Matakuliah : G0922/Introduction to Linguistics
Tahun
: 2008
Session 3
Phonetics: Consonants
Learning outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students are able to :
• Produce the consonant sounds using the correct place
and manner of articulation
• Explain the aspects of consonant sounds
• Explain the formation of consonant clusters in English
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Outline
•
•
•
•
•
Aspects of consonant
Places of articulations
Manners of articulations
Voiced and voiceless sounds
Consonant Clusters
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Consonants
• Definition:
– Consonants are sounds produced with some
obstacles. It could either completely blocked or
partially blocked.
• Aspects of consonants
– Voiced or voiceless
– Place of articulation
– Manner of articulation
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Aspects of consonants
• Voiced or Voiceless Sounds
• Voiced
• Speech sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating.
• E.g. /b/, /v/, /d/, /g/, / ð/,/ʒ/
• Voiceless
• Speech sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords.
• E.g. /p/, /f/, /k/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/
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Manners of articulation
•
Stops - plosives
– Complete and momentary closure through the vocal tract
• /p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/
•
Fricatives
– The airflow is obstructed that it causes friction
• /f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/x/,/ ð/,/θ/, /ʃ/ ,/ʒ/
•
Affricates
– Produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual
release that produces an effect characteristics
– /tʃ/ , /dʒ/
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Manners of articulation
• Nasals
– Sounds produced with the velum not in the raised position and
the air escapes through both the nose and the mouth
– /m/,/n/,/ŋ /
• Liquids
– Laterals
• Air escapes through the mouth along the lowered sides of the
tongue. When the tongue tip is raised to the dental or
alveolar position, the dental or alveolar lateral are produced.
• E.g./ l/
– Retroflex
• North American r is produced by curling the tongue tip back
into the mouth or by bouncing the tongue upward or back in
the mouth
• E.g. /r/
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Manners of articulation
Glides
Sounds produced by raising the tongue and pulling it back near
the velum and by rounding the lips.
e.g. /w/
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Consonant Clusters
• Consonant clusters in English can occur in initial and
final positions.
• In initial position, the maximum number of consonants is
three. The first must be /s/, the second must be /p,t,k/
and the last must be /l,r,j,w/. The pattern is CCCV.
• If there are two clusters, the first must be
/p,t,k,b,g,f,v,s,h,ʃ,θ/
• In final position, the maximum number is four
consonants, so the pattern is CCCVCCCC as the
possible English words
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