List of the grammatical functions (edge labels) used in the NEGRA project
AC adpositional case marker
ADC adjective component
AMS measure argument of adj
APP apposition
AVC adverbial phrase component
CC comparative complement
CD coordinating conjunction
CJ conjunct
CM comparative concjunction
CP complementizer
DA dative
DH discourse-level head
DM discourse marker
GL prenominal genitive
GR postnominal genitive
HD head
JU junctor
MC comitative
MI instrumental
ML locative
MNR postnominal modifier
MO modifier
MR rhetorical modifier
MW way (directional modifier)
NG negation
NK noun kernel modifier
NMC numerical component
OA accusative object
OA2 second accusative object
OC clausal object
OG genitive object
PD predicate
PG pseudo-genitive
PH placeholder
PM morphological particle
PNC proper noun component
RC relative clause
RE repeated element
RS reported speech
SB subject
SBP passivised subject (PP)
SP subject or predicate
SVP separable verb prefix
UC (idiosyncratic) unit component
VO vocative
AC adpositional case marker
Preposition/postposition in a PP, annotated as a sister constituent of the determiner,
adjectives, noun etc.
Possible parent node labels: PP
Possible node labels: APPR, APPO, APZR (lexical) CAC (phrasal)
PP
+---+---+
AC NK NK
|
|
|
auf dem Dach
ADC adjective component
Component of a multi-token adjective (MTA)
Possible parent node labels: MTA
Possible node labels: NE, ADJA, ADJD ADC ADC
Example:
die [MTA: Bad Muenstereifeler] Buerger
AMS measure argument of an adjective/adverb
Possible parent node labels: AP, AVP
Possible node labels: NP, NM, CARD, NN, AP, ...
Accusative-marked measure arguments like:
+------AP--+
AMS
|
|
|
+--NP+--+ |
|
| |
[[zwanzig Jahre] alt]
APP apposition
"inserted" phrase, further specifying/modifying the entity described by the matrix NP.
Possible parent node labels: NP, PP
Possible node labels: NP, PP, AP, AVP, VP, PPER, ...
Examples:
NK NK
APP
der Mann, [ein Mittvierziger]
Exceptions:
1. post-nominal APs and VPs
o
NK NK
MNR
das Haus, [1888 errichtet]
2. nouns/NPs that do not have the form of an "insertion"
o
o
o
NK
NK
NK
zwei Liter [klares Wasser]
NK
NK NK
Prof. Dr. Mueller
NK NK
NK
die Stadt Saarbruecken
AVC adverbial phrase component
Component of a head-less AVP like [immer wieder]
Possible node labels: ADV
Possible parent node labels: AVP
CC comparative complement
Argument of comparative adjectives/adverbs, sometimes of nouns:
Possible node labels: NP, PP, S, VP, ...
Possible parent node: AP, AVP, NP
Examples:
+--AP---+
HD
CC
juenger [als er]
[als wir dachten]
....
+-NP--+
NK
CC
einer [wie du]
CD coordinating conjunction
Possible node labels: KON, (ADV)
Possible parent nodes: CAP, CAVP, CPP, CNP, CS, CVP, CAC, CCP, CO
Examples:
CJ
CD CJ
[Peter und Anna]
CJ conjunct
Constituent participating in coordination (cf. CD)
Possible node labels: any!
Possible parent nodes: CAP, CAVP, CPP, CNP, CS, CVP, CAC, CCP, CO
CM comparative conjunction
`wie', `als' and `denn' in comparative constructions
Possible node labels: KOKOM
Possible parent nodes: any, edgelabel CC
+-NP-+
CM
NK
besser [als Peter]
CP complementizer
Complementizer introducing a subordinate clause or a VP
Possible node labels: KOUI, KOUS
Possible parent nodes: S, VP
Examples:
S
+---+--+----+
CP SB OA
HD
dass er uns kennt
VP
+--+------+
CP OA
VVIZU
um ihn
anzurufen
DA dative
Dative object/`free dative'
Possible node labels: NP, NN, NE, AP, NM, MPN, PPER, ...
Possible parent nodes: S, VP, AP, AVP(?)
Examples:
S
+--+--+-----+
SB HD DA
OA
er gab mir ein Buch
DH discourse-level head
Head of a discourse-level constituent (DL)
Possible node labels: S, ?NP, VP, ...
Possible parent nodes: DL
Example:
RS
DH
[ ["Lass mich in Ruhe!"] [aergerte sich Peter] ]
DM discourse marker
Basically, `ja', `nein', etc.
Possible node labels: PTKANT
Possible parent nodes: S, VP
DM SB HD
Ja, das funktioniert.
GL prenominal genitive
Possible node labels: NP, NE, CNP, MPN...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP
Example:
GL
NK
Peters Onkel
GR postnominal genitive
Possible node labels: NP, NE, CNP, MPN...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP
Example:
NK NK
GR
Das Interesse [der Studenten]
HD head
(self-explanatory)
Possible node labels: any
Possible parent nodes: S, VP, AP, AVP
There is no explicitly marked head in NPs, PPs, DLs and coordinated constituents.
JU junctor
like CD, but with only one conjunct.
Possible node labels: KON, ADV
Possible parent nodes: S (VP?)...
Example:
JU SB
HD
SVP
Und Peter ging weg.
MNR postnominal modifier
Postnominal NP/PP modifier (or complement).
Possible node labels: PP, NP, VP, PROAV, CPP, CVP, AP, CAP, ...
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP
Examples:
NK NK
MNR
das Haus [in Hamburg]
NK NK
MNR
der Verzicht [auf Atomwaffen]
NK NK
MNR
das Haus, [1888 errichtet]
MO modifier
MO denotes different functions in different phrases:
1. in S/VPs/APs: - modifiers (adjuncts) - prepositional objects
Possible node labels: PP, PROAV, CPP, NP, VP, ...
Possible parent nodes: S,VP,AP,AVP
Example:
SB HD
MO
MO
er wartet hier auf mich
2. in NPs/PPs: - focus adverbs such as: `nur', `auch', `sogar', `vor allem'
Possible node labels: ADV, (PP), AVP
Possible parent nodes: NP, PP
Example:
MO AC NK
NK
nur am kommenden Freitag
NG negation
the negation particle `nicht' (also modified)
Possible node labels: PTKNEG, AVP (if modified)
Possible parent nodes: any
Examples:
SB HD
NG
Er schlaeft nicht.
SB HD
NG
+-AVP-+
MO
HD
|
|
Er schlaeft gar nicht.
NK noun kernel modifier
NMC numerical component
Part of a multi-token number (NM)
Possible node labels: CARD, ART, NN
Possible mother node: NMC
Examples:
NMC
NMC
[NM: 10 000] Leute
NMC
NMC
[NM: eine Million] Leute
OA accusative object
Accusative objects of verbs, participles and certain adjectives
Possible node labels: NP, CNP, NN, NE, MPN, etc.
Possible mother nodes: S, VP, AP
Examples:
SB HD
OA
ich sehe ihn
[AP: OA HD ]
ich bin es gewohnt
OA2 second accusative object
second accusative objects of verbs like `lehren'
Possible labels - see OA.
Examples:
SB HD
OA OA2
er lehrte ihn Deutsch
OC clausal object
VP/S subcategorised by a verb, adjective or a noun.
Possible node labels: S, CS, VP, CVP, VZ, CVZ, VVFIN, ...
Possible mother nodes: S, VP, AP, NP, PP
Examples:
SB HD OC
er hat geschlafen
SB HD
[ OC ]
er verspricht, uns zu besuchen
SB HD
OC
die Tuer wird geoeffnet
SB HD
[ OC ]
ich weiss, dass er kommt
NK NK
[ OC ]
der Beschluss, ein Haus zu bauen
[AP: HD OC ]
er ist bereit zu gehen
OG genitive object
Genitive objects of verbs, participles and certain adjectives
Possible labels: - see OA.
Examples:
SB HD
OG
es bedarf grosser Anstrengungen
[AP: OG HD ]
er ist des Englischen maechtig
PD predicate
Predicative AP/NP/PP, typically in a copular construction
Possible node labels: AP, ADJD, AVP, PP, NP, VP...
Possible mother nodes: S, VP
SB HD PD
Peter ist/wird krank
SB HD PD
Die Tuer ist offen/geoeffnet
SB HD PD
Karl ist Lehrer
SB HD PD
Hans ist in Berlin
NB:


"Zustandspassiv":
PD
die Tuer ist geoeffnet


"Vorgangspassiv":
OC
die Tuer wird geoeffnet
PG pseudo-genitive
A `von'-PP used instead of an adnominal genitive
Possible node labels: PP, PROAV
Possible mother nodes: NP, PP
Example:
PG
der Hut [von Peter] (cf. Peters Hut)
PH placeholder
A pronominal adverb or pronoun (`es') correlating with an extraposed constituent.
Possible node labels: PROAV, PPER (es)
Possible mother nodes: PP, NP
Examples:
PH RE
Ich glaube nicht [PP: daran, [dass er kommt]]
PH RE
Er liebt [NP: es, [ein Auto zu fahren]]
PH RE
[NP: Es] ist schade, [NP: dass ...]
PH RE
[NP: Es] kam [NP: [nichts Interessantes]]
PM morphological particle
Just two cases: the infinitival `zu' (zu gehen) the adjectival (superlative) `am' (am besten)
Possible node labels: PTKA, PTKZU
Possible mother nodes: VZ, AA
Examples:
PM HD
[VZ: zu singen]
PM HD
[AA: am schlechtesten]
PNC proper noun component
every daughter node of a multi-token proper name (MPN)
Possible node labels: NE, NN
Possible mother nodes: MPN
Example:
PNC PNC PNC
[MPN: Peter J. Mueller]
RC relative clause
A relative clause is a relative clause :-)
Possible node labels: S, CS
Possible mother nodes: NP, PP, S, VP, AP?
Examples:
NK NK
[ RC ]
ein Mann, den wir nicht kennen
SB HD
[ RC ]
Er schlaeft, was mir nicht gefaellt
RE repeated element
An extraposed (or, sometimes, fronted) constituent replaced in situ by a correlate
(placeholder, PH)
Examples: cf. PH
RS reported speech
The complementary function to DH (discourse head) in a DL phrase.
Examples: cf. DH, DL (node label)
SB subject
A subject is a subject :-) Possible only within S.
Possible node labels: NP, S, CNP, VP, CVP, PPER, NN, NE...
Possible mother node: S
SB HD OA
Der Mann kennt uns
SB HD OA NG
[Was er sagt,] interessiert mich nicht
SBP passivised subject (PP)
"by-phrase": a PP with the preposition `von', expressing the logical subject of a passive
verb form.
Possible node labels: PP, PROAV
Possible mother nodes: VP, AP (inflected participles only)
Examples:
SBP
HD
Peter wurde [VP: von jemanden gesehen ]
[AP: SBP HD ]
die von uns bevorzugte Loesung
NB: `von' only, not `durch'!
SP subject or predicate
Used only if the SB/PD distinction cannot be made consistently.
Example:
SP HD SP
Peter war Paul
SVP separable verb prefix
Possible node labels: PTKVZ
Possible mother nodes: S (VP)
Example:
SB HD SVP
Das Kind schlaeft ein
UC (idiosyncratic) unit component
VO vocative
Example:
VO MO HD SB MO SVP
Hans, wo gehst du jetzt hin?