Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1042/Pragmatics
: 2006
Presupposition and entailment
Pertemuan 3
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Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa dapat menggunakan
presupposition untuk menganalisa
terjadinya kesalahan dalam percakapan
(C3)
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Materi Outline
• Presupposition
• Types of pre- supposition
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3.1 Pre-supposition (1)
• Definition:
– What a speaker or writer assumes
that the receiver of the message
already knows (Richards, 1992)
– Something the speaker assumes to
be the case prior to making an
utterance. SPEAKERS NOT
SENTENCES have presupposition
(Yule, 1996)
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3.1 Presupposition (2)
• Example
• Speaker A: What about inviting Simon tonight?
• Speaker B: What a good idea; then he can give
Monica a lift
• Here, the presupposition are, amongst others,
that speakers A and B know who Simon and
Monica are, that Simon has a vehicle, most
probably a car, and that Monica has no vehicle
at the moment. (Richards., 1992)
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3.1 Presupposition (3)
• Relationship
– Mary’s dog is cute (=p)
– Mary has a dog
(=q)
• Proposition p presupposes proposition q
• P>>q
– Mary’s dog isn’t cute (=p)
– Mary has a dog (=q)
• P>>q
Yule, 1995
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2. Types of presuppositions (1)
• Factive presupposition
• Lexical presupposition
• Structural presupposition
• Factive presupposition
• Presuppositions following a verb like
‘know, realize, regret, odd’ are considered
to be ‘facts’
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3. Types of presuppostion (2)
• Lexical presupposition
• Associated with the use of certain words
and phrases
• Manage, stop, start, again
• E.g. He stopped smoking >> He used to
smoke.
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3. Presupposition (3)
• Structural presupposition
• - using structure to indicate the
presupposition
• E.g. When did he leave >> He left.
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