Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall
Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil
Production of Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin,
2010-2011
Richard J. Roseberg and Rachel A. Bentley1
Introduction
The recent increase in energy prices and political instability in the Middle East
has sparked renewed interest in alternative energy sources and technologies both locally
and nationally. Biodiesel is an appealing transportation fuel source for many reasons: it
readily substitutes for petroleum diesel, it tends to burn cleaner with fewer pollutants, it
can be made from many plant-based oil sources, and it can be produced on a large or
small scale. Biodiesel can be made from many oilseed crops. However, the most prolific
oil producers per acre tend to be tropical or subtropical crops such as palm oil, castor, and
1
Associate Professor and Faculty Research Assistant, respectively, Klamath Basin Research & Extension
Center, Klamath Falls, OR.
Reference to a product or company is for specific information only and does not endorse or recommend
that product or company to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
soybean. Some temperate oilseed crops, such as sunflower, meadowfoam, and flax have
higher value end-uses than biodiesel. Therefore, much of the research on oilseeds for
biodiesel in temperate regions has focused on rapeseed/canola, and more recently,
another oilseed crop called camelina (Camelina sativa). Please see the separate report of
camelina research we conducted in 2011.
Some species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) have been used for centuries
as an oil source for lamps, lubricants, and cooking. In recent decades, industrial rapeseed
oil has been produced almost exclusively from two species, Brassica napus and Brassica
rapa. Rapeseed oil is characterized by high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolate
compounds. Erucic acid is not edible, but has good properties for high performance
lubricants, and is thus used for those purposes. Glucosinolates are bioactive compounds
that give the spicy bitterness, or ‘hotness’ to the taste of hot mustards. Canola is defined
as a specific oilseed crop from the mustard family whose seed oil contains less than 2%
erucic acid, and also that the solid component of the seed contains less than 30
micromoles of glucosinolate per gram of solid (Canola Council of Canada, 1986). Canola
was bred in Canada, with the initial variety released in 1974. The word ‘canola’ was
originally a trademarked name (standing for ‘CANadian Oil, Low Acid’), but is now a
more generic term referring to brassica plants and their oil that fit the erucic acid and
glusosinolate criteria.
Currently, approximately 12 million acres of canola is grown in Canada, the most
of any nation. In recent years, about 1 million acres are grown annually in the USA, with
North Dakota and Minnesota accounting for over 90% of the US total. Farmers in
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho grow several thousand acres in each state per year. With
the recent increase in energy prices, canola has been tested and grown on a smaller scale
in many regions of the country.
Research Justification
Commercial production of biodiesel is a reality on a small scale in the Klamath
Basin, and interest in canola as a rotational crop has resulted in small scale research
projects in recent years, but almost all local research and essentially all commercial
production has been with spring-seeded canola. In general, fall-seeded crops (such as
wheat) have a higher yield potential than spring-seeded, as they are able to take
advantage of winter precipitation and a longer growing season before flowering,
potentially resulting higher numbers of branches, flowers, and eventual seed pods.
However, this is only true if moisture is sufficient during the fall germination and
vegetative growth phases, and if winter survival and low temperatures during pollination
do not reduce stand density, vigor or seed formation. Thus, it is postulated that fallseeded canola may have greater yield potential than spring-seeded in the Klamath Basin,
but the colder climate, sometimes limited fall irrigation, and late onset of dependable
rainfall compared to other PNW regions all add uncertainty to the decisions around
seeding fall canola.
Increasing canola production in the Klamath Basin would improve crop rotation
options and allow an increase in overall regional biodiesel production without increasing
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
regional infrastructure due to the Klamath Basin’s later harvest timing compared to other
PNW growing areas. Although canola has been studied for nearly 20 years at the OSU
Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center (CBARC) under dryland conditions near
Pendleton, OR, we found no evidence of oilseed-to-biodiesel research or
commercialization efforts in the arid south central Oregon plateau, including the Klamath
Basin, prior to 2005. Much of this region has irrigation water available, and oilseed crops
that are suited to a cooler climate such as canola, industrial rapeseed, mustards (Sinapsis
alba and Brassica juncea), and camelina seemed to have a possible fit with existing crops
such as potatoes, grass and alfalfa hay, and small grains.
In 2006 we began evaluating canola and related species. In 2007 our canola
studies included response of 19 spring varieties of canola and other brassicas to two
levels of irrigation (Roseberg et al., 2007). The higher rate of irrigation tended to increase
yield somewhat, but increased vegetative growth more than seed yield, and response to
irrigation varied somewhat between varieties. In 2008 we repeated the approach of the
2007 study using a smaller, yet representative group of public and private spring varieties
(Roseberg and Shuck, 2008a). We also did a fall-seeded canola study that measured
response of different fall varieties to several seeding dates (Roseberg and Shuck, 2008b).
For the two spring-seeded studies, we measured their growth, seed yield, and oil yield
when grown under two levels of irrigation to further determine the effects of reduced
moisture availability as well as to determine which varieties were more tolerant of
moisture stress. In these studies, canola has grown well and produced fairly good yields
relative to existing production areas. Spring canola clearly responded to the higher rates
of irrigation, and the yield of fall-seeded canola decreased as seeding date became later in
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
the fall, when there was sufficient irrigation during the fall germination and seedling
growth stages. These preliminary results suggested that fall-seeding may increase canola
yield for the reasons described above, if moisture and temperature conditions are not
detrimental.
Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield response of
several fall-seeded canola varieties, when seeded on multiple fall dates and under
different irrigation management strategies, to determine if there is an optimal
combination of these factors for dependable winter canola production in this area. To
provide a control comparing the performance of spring-seeded canola in the same harvest
season, a test including several spring varieties wase also seeded in the spring in the same
field.
Procedures
This study was seeded at KBREC in a Poe fine sandy loam. Spring grain trials
(wheat and barley) were grown in this field in 2009, and the grain stubble was left
undisturbed during the winter of 2009-2010 through mid-summer of 2010, until tilled in
preparation for this canola trial, seeded in late summer and fall. The study was set up as a
split plot design with four replications. The main plot treatments included five seeding
dates, of which the first four received the ‘Full’ irrigation rate treatment, and the fifth
seeding date received no irrigation (as it was seeded after the cutoff of the irrigation
water delivery season). Additional areas within two of the seeding dates also received the
‘Single’ irrigation treatment (details of seeding dates and irrigation treatments described
below). Thus the main plots for winter canola included seven total combinations of
seeding date and irrigation treatment (hereafter abbreviated as ‘Date/Irrig.’). The sub plot
treatment consisted of four commercially available varieties of winter canola (Athena,
Amanda, Baldur, and Visby- please see acknowledgements section for list of all seed
suppliers). To gain additional information on the performance of two commercially
available canola varieties that had not been grown in this area before, we grew the winter
canola varieties Sitro and Hornet in the un-randomized border rows.
Because commercial fields in this area have all been seeded in the spring to date,
a set of spring brassica varieties were also included in this study to compare with the
winter canola results. Thus, the spring-seeded blocks represent the seventh main plot
treatment in the split plot design, with the six spring varieties as the sub-plot (with four
replications). These commercially available varieties included five spring canola types
(Clearwater, Hyola401, DKL30-42.RR, Invigor5440.LL, and Invigor8440.LL), and one
yellow mustard type (IdaGold). All varieties used in this trial were chosen in consultation
with OSU-CBARC, University of Idaho, and private company brassica program
researchers. Even though the spring-seeded varieties were obviously not identical to those
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
sown in the fall, including them allowed comparison of fall and spring types grown in the
same field in the same harvest year.
The plots were 20.0 by 4.5 ft, (9 rows at 6-inch spacing), with a harvested area of
13.5 by 4.5 ft. Seed was drilled 0.25 inch deep at the rate of 8.0 lb/ac of seed for both
winter and spring varieties with a Kincaid (Kincaid Equipment Mfg.) plot drill. The fall
varieties were seeded on five dates in the fall of 2010 (August 27, September 8,
September 21, October 5, and October 19). The spring canola trial had only one seeding
date (April 12, 2011).
On August 19, Treflan® (trifluralin) herbicide was applied to the fall-seeded
canola plot areas at 2.0 pint/ac (1.0 lb a.i./ac) incorporated before seeding with a rototiller. On October 20, Stinger® (clopyralid) herbicide was applied at 0.5 pint/ac (0.19 lb
a.i./ac) with a conventional ground sprayer. Sonalan® (ethalfluralin) herbicide was
applied to the spring-seeded canola plot areas on April 12, 2011 at 2.5 pint/ac (0.94 lb
a.i./ac) incorporated before seeding with a roto-tiller.
Both the fall and spring-seeded areas were fertilized with 50 lb/ac N, 14 lb/ac
P2O5, and 55 lb/ac S banded at seeding (applying a custom blend of 19.7-5.6-0-21.5
fertilizer at 254 lb/ac). The fall-seeded area also received 86 lb/ac N as ammonium
sulfate broadcast on April 5, 2011, while the spring-seeded area received 96 lb/ac N as
ammonium sulfate broadcast on June 16, 2011.
Solid-set sprinklers were used for irrigation. The entire trial area was pre-irrigated
in August prior to preparing the seed bed. No irrigation was applied between seed bed
preparation and seeding date for any given ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatment area. For the fallseeded canola, the ‘Full’ irrigation treatment meant that irrigation began shortly after
each given seeding date and continued at approximately two-week intervals until
irrigation water was cut off in mid-October (Table 1). The areas that received the ‘Single’
irrigation rate only received one irrigation shortly after seeding, with no additional fall
irrigation applied. The fifth fall seeding date (October 19) received no fall irrigation
water because it was seeded after the irrigation water was cut off for the season. Both the
fall and spring-seeded plots received equal amounts of irrigation in the spring.
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Swift Plot Swather
Hege Plot Combine
For harvest, all plots were first swathed with a Swift (Swift Mfg. Co.) plot
swather, and then after field drying were combined using a Hege (Hans-Ulrich Hege) plot
combine with a 4.5-ft-wide header. Plots were swathed when 25-50% of seeds on the
plant’s central leader were turning color from green to tan or brown. All varieties for a
given ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatment were harvested on the same date, as follows: 1) The August
27 seeding date, ‘Full’ irrigation treatment was swathed on July 29 and combined on
August 1; 2) The September 8 seeding date was swathed on July 29 and combined on
August 2 for both the ‘Full’ and ‘Single’ irrigation treatments; 3) The September 21
seeding date was swathed on August 1 and combined on August 8 for both irrigation
treatments; 4) The October 5 seeding date, ‘Full’ irrigation treatment was swathed on
August 5 and combined on August 10. The October 19 seeding date did not germinate
well in the fall and therefore was not harvested. The spring-seeded trial was swathed on
August 19 and combined on August 23.
Data measured at KBREC included grain yield, test weight, plant height,
flowering timing, and lodging percent. Cleaned seed samples were sent to the Brassica
Breeding and Research Lab (Dr. Jack Brown) at the University of Idaho to measure seed
oil content, which also allowed calculation of oil yield.
All measured parameters were analyzed statistically using SAS® for Windows,
Release 9.1 (SAS Institute, Inc.) software. Data was analyzed as a split plot design.
Treatment significance was based on the F test at the P=0.05 level. If this analysis
indicated significant treatment effects, least significant difference (LSD) values were
calculated based on the student’s t test at the 5% level.
Results and Discussion
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Canola germination and resulting stand density were good for the first four
seeding dates, although plants from the October 5 date were clearly smaller when winter
arrived. Some plants emerged from the October 19 seeding date, but were very small and
did not survive the winter, and thus will not be discussed further.
There were significant differences due to ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatments as well as
differences due to variety for all measured parameters (Table 2).
Seed yields ranged from 849 to 5,187 lb/ac, with a mean of 3,939 lb/ac. The
September 21 x ‘Full’ ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatment had the highest yield, with the four varieties
within that treatment achieving the four highest-ranked individual yields in the entire
trial. In contrast, the September 21 x ‘Single’ treatment had significantly lower yields for
three of the four varieties, showing the benefit of regular irrigation through the fall for
this seeding date. The same pattern was also seen for the September 8 seeding date,
where seed yield was significantly higher for all four varieties when irrigated for the full
fall. Yields from the August 27 seeding date were not as high as those in September,
suggesting that the extra water required for such an early seeding does not result in higher
yield. The October 5 seeding date resulted in the overall lowest yields among the fallseeded types, suggesting that an October seeding is too late in the fall to produce plants
with enough stand density to produce a competitive yield. It is interesting that the
September 8 x ‘Single’ treatment had significantly higher yield for three of the four
varieties than the October 5 seeding date, suggesting that the longer fall growing period
was beneficial, even for plants experiencing significant moisture stress for several weeks
after emergence. The spring-seeded plots produced the lowest yields overall.
Despite the significant difference due to variety, no single variety had the highest
yield for all ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatments. Given that, Amanda was most likely to be the
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
highest yielding entry. Baldur had both the highest and lowest variety yield, and thus its
performance varied greatly depending on the ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatment.
Test weights ranged from 48.1 to 54.7 lb/bu, with a mean of 50.9 lb/bu. The
September 21 seeding date, ‘Single’ irrigation block and the October 5 seeding date,
‘Full’ irrigation block tied in having the highest test weights. For the winter varieties,
Amanda had the highest test weights. IdaGold had the highest test weight for the spring
varieties, and had the highest test weight for all entries as well.
The spring seeding had the highest percent lodging by far. Clearwater was 100%
lodged, both Hyola401 and 8440 were nearly so, and DKL3042 lodging was also high.
The only significant lodging problems for the fall-seeded plots were for Baldur and Visby
on the October 5 seeding date only. The only measured factor that had significant
differences for both ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatment and variety, as well as a significant
interaction, was for lodging. This interaction was mainly due to the significant amount of
lodging for Baldur and Visby that occurred only for one ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatment. Bird
damage was very minimal for all treatments and varieties, with a mean of 0.3%. The fallseeded, ‘Single’ irrigation blocks tended to have the highest percent bird damage, with
the individual varieties having fairly equal amounts of damage.
Heights ranged from 40.8 to 55.8 inches, with a mean of 50.6 inches. In general,
earlier seeding dates resulted in taller plants. In addition, for both the September 8 and
September 21 seeding dates, varieties that received a single irrigation after seeding were
significantly taller in almost every case than those that received irrigation throughout the
fall. Thus for the fall-seeded areas, the August 27 x ‘Full’ and the September 8 x ‘Single’
irrigation treatments had the tallest plants The spring-seeded plots had the shortest plants
overall. Where there were significant variety differences, Baldur had the tallest plants for
several of the ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatments.
Date of full bloom ranged from day 162.5 to 184.5 (June 10 to July 2) for winter
varieties, and from day 202.2 to 208.5 (July 20 to July 26) for spring varieties. For the
fall-seeded treatments, neither seeding date nor irrigation regime dictated how early the
canola would bloom, except for the October 5 seeding date which flowered later than the
other fall-seeded treatments. Visby had the earliest full bloom date.
Seed oil percent ranged from 27.2 to 45.2% with a mean of 43.1%. IdaGold
yellow mustard typically has lower seed oil content than canola types, as we observed
again here. Among the canolas, Hyola 401 had the lowest seed oil content (38.4%). The
spring canola types had lower seed oil percent than the winter types. Among the winter
types, seed oil percent tended to decrease with the later seeding dates, but differences
were not striking. Between winter varieties, there was not much difference overall in seed
oil percent.
Oil yield was calculated by multiplying seed yield by oil content. Despite some
minor differences in oil content, the ranking of oil yield followed the same pattern as seed
yield, in terms of relative differences between the ‘Date/Irrig.’ treatmetns and between
varieties. Thus, oil yields were much lower for the spring plots, ranging from 388 to 799
lb/ac. The winter varieties ranged from 1,505 to 2,317 lb/ac with a mean of 1,990 lb/ac.
The fall-seeded trial area tended to have higher yields for all varieties than the
fall-seeded border row plots for the first two seeding dates under full irrigation, but in
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
some cases the varieties grown in the border rows had higher yields for the later seeding
dates (Table 3). The border plots of Hornet, seeded in the September 21 x ‘Full’
treatment area, had the highest overall yield, but differences between results from the
border areas and the main trial cannot be statistically calculated.
Test weights tended to be lower for the border row varieties. The border plot
varieties were almost always taller than any of the other fall or spring-seeded varieties.
Additional canola was grown on either side of the trial and border rows described here,
thus the differences in border row plots (e.g. for height) are believed to be due to the
varietal characteristics and not due to an ‘edge effect’. Border plot oil yields followed the
same pattern as seed yields.
Summary and Future Prospects
Under consistent fall irrigation, the winter canola cultivars we tested germinated
well, grew well in the fall, survived the winter, and produced harvestable seed from all
but the October 19 seeding date. Seed yield increased as seeding date progressed from
August until late September, but then decreased as seeding date progressed into October.
The ‘Full’ fall irrigation rate produced higher yields than the ‘Single’ irrigation rate for a
given seeding date, but all fall-seeded varieties still produced higher seed yield than all
spring-seeded varieties, even when the fall seedings were only irrigated once. This data
suggests that to achieve optimum yield with limited water supplies, winter canola should
be seeded in mid-September and receive a ‘Full’ irrigation rate if irrigation water is
sufficient. Canola produced a reasonably good yield when it was only irrigated once after
seeding for both dates tested, but if there is only enough water for a single irrigation,
delaying seeding until the second half of September seems beneficial compared to earlier
or later seeding dates. In this study, fall-seeded canola produced seed yields above 2.5
tons/ac in some cases. All fall-seeded canola treatments produced higher yields than any
of the spring-seeded varieties. This study seems to confirm results often seen in other
crops, where fall seeding results in higher yields than spring-seeding, assuming
appropriate cultivars are used in each case. However, it must be recalled that this study
included some fall irrigation in every case; Results would likely be much different if
irrigation water were not available for a fall seeding. In our previous attempt to evaluate
fall-seeded canola, our yields were lower (Roseberg and Shuck, 2008b), suggesting that
management was improved in 2010-11.
A commercial biodiesel production facility is currently in operation near Klamath
Falls, and a Willamette Valley-based company has been scouting for grower contracts in
this area, but high grain prices have led growers to seed wheat and barley instead of the
more speculative canola. Depending on relative prices and tax incentives between canola
and small grains, canola may find a profitable place in Klamath Basin crop rotations.
Although it is not considered a low-input crop, it may be useful as a broadleaf crop in a
long-term cereal grain rotation, and may provide other rotation benefits to other crops
such as potatoes, but such comparisons are beyond the scope of the present study.
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Acknowledgements
Partial funding for this study was provided by the Pacific Northwest Canola
Research Program, award number: BAK306-SB-003, “Optimizing planting date and
timing of limited fall irrigation to improve yields of fall-planted canola in the Klamath
Basin.”
Canola seed for this study was generously provided to us as follows: 1) Athena,
Amanda, Clearwater, Idagold, and Hyola401 by University of Idaho Brassica Breeding &
Research Lab (Moscow, Idaho); 2) Invigor5440.LL and Invigor8440LL by Bayer Crop
Science (Fresno, California); 3) DKL30-42.RR by Monsanto Inc. (West Fargo, North
Dakota); 4) Baldur, Visby, Sitro, and Hornet by Rubisco Seeds (Philpot, Kentucky).
References
Canola Council of Canada. 1986. The official definition of canola.
http://www.canolacouncil.org/ind_definition.aspx.
Roseberg, R.J., J.E. Smith, and R.A. Shuck. 2007. Growth, yield, and oil production of
canola varieties in response to differential irrigation in the Klamath Basin, 2007. Klamath
Basin Research & Extension Center Annual Research Report.
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/kbrec/research-klamath-basin-2007-annual-report.
Roseberg, R.J. and R.A. Shuck. 2008a. Growth, Yield, and Oil Production of Spring
Canola Varieties in Response to Differential Irrigation in the Klamath Basin, 2008.
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center Annual Research Report.
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/kbrec/research-klamath-basin-2008-annual-report.
Roseberg, R.J. and R.A. Shuck. 2008b. Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of Three
Winter Canola and One Camelina Cultivars, Seeded on Five Fall Dates in the Klamath
Basin, 2007-2008. Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center Annual Research
Report. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/kbrec/research-klamath-basin-2008-annual-report.
US Bureau of Reclamation, 2008. Agrimet: The Pacific Northwest cooperative
agricultural weather network. http://www.usbr.gov/pn/agrimet/.
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Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Table1.2010‐11Irrigation&precipitationreceivedbythesingle&fullirrigationtreatmentsonfivefall
&onespringseedingdate.KlamathBasinResearch&ExtensionCenter,KlamathFalls,OR.
Irrigationamountappliedtoeachtreatmentduringspecifiedtimeperiods(inch)
SeedingDate&IrrigationTreatment
1
TimePeriod
Precipitation 8/27/2010
Full
(inch)
2
2
3
3
9/8/2010
Full
9/8/2010
Single
9/21/2010
Full
9/21/2010
Single
4
5
10/5/2010 10/19/2010
Full
None
8/1 ‐ 8/26
0.00
3.15*
3.15*
3.15*
3.15*
3.15*
3.15*
3.15*
8/27 ‐ 9/7
0.23
1.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9/8 ‐ 9/20
0.06
1.14
1.14
0.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9/21 ‐ 10/4
0.00
0.57
0.57
0.00
0.57
0.57
0.00
0.00
10/5 ‐ 10/18
0.03
1.57
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
10/19 ‐ 10/31
1.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Fall Total
Fall Total minus Pre‐irrigation
1.75
1.75
7.57
4.42
6.43
3.28
3.72
0.57
5.29
2.14
3.72
0.57
4.72
1.57
3.15
0.00
Spring
Precipitation
(inch)
Irrigation
(inch)
2.26
0.00
All fall & spring‐seeded areas received equal irrigation during spring.
April 1.46
0.00
All spring varietes seeded April 12.
May
0.81
1.72
*Pre‐irrigation for field tillage preparation.
March
June
0.14
1.43
July
0.29
4.58
August
0.00
0.00
Spring Total
4.96
7.73
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Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Table2.2010‐11Responseoffourwintercanolavarietiestoseedingdate&fallirrigationmethodascomparedtosixspringbrassicavarieties.
KlamathBasinResearch&ExtensionCenter,KlamathFalls,OR.
Variety
Amanda
Flowering
Oil
Bird
SeedingDate& Seed
Test
Date(day
Yield
Damage
Height
Irrigation
Yield
Weight
Lodging
Rank
Rank (inch) Rank oftheyear) Rank Oil% Rank (lb/ac) Rank
%
Option
%
(lb/ac) Rank (lb/bu) Rank
4828
8
48.9
26
1.3
11
0.3
11
54.2
6
172.5
16
45.2
1
2183
5
Athena
4362
15
49.1
24
0.0
13
0.3
11
53.5
7
168.2
25
45.0
4
1961
14
Baldur
4326
17
48.1
29
0.0
13
0.0
15
55.8
2
171.8
20
45.1
3
1950
16
Visby
4638
12
48.6
27
0.0
13
0.3
11
51.2
14
167.8
26
44.2
17
2050
12
4762
9
51.3
15
0.0
13
0.0
15
50.5
18
173.0
12
44.5
12
2119
8
Athena
4708
10
50.6
19
0.3
12
0.0
15
50.0
19
169.5
22
44.3
14
2085
11
Baldur
4845
7
50.1
22
0.0
13
0.0
15
49.5
21
172.0
17
44.5
12
2158
7
Visby
4666
11
51.1
17
0.0
13
0.5
7
47.0
24
163.8
29
44.8
7
2093
10
2
Amanda
Amanda
Aug 27 Full
Sept 8 Full
5176
2
52.4
5
0.0
13
0.0
15
49.2
22
173.0
12
44.6
9
2309
Athena
Sept 21 Full
5159
3
51.5
14
0.0
13
0.0
15
45.8
26
172.0
17
44.1
18
2276
4
Baldur
5187
1
51.9
11
0.0
13
0.0
15
49.2
22
173.5
11
44.7
8
2317
1
Visby
Amanda
Oct 5 Full
5119
4
51.6
13
0.0
13
0.5
7
46.5
25
165.5
28
44.9
6
2298
3
3707
22
52.9
3
6.3
8
0.0
15
51.2
14
184.5
7
43.4
22
1607
22
Athena
3849
20
52.5
4
4.0
9
0.0
15
51.5
12
183.5
8
43.5
21
1676
21
Baldur
3403
24
52.0
10
51.2
5
0.0
15
54.8
5
183.5
8
44.3
14
1505
24
3685
23
52.2
6
40.0
6
0.0
15
53.2
8
180.5
10
43.2
24
1591
23
4022
19
51.6
12
0.0
13
1.0
2
55.5
3
172.0
17
45.0
4
1807
19
Athena
3763
21
50.7
18
0.0
13
0.5
7
53.2
8
168.8
24
44.6
9
1680
20
Baldur
4332
16
50.5
21
0.0
13
0.0
15
55.2
4
169.8
21
45.2
1
1958
15
Visby
Amanda
Sept 8 Once
Visby
4261
18
51.1
16
0.0
13
1.0
2
52.8
10
162.5
30
44.6
9
1901
18
4949
5
53.2
2
0.0
13
0.8
5
50.8
17
173.0
12
44.0
19
2179
6
Athena
4846
6
52.1
7
0.0
13
0.0
15
52.5
11
169.5
22
43.4
22
2102
9
Baldur
4537
13
52.1
8
0.0
13
0.8
5
57.5
1
173.0
12
44.3
14
2010
13
4466
14
52.1
8
0.0
13
1.3
1
51.2
14
166.0
27
43.6
20
1948
17
849
30
49.0
25
100.0
1
0.0
15
49.8
20
208.5
1
39.4
28
338
30
Amanda
Sept 21 Once
Visby
Clearwater
Spring DKL30‐42RR
2071
27
50.6
20
73.8
4
0.3
11
44.2
28
205.0
2
42.2
25
799
27
Hyola401
1338
29
46.7
30
98.8
2
0.0
15
40.8
30
204.2
3
38.4
29
515
29
IdaGold
2397
25
54.7
1
2.5
10
0.0
15
44.2
28
202.2
6
27.2
30
656
28
InVigor 5440.LL
InVigor 8440.LL
2126
1969
26
28
49.5
48.1
23
28
10.0
98.8
7
2
1.0
0.5
2
7
51.5
45.2
12
27
203.2
202.8
4
5
40.6
40.7
27
26
863
803
25
26
Mean
P (Seeding Date/Irrig. Option)
3939
50.9
17.0
0.3
50.6
178.5
43.1
1725
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.005
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
LSD (0.05)‐ Seeding Date/Irrig. Option
310
0.4
12.7
0.3
2.6
2.4
0.5
132
CV Seeding Date/Irrig. Option (%)
13.0
1.3
77.1
176.3
6.8
1.7
1.6
12.5
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.003
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
466
0.6
7.4
0.5
1.9
2.6
0.4
246
1.5
0.873
3.0
<0.001
170.2
0.341
4.8
0.136
1.2
0.182
1.4
0.3
8.9
0.249
P (Variety)
LSD (0.05)‐ Variety
CV Variety (%)
8.7
P (Seeding Date X Variety Interaction) 0.207
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.
Agronomy Research in the Klamath Basin
2011 Annual Report
Table3.2010‐11Responseoftwowintercanolavarietiestoseedingdate&fallirrigationmethod.
KlamathBasinResearch&ExtensionCenter,KlamathFalls,OR.
Variety
Hornet
Bird
Oil
PlantDate& Seed
Test
Flowering
Damage
Height
Yield
Irrigation
Yield
Weight
Date(dayof
Lodging
Rank
%
Rank (inch) Rank theyear) Rank Oil% Rank (lb/ac) Rank
Option
%
(lb/ac) Rank (lb/bu) Rank
Aug 27 Full
3199
11
47.2
11
0
4
1
2
60
2
173
4
45.1
2
1443
4196
9
46.6
12
0
4
1
2
57
4
173
4
44.2
9
1855
9
Sept 8 Full
4242
8
49.0
10
0
4
1
2
57
4
171
9
44.9
5
1902
7
4402
6
49.6
8
0
4
0
8
54
8
171
9
45.1
3
1985
6
Sept 21 Full
5601
1
51.2
5
0
4
1
2
53
10
171
9
44.0
10
2463
1
5054
3
51.7
4
0
4
0
8
50
11
175
3
44.3
8
2241
3
Oct 5 Full
4247
7
51.9
3
90
1
0
8
56
6
180
2
43.9
11
1860
8
3197
12
52.1
1
90
1
0
8
50
11
182
1
43.2
12
1377
12
4093
10
49.4
9
0
4
1
2
63
1
173
4
45.2
1
1850
10
4513
5
50.1
7
0
4
2
1
54
8
171
9
45.0
4
2030
5
5140
4726
2
4
51.1
52.0
6
2
10
0
3
4
1
0
2
8
60
56
2
6
173
173
4
4
44.8
44.5
6
7
2301
2101
2
4
Sitro
Hornet
Sitro
Hornet
Sitro
Hornet
Sitro
Hornet
Sept 8 Once
Sitro
Hornet
Sitro
Sept 21 Once
11
Yield, test weight, oil % and oil yield replicated 4 times, but not randomized, therefore ANOVA statistics not run.
Lodging, bird damage, height & bloom date are single observation typical of entire row of a single variety.
______________________________________________________________________________
Klamath Basin Research & Extension Center
Optimizing Seeding Date and Timing of Limited Fall Irrigation to Improve Growth, Seed Yield, and Oil Production of
Winter Canola in the Klamath Basin, 2010-2011.