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Noga Alon
Tel Aviv University
[email protected]
Tova Milo
Tel Aviv University
[email protected]
Dan Suciu
University of Washington
[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
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PODS ’01 Santa Barbara, California USA
Copyright 2001 ACM 0-89791-88-6/97/05 ... 5.00.
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2
Frank Neven
Limburgs Universitair Centrum
[email protected]
Victor Vianu
U.C. San Diego
[email protected]
3
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CONSTRUCT
WHERE
root
WHERE for q’
root
answer
X1
other-movies(X3)
movie
Y1
title
dir
Y2
Y4
movie
actor(X3)
dir
title
X2
CONSTRUCT for q’
X4 = W.Allen
title(X3,Y2,Y3)
actor
q’(X3)
Allen-title(X2,X3)
Y3
actor
X3
X3=Y3
Y4 != W.Allen
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REFERENCES
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