Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1042/Pragmatics
: 2006
Cooperation and implicature
Pertemuan 5
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Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa dapat menerapkan
cooperative principles dalam menganalisa
suatu percakapan (C3)
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Materi Outline
• Conversational implicatures
• Properties of conversational implicatures
• Conventional implicatures
yule, 1992
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5.1 Conversation implicatures
• Implicature – to imply – to fold something
into something else
• More being communicated than is said
• Conversational implicatures:
• Something which is implied in conversation, that
is, something which is left implicit in actual
language use.
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5.2 Properties of conversational implicatures
• 1. Calculated
You have won five dollars
• 2. Suspended
You’ve won at least five dollars
• 3. cancelled
You’ve won five dollars in fact you won ten
• 4. Reinforced
You’ve won five dollars, that’s four more than one
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5.3 Conventional implicatures
•
•
•
•
(1)
Conventional implicatures:
Not based on the cooperative principles
Not occur in conversation
No depend on the special context for their interpretation
• BUT
• Are associated with specific words
• Result in additional conveyed meaning when those
words are used.
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5.3 Conventional implicatures
(2)
• E.g.
• But –
• p but q indicates the implicature of contrast
between p and q
• Mary suggested black, but I chose white.
• Other words:
• Even, yet, and
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Conclusion
• Conversational implicature – based on the four
maxims
• The properties of conversational implicature
• Calculated
• Suspended
• Cancelled
• Reinforced
• Conventional implicature – associated with some
specific words
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