Matakuliah
Tahun
: G0362/Sociolingustics
: 2007
Language Choice in a Community
Pertemuan 2
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Memberi contoh tentang ‘alih kode’ (code switching)
dan ‘campur kode’ (code mixing)
3
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Outline Materi
• Varietas dan Kode
• Diglossia dan Polyglossia
• Alih Kode dan Campur Kode
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Choosing your variety/code
• The social factors and dimensions mentioned in chapter
one determine the language variety you choose
• The different varieties someone can use is called
‘linguistic repertoire’
• e.g.: someone whose parents are Javanese speak
Javanese with the parents, speak formal
Indonesian/English with the lecturers, and informal
Indonesian with friends.
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Domains of Language Use
• Domains, the term popularized by Joshua Fishman, are
typical interactions in a speech community.
• E.g. typical family interaction involves
– Family members as participants
– Setting is at home
– Typical topics: family activities
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Diglossia
• (di= two; glossia, from ‘glossos’=language)
• In a community where two varieties/codes are used
there can be separate domains where these languages
are used. Usually one code is considered to be more
formal and desirable (High variety), whereas the other is
considered informal or less desirable (L variety).
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The use of H or L language
• In a diglossic situation usually the language used in
– Newspapers  high
– Medium of instruction at schools  high
– Official documents  high
– Radio/TV news  high
– Conversations between friends low
– Bargaining at the market low
– Weddings  high
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Polyglossia
• ‘Poly’ means many.
• This is a situation where more than two languages are
used in a community.
• Example of a polyglossic country is Singapore, where
one can speak a dialect of Chinese to her/his parents or
grandparents, speak English with friends at school,
speak Mandarin with the shopkeeper at the market.
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Code-switch
•
•
Code-Switch is where someone uses one language at
one moment and then switch to another language in
complete sentences.
The reasons for code-switch:
–
–
–
–
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Change of Social Situation
Change of topic
Affective
Metaphorical
Change of social situation
• This reason of switching includes:
– The change of participants, e.g. when you speak to your
friends, suddenly your boss arrives. So you change your code,
from informal to formal.
– To show solidarity: signifying group membership and shared
identity. For example, Javanese often use Javanese to each
other to discuss their work in the office.
– To show different social status
e.g. Someone purposely switch to use English to show that
he/she is more educated than the hearers.
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Change of Topic
Example:
A and B are at school,
A: Eh, sudah buat PR belon?
B: Udah, tapi gue nggak ngerti nih…What is the
difference between finite and non-finite verbs?
Other examples include:
– Quoting other people
– Quoting a proverb or a saying in another language
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Affective
Someone can change code because they feel happy or
sad. The interlocutors do not need to understand what is
being said, but from their expression or intonation they
can get the meaning.
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Metaphorical
•
Metaphorical Switching
– switching happens when the speaker wants to
impress people, to assert his/her position before the
interlocutors.
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Code-mix
• Code-mix is a situation where someone inserts phrases
or words in another language.
– For example:
• ‘Sepatunya enggak matching.’
• ‘Itu artinya lu nggak care…’
• ‘Nilai ibu belum diposting, komputernya lagi hang!’
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Conclusion
• The language you use depends on the four factors and
dimensions mentioned in meeting 1.
• Linguistic Repertoire is the collection of languages that
someone has and can use.
• In some countries there are High and Low variety which
uses do not overlap (Diglossia)
• Polyglossia is when there are more than two codes
available in that community.
• Code-mix or code-switch between languages are
motivated by several reasons.3
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