Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1042/Pragmatics
: 2006
Speech Acts
Pertemuan 8
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Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa dapat menggunakan
bermacam macam speech act untuk
membuat suatu conversation (C3)
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Materi outline
• Speech Acts classification
• Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
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8.1 Speech act classification (1)
• Speech Act classification:
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A. declaratives
B. representatives
C. expressives
D. directives
E. commissives
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8.1 Speech act classification (2)
• A. declaratives
– A speech act which changes the state of affairs in the
world.
– E.g. during the wedding ceremony the act of marriage
is performed when the phrase I now pronounce you
man and wife is uttered.
• B. representatives
– A speech act which describes states or events in the
world, such as an assertion, a claim, a report.
– E.g. the assertion: This is a German car.
• (Richards, 1997)
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8.1 Speech act classification (3)
• C. expressives
– A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes
about something, such as an apology, a complaint, to thank someone,
to congratulate someone.
– E.g. The meal was delicious
• D. directives
– A speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do
something, such as suggestion, a request, or a command.
– E.g. Please sit down.
• E. commissives
– A speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future,
such as a promise or a threat.
– E.g. If you don’t stop fighting, I’ll call the police
• (Richards, 1997)
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8.1 Speech act classification (4)
• C. expressives
– A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes
about something, such as an apology, a complaint, to thank someone,
to congratulate someone.
– E.g. The meal was delicious
• D. directives
– A speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do
something, such as suggestion, a request, or a command.
– E.g. Please sit down.
• E. commissives
– A speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future,
such as a promise or a threat.
– E.g. If you don’t stop fighting, I’ll call the police
• (Richards, 1997)
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8.2 Direct and Indirect Speech act
• Direct speech act
– There is a direct relationship between a structure and a function
– E.g. a declarative use in order to make declarative sentence.
• It’s cold outside.
• I hereby tell you about the weather
• Indirect speech act
– There is an indirect relationship between a structure and a
function.
– E.g. we use a declarative sentence in order to make a request.
• It’s cold outside
• I hereby request of you that you close the door.
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8.3 Direct and Indirect Speech act
• Direct speech act
– There is a direct relationship between a structure and a function
– E.g. a declarative use in order to make declarative sentence.
• It’s cold outside.
• I hereby tell you about the weather
• Indirect speech act
– There is an indirect relationship between a structure and a
function.
– E.g. we use a declarative sentence in order to make a request.
• It’s cold outside
• I hereby request of you that you close the door.
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