Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1042/Pragmatics
: 2006
Cooperation and implicature
Pertemuan 4
yule, 1992
1
Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa dapat menerapkan
cooperative principles dalam menganalisa
suatu percakapan (C3)
yule, 1992
2
Materi Outline
• •The cooperative principles
• Hedges
yule, 1992
3
4.1 Cooperative principles (1)
• People involved in a
conversation will cooperate
with each other
• The cooperative principles:
–Four maxims:
Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner
yule, 1992
4
4.1 Cooperative principles (2)
The maxims (Grice 1975)
A. Quantity – gives as much as needed
1. Make your contribution as informative as
is required (for the current purposes of
the exchange)
2. Do not make your contribution more
informative that is required.
yule, 1992
5
4.1 Cooperative principles (3)
The maxims (Grice, 1975)
B. Quality – speak truthfully
1. Do not say what you believe to be false
2. Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence
C. Relation – say things that are relevant
yule, 1992
6
4.1 Cooperative principles (4)
The maxims (Grice, 1975)
D. Manner – say things clearly and briefly
1. Avoid abscurity or expression
2. Avoid ambiguity
3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
4. Be orderly
yule, 1992
7
Conclusion
• In order to make a conversation
understandable the speaker and hearer
should follow the cooperative principles –
the four maxims.
• The four maxims:
Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner
yule, 1992
8