Homeless Children and Education
IESP Summer Seminary Series
July 1, 2014
Judith Samuels, MBA, PhD
Jennifer Pringle, JD
Today’s Topics
McKinney-Vento Basics
Data: School-Age Homelessness in
NYS and NYC
Data: NYS Performance and NYC
Mobility
DOE Students in Temporary Housing
Program
NYC Shelter System
What We Know From Research
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The McKinney-Vento Act
• Federal law
School
Access
• Enacted in 1987
• Reauthorized in
2001 as a part of
NCLB
Academic
Success
School
Stability
• Liaison in every
school district,
charter school, and
BOCES
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McKinney-Vento Basics
Stay in the school of origin
and get transportation
Immediately enroll in the
local school
Get free meals
Get Title I services
4
Who is Covered by McKinney-Vento?
Children and youth “who lack fixed regular and adequate nighttime
residence” and includes children and youths who are:
• Sharing the housing of others due to loss of housing, economic hardship or
other similar reason;
• Living in motels, hotels, trailer parks, camping grounds due to the lack of
alternative adequate accommodations;
• Living in emergency or transitional shelters;
• Abandoned in hospitals;
• Awaiting foster care placement;
• Living a in public or private place not designed for sleeping;
• Living in cars, parks, public spaces, abandoned buildings, substandard
housing, bus or train stations, or similar settings;
• Migratory living in circumstances described above
(42 U.S.C. § 11434a(2))
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Identified Students in Temporary
Housing Increasing in NYS
120,000
109,916
98,174
100,000
90,506
86,715
80,574
76,163
80,000
66,931
63,122
61,218
65,921
60,000
50,926
69,244
67,221
71,285
77,915
Total
69,545
NYC w/ Charter Schools
61,043
NYC
45,954
Rest of NYS
50,815
36,046
40,000
20,000
New York State
26,765
16,722
9,061
7,661
9,908
12,095
19,685
21,156
2009-10
2010-11
29,143
Source: SIRS,
available at
www.nysteachs.org
14,794
0
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
> Total line also includes Charter Schools
2011-12
2012-13
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Number of Students in
Temporary Housing
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
% change
(3 yr)
California
193,796
220,738
248,904
28%
New York
Texas
Florida
82,409
76,095
48,695
90,506
85,155
55,953
96,881
94,624
63,414
18%
24%
30%
Michigan
22,189
30,671
43,418
96%
939,903 1,065,794
1,168,354
24%
National
National Center for Homeless Education, “Education for Homeless Children and Youths Program:
Data Collection Summary” (March 2014), available at www.serve.org/nche
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Students in Temporary Housing,
By Borough
22%
27,999
17%
NUMBER OF
STUDENTS IN
TEMPORARY
HOUSING IN
2012-13
14,394
36%
12,820
% Increase
since 2009-10
12%
22,838
38%
2,523
Source: SIRS, available at
www.nysteachs.org
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Primary Nighttime Residence for
Students in Temporary Housing
New York City
9.4%
Unsheltered
34.9%
Sheltered
0.4%
Hotel/Motel
55.3%
Outside New York City
0.5%
Unsheltered
21.4%
Sheltered
6.6%
Hotel/Motel
71.4%
Doubled Up
Doubled Up
Source: SIRS, available at
www.nysteachs.org
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Grade Distribution for Students in
Temporary Housing
2%
5%
Pre-K and CPSE
21%
K-5th
6th-8th
19%
53%
9th-12th
Ungraded
Source: SIRS, available at
www.nysteachs.org
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NYS Students Testing Proficient 2011-12
All Students
80%
70%
Low-Income
Students
70%
62%
60%
40%
60%
60%
51%
50%
50%
Students
Experiencing
Homelessness
47%
Source: ED Data
Express
41%
32%
33%
35%
30%
21%
20%
10%
0%
4th Grade
Math
8th Grade
Math
4th Grade
Reading
8th Grade
Reading
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Number of Schools Attended by STH
New York City (2012-13)
6%
2%
4+
3
24%
2
#
SCHOOLS
1
68%
Source: NYC DOE
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Percentage of STH Attending One School
in 2012-13, New York City
NYC Students in Temp Housing
Attending One School During SY 2012-13
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
PK
K
Source: NYC DOE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Grade Level
8
9
10
11
12
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DOE Students in Temporary Housing
Program
Central Office
Office of Safety and Youth
Development
Develop citywide STH programs
Borough Offices
Coordinate resources/programs for
STH students
STH Content Experts (10)
DHS Family Shelters
STH Family Assistants (approx. 114)
Coordinate transportation, enrollment,
etc.
Schools
School-Based Liaisons
(approx. 1,700)
Identify STH students, connect with
Title I services, etc.
Sources of Funding for STH
Programming and Services
• McKinney-Vento Grant
• $1.5 million (approx. $19.25 per student)
• Attendance Improvement Drop-Out Prevention
• $8.286 million. Funds salaries of STH Central Staff, STH
Content Experts, and shelter-based STH Family Assistants
• Title I Set-Aside
• Title I school (school-wide or targeted): minimum of $100 per
student in temporary housing
• Non-participating school: Title I county per capita (city-wide
average is $877) multiplied by number of students in temporary
housing
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NYC Residency Questionnaire
http://schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/9831364D-E542-4763-BC2F7D424EBD5C83/65942/ResidencyQuestionnairewCodesOFFICIALJuly09_Engl
ish.pdf
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Transportation for Students in
Temporary Housing in NYC
• For all students K-6 if
appropriate route exists
• For any grade if on IEP
• FREE full-fare MetroCard
for any student who is not
getting busing
Chancellor’s Regulation A-780
• FREE MetroCard for parent
to go with student (K-6)
to/from school
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NYC Shelter Systems
Department of
Homeless Services
Human Resource
Administration
Department of Youth
and Community
Development
• Family and adult
shelters
• DV shelters
• Runaway and
Homeless Youth
(RHY) shelters
DHS Shelter System
On a given night, approx:
• 53,000 people in shelter system
• 11,000 families
• 23,000 children
• 153 family shelters, including:
• cluster sites
• DHS shelters and
• private shelter providers
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Placement and Attendance
in DHS Shelters
Source:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dhs/downloads/pdf/dashboard/dhs_data_dashboard
_charts_fy_2014.pdf
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Research on Homeless
Children & Education
• Literature is “thin”
• Most research on homeless children is on health and
mental health outcomes
• Closely related literature on “School Mobility”
• Emerging research on “resilience” is important for these
issues
• We lack rigorous, long term follow up studies
• Randomized trials almost non-existent
• Intervention studies – one or two
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Research on Homeless
Children & Education
• 2012 Report from NCHE
• From 1987 -2011, 16 published articles
• Due to high mobility and population
concentrations – most studies in urban areas
• Questions in the research studies included:
• Ways in which homeless students are similar to or
different from housed peers
• Description of relationships among homelessness,
cognition, and academic achievement
• Identify variables that are associated with
adaptability
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Research on Homeless
Children & Education
• Rigorous studies are VERY difficult to
mount
• Can be a highly politicized topic
• Gaining access to multiple systems (in NYC this is
DHS and DOE – at least), often in multiple
jurisdictions
• Data collection is challenging with a highly mobile
population
• High rates of “loss to follow-up” results in inconclusive
findings
• Need to control for many variables: classroom,
school, grade, family, health, mental health
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Research on Homeless
Children & Education
• The Impact of Family Critical Time
Intervention on Homeless Children
• A sub-study funded by NIMH
• 311 Children (all sheltered)
• 24 month follow-up (5 interview points)
• Significant positive outcomes:
• Troubles in school decreased
• Did not have school performance data
• 48 school districts in the County
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Contact Information
Judith Samuels, MBA, PhD
Associate Professor, Child Study
Center, Department of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry NYU
Jennifer Pringle, JD
Project Director, NYS-TEACHS
Advocates for Children of New York
Hotline: (800) 388-2014
Direct Dial: (212) 822-9546
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.nysteachs.org
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