Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics
Tahun
: 2008
Session 2
Phonology
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this meeting, students are able to
- mention the organ of speech
- show the position of articulators
- mention the places of articulators
- show the difference between spelling and pronunciation
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Outline
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Organ of Speech
Articulators
Sound Producing System
Places of Articulation
Relation between spelling and pronunciation
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Organ of Speech
The main organ of speech:
• The jaw
• The lips
• The teeth
• The teeth ridge (alveolar ridge)
• The tongue
• The hard palate
• The soft palate (velum)
• The uvula
• The pharynx
• The larynx
• The vocal cords
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Sound Producing System
• Sound could not occur without air. The air that comes
from the lungs produces egressive sounds, while sounds
made by sucking the air are called ingressive sounds.
• Air stream from the lungs, passes through the larynx
(Adam’s apple), vibrate the vocal cords through the
mouth.
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Sound Producing System
• Five position of vocal cords:
1. Wide open for deep breathing
2. Open for voiceless sounds
3. Approximated an vibrating for voiced sounds.
4. Narrowed for whispering
5. Closed for glottal plosive
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Places of Articulation
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Bilabial : /p/,/b/,/m/
Labiodental: /f/, /v/
Interdental : /ð/,/θ/,
Alveolar : /s/, /z/, /n/, /r/, /l/.
Alveopalatal: /ʃ/ ,/ʒ/, /tʃ/ , /dʒ/
Velar: /k/, /g/, /x/
Palatal : /j/
Glottal : /h/
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Relation between spelling and pronunciation
• Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of
words
• Orthography does not represent the sounds of the words
in a language systematically
• Each distinct sound must be given a distinct symbol to
represent it.
• Examples: e, ie, ae, ee, eo, ei all represent the sound /i/
• Examples: the letter ‘a’ represent several sounds in
father, wanted, many, a, village, dame, badly.
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