Matakuliah : F0184/Audit atas Kecurangan
Tahun
: 2007
Background
Pertemuan I
Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu mendefinisikan fraud
• Mahasiswa akan mampu mengindentifikasi fraud
berdasarkan kriterianya
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Outline Materi
• Fraud Definition
• Fraud Theory / Principles of Fraud
– Opportunity
– Pressure
– Rationalizm
• Fraud Component
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Definition
• Wide terminology of fraud is intentional deception
• Business or commercial fraud is criminal deception
intended to benefit the deceiver financially
• Law terminology: Fraud embraces all the multifarious
means which human ingenuity can devise, which are
resorted to by one individual, to get an advantage over
another by false representations
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Terminology
• Fraud
• Theft
• Embezzlement
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Fraud Component
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Misrepresentation
Time Frame is in the past or present
Material Fact
Make-knowingly or recklessly
There’s a victim
There’s a lost
Illegal Act
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Corporate Fraud
Corporate fraud globally could be fall into two main
category:
• Fraud that are intended to benefit the organizational
entity
• Fraud that are intended to harm the entity
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Fraud Classification
Fraud classification can be seen by :
• The Actor
• The Victim
• Legal Act
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Fraud Classification by Act
• Financial Statement Fraud
• Asset Missapropriation
• Corruption
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Fraud factor or variables
• Personal variables
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Aptitude or abilities
Attitudes or preferences
Personal needs or wants
Values or beliefs
• External variables
– Degree of competition
– General economic condition
– Societal values
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Fraud factor or variables (con’t)
• Organizational variables
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Nature or scope of the job
Tools or training provided
Reward or recognition system
Quality of management and supervision
Clarity of role responsibilities
Clarity of job-related goals
Interpersonal trust
Motivational and ethical climate
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Organization Criteria
Fraud in organization usually occur in organization that
have:
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No Controls
No trust
No ethical standards
No profits
No future
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Fraud Audit Vs Financial Audit
• Financial Audit
• Forensic Accounting
• Fraud Audit
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Transaction Vs Statement Fraud
Transaction fraud usually are intended to facilitate the
theft or conversion of organizational assets to one’s
personal use
Statement fraud usually involve the intentional
misstatement of certain financial values to enhance the
appearance of profitability and deceive shareholders or
creditors
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