Matakuliah : F0184/Audit atas Kecurangan
Tahun
: 2007
Background
Pertemuan II
Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa diharapkan mampu mendefinisikan fraud
• Mahasiswa akan mampu mengindentifikasi fraud
berdasarkan kriterianya
3
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Outline Materi
• Fraud Definition
• Fraud Theory / Principles of Fraud
– Opportunity
– Pressure
– Rationalizm
• Fraud Component
4
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Fraud Theory
Pressure
Fraud
Opportunity
Rationalism
5
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Opportunity
6
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OPPORTUNITY
Control Factor
• Control Environment
• Accounting Procedures
• Control Procedures
Noncontrol factor
7
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Control Factor
Lack of control that prevent and/or detect fraudulent
behavior :
–
–
–
Control environment
Accounting system
Control procedures
8
Bina Nusantara
Control Environment
•
•
•
•
•
Management role’s and examples (Tone at the Top)
Management communication
Appropriate hiring
Clear organization structure and assigned responsibility
Effective internal audit department
9
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Accounting System
Recorded transaction are :
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Valid
Properly authorized
Complete
Properly classified
Reported in proper period
Properly valued
Summarized correctly
10
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Control Procedures
•
•
•
•
•
Segregation of duties or dual custody
System of authorization
Independent checks
Physical safeguards
Documents and records
11
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Noncontrol Factor
•
•
•
•
•
Inability to judge quality of work
Lack of disciplinary action
Asymmetric information
Ignorance and apathy
No audit trail
12
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PRESSURE
•
•
•
•
Financial Pressures
Vice
Work Related Pressures
Other Pressures
13
Bina Nusantara
Financial Pressures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Greed
Living beyond one’s means
High personal debt
High medical bills
Poor credit
Personal financial losses
Unexpected financial losses
14
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Vice
•
•
•
•
Gambling
Drugs
Alcohol
Expensive relationship
15
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Work Related
•
•
•
•
•
Little recognition for job performance
Felling of job satisfaction
Fearing losing one’s job
Being overlooked for a promotion
Feeling under paid
16
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Other Pressure
• Life style changes
• Challenge to beat system
• Unexpected crisis
17
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RATIONALIZATION
Common rationalization :
• The organization owes it to me
• I am only borrowing the money and will pay it back
• Nobody will get hurt
• I deserve more
• It’s for a good purpose
• Something has to be sacrificed
• Everybody does it, so I do it too
18
Bina Nusantara