Book Article or Chapter
•
•
•
James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to
Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo.
Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.
Encyclopedia Article (well known reference books)
•
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
International ed. 1995.
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MLA Style
Encyclopedia Article (less familiar reference books)
Horn, Maurice. "Flash Gordon." The World Encyclopedia of Comics.
Ed. Maurice Horn. 2 vols. New York: Chelsea, 1976.
Gale Reference Book (and other books featuring reprinted articles)
Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. 403.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami: Speech
Communication Assn., 1993. ERIC Document Reproduction Service
ED364932.
Website
Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997 <http://
www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>.
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MLA Style
Newspaper or Magazine Article on the Internet
Andreadis, Athena. "The Enterprise Finds Twin Earths Everywhere It
Goes, But Future Colonizers of Distant Planets Won't Be So Lucky."
Astronomy Jan. 1999: 64- . Academic Universe. Lexis-Nexis. B.
Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 7 Feb. 1999 <http://
web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>.
Literature Resource Center
Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. 403.
Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. B. Davis Schwartz
Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 16 Oct. 2001 <http://
infotrac.galegroup.com/menu>.
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MLA Style
Notes
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Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author,
interfiling books, articles, etc.
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces (or one half inch).
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elswhere
in the issue, include only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+.).
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, treat the
encyclopedia article as if it were a book article. Specific volume and
page numbers are cited in the text, not in the list of references.
Gale Reference Book: cite the original source being reprinted as shown
under Book, Journal Article, Newspaper or Magazine Article, etc. The
example shows a Magazine Article. Then include the citation information
for the reference book.
Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire
web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as the
name of the website). Also include the full date the page was created or
last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at
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it.
MLA Style
• Internet Magazine Articles: Include:
– The name of the database (underlined) and the company that
created it and its home webpage;
– The full date of the article (day, month, year if available) and the
date you looked at it;
• If you are citing a journal instead of a magazine, include the
volume (and issue number) and date as shown under the Journal
Style above.
– The library or other organization (and its location) that
provided you with access to the database.
– As for page numbers, different databases will provide different
information. Include the range of pages (ex. 25-28.); or the
starting page followed by a hyphen, a blank space, and a period
(ex. 64- .); or the total number of pages or paragraphs (ex. 12
pp. or 33 pars.). If no page information is given, then leave it
out.
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Chicago Manual Style
Notes
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There are two different Chicago Styles. The one shown above is for a Reference
List which is starting to become the more common one. See the printed manual for
the other.
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling
books, articles, etc. (section 16.93).
Doublespace all lines (section 2.29).
Indent the second and following lines (section 2.29).
For ranges of page numbers, use an en dash instead of a hyphen (section 9.62).
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date (section 17.32) - except
with newspapers (see above).
Journal, magazine, or newspaper article from a database: Follow the
examples shown above. Then add the URL of the database's homepage after the
period (it is not necessary to include the long link directly to the article). End the
URL with a period (section 17.359). If the database gives the first page number of
the article but not the last, use "ff." after the first number: 126ff. (section 17.131).
Websites: (section 17.237) Include the title of the web page, the title of the
entire website (or the owner of the website - these two might be the same, as in
this example). Including the date you accessed the page is optional if it is not
important that the contents might get revised or updated (section 17.12).
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of
clarity.
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