Matakuliah : E1052/Penelitian China Perantauan
Tahun
: 2007/2008
Sejarah dan Perkembangan China Perantauan di beberapa
negara Amerika, Eropa dan Afrika
Pertemuan 13
Chinese American
美籍華人 or 華裔美國人
San Francisco Chinatown.
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Total population 3,336,966 (1.2% of the US population)
Regions with significant populations
California, Hawaii, Northeast United States,
Washington,
Chinatown San Western
Francisco. United States
Languages
American English,
Chinese: Mandarin, Cantonese, Taishanese,
Fujianese, Hakka, Shanghainese (Wu)
Religions
Buddhism, Christianity, Daoism, Chinese folk religion
HISTORY :
• Chinese Americans (Chinese language: 美籍華人 or 華裔美國人) are
Americans of Chinese descent.
• Chinese Americans constitute one group of Overseas Chinese and are a subgroup
of Asian Americans.
• The first Chinese immigrants arrived in 1820 according to U.S. government
records.
• Fewer than 1,000 arrived before the 1848 California Gold Rush which drew the
first significant number of laborers from China who performed menial work for the
gold prospectors. There were 25,000 immigrants by 1852, and 105,465 by 1880,
most of whom lived on the West Coast. Most of the early immigrants were young
males with low educational levels from the Guangdong province.
• As a whole, Chinese American populations continue to grow at a rapid rate due to
immigration. However, they also on average have birth rates lower than those of
White Americans, and as such their population is aging relatively quickly.
• In recent years, adoption of young children, especially girls, from China has also
brought a boost to the numbers of Chinese Americans, although most of the
adoptions appear to have been done by white parents.
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• Chinese Americans are divided among many subgroups based on
factors such as a generation, place of origin, socio-economic level,
and do not have uniform attitudes about the People's Republic of
China, the Republic of China, the United States, or Chinese
nationalism, with attitudes varying widely between active support,
hostility, or indifference.
• Different subgroups of Chinese Americans also have radically
different and sometimes very conflicting political priorities and
goals. It is for this reason that Chinese Americans do not have any
unified political groups or any unified political viewpoints.
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American-born Chinese
An American-born Chinese or "ABC" is a person born in the United States of Chinese
ethnic descent, a category of Chinese American. Many, but not all, are secondgeneration (parents who are naturalized U.S. citizens) born after the U.S.
Immigration Act of 1965 relaxed limits on immigration from East Asia.
CULTURE
The connection ABCs have with the Chinese culture is varied, depending very much on
the area where they live.
• The coastal areas on both sides of the United States tend to have strong Chinese
communities, due to large Chinese populations and continuing immigration from
Chinese speaking countries, allowing ABCs to maintain stronger connection with
Chinese culture.
• In middle America, where Chinese communities are more sporadic, the ABCs
assimilate into the mainstream more quickly.
• Assimilated latter generation Chinese Americans may often adopt a broader panAsian American identity. The large Asian American population in Hawaii is an
example of such a community.
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• ABCs were found to assimilate as rapidly into the American culture as other
previous generation immigrants, such as the Irish and the Italians.
• They also were less likely to speak Chinese. In some first-generation households,
ABCs may be able to speak the Chinese dialect of their parents, but may not know
how to read or write Chinese.
• The majority of American-born Chinese are native English speakers, with some
bilingual to varying degrees with Chinese. Usually, only the children of immigrants
speak Chinese daily at home. Some parents have taken steps to ensure their
children retain ties to their heritage, such as sending them to Chinese school.
• There are few American-born Chinese actresses who become famous for their
work. Examples include and Lucy Liu ( who starred in the Charlie's Angels movies
and the television series Ally McBeal )
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British Chinese
英國華僑
• Total population 247,403 (0.4% of the United Kingdom population)
• Regions with significant populations
London, Manchester, Birmingham, Brighton, Liverpool, Glasgow
• Languages : British English,
Chinese (mainly regional dialects including Cantonese,
Hakka and others; also Mandarin)
• Religions : Non-religious, Buddhism, Christianity, others
• Related ethnic groups : Mainland Chinese, Overseas Chinese
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• The British Chinese community is thought to be the oldest Chinese community in
Europe, if not the oldest in Western Europe, with the first Chinese coming from
the ports of Tianjin and Shanghai in the early 19th century.
• Today, most of the British Chinese are people or are descended from people who
were themselves overseas Chinese when they entered the United Kingdom. The
majority are from former British colonies, such as Hong Kong, Malaysia,
Singapore, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and also other countries such as
Vietnam. People from mainland China and Taiwan and their descendants
constitute a relatively small proportion of the British Chinese community.
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• British Chinese, also Chinese British, Chinese Britons or British-born Chinese, are
people of Chinese ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to the United
Kingdom. They are part of the Chinese diaspora, or overseas Chinese.
• The British Chinese community is thought to be the oldest Chinese community in
Europe, if not the oldest in Western Europe, with the first Chinese coming from
the ports of Tianjin and Shanghai in the early 19th century.
• Today, most of the British Chinese are people or are descended from people who
were themselves overseas Chinese when they entered the United Kingdom.
The majority are from former British colonies, such as Hong Kong, Malaysia,
Singapore, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and also other countries such as
Vietnam. People from mainland China and Taiwan and their descendants
constitute a relatively small proportion of the British Chinese community.
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History
19th century
• The first settlement of Chinese people in the United Kingdom dates from the early 19th
century. In particular were port cities such as Liverpool and London; particularly the
Limehouse area in East London, where the first Chinatown was established in Britain and
Europe.
20th century
• The largest wave of Chinese immigration took place during the 1950s and 1960s and
consisted predominantly of male agricultural workers from the New Territories in Hong
Kong. This also included immigration, indirectly via Hong Kong, from the surrounding
Guangdong province in China. The majority of these men were employed in the then
growing Chinese catering industry. Chinese run laundry businesses were the other major
source of employment for Chinese people in the UK, but it was a declining industry and
Chinese run laundries are non-existent today.
• By 2004, according to official figures, just under half of Chinese men and 40% of Chinese
women in employment worked in the distribution, hotel and restaurant industry.
• Hong Kong territory's handover to China in 1997. The United Kingdom made provision to
grant citizenship to 50,000 families, whose presence was important to the future of Hong
Kong, under the British Nationality Act (Hong Kong) 1990.
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Social life, Health and welfare
• The British Chinese have some of the highest inter-ethnic marriage rates in the
country compared to other ethnic minority groups (and including the white
population). According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, 30% of Chinese
women intermarried, a figure twice that for Chinese men (15%).
• Chinese men and women had the lowest rates of long-term illness or disability
which restricts daily activities.
• A British Chinese person was also more likely to possess a university degree, or
hold a job in a professional class, than the average Briton, but conversely, British
Chinese people had the highest proportion with no qualifications (20%), and
twice the unemployment rate (10%) compared to white Britons (5%).
• Chinese men also have the highest rate of working-age economic inactivity of all
males at 37%, twice the rate for white British men. The vast majority of
economically inactive Chinese men are students.
• The Chinese are more likely to be self-employed (16%) than any other ethnic
group except for Pakistanis.
• The British Chinese are most likely to be employed in managerial and professional
occupations (38 percent), compared with 27% for white Britons.
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Chinese people in Russia
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•
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Total population
34,577 (2002)
Regions with significant populations Moscow, Russian Far East
Languages Chinese, Russian
Religions Not known
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Chinese
History
• Chinese settlement in what is now the Russian Far East is believed to have
begun as early as the 7th century A.D.;
• however, under the 1860 Convention of Peking, China's Qing Dynasty
ceded these eastern territories, then known as East Tartary, to Russia.
• Large-scale Chinese immigration to territory actually under the control of
the Russian Empire did not begin until the late 19th century. From 1878
until the early 1880s, thousands of Hui Chinese escaped from Xinjiang,
Gansu, and Ningxia over the Tian Shan Mountains to Central Asia, fleeing
persecution in the aftermath of the Hui Minorities' War; they became
known as the Dungans.[3] Separately, other groups of migrants, mostly
Han Chinese, went to the Russian Far East;
• the Russian Empire Census of 1897 showed a total of 57,459 Chinese
speakers (47431 male and 10,028 female); 42,823 (74.5%) lived in the
Primorye region alone.
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• Chinese and ethnic Koreans living in the Russian Far East were deported to
other areas of Russia in 1937 for fear that their communities could be
infiltrated by Japanese spies.
• Starting from the time of Russia's 1917 October Revolution and continuing
up until the 1950s-1960s Sino-Soviet split, many aspiring Chinese
Communists went to study in Moscow, including Liu Shaoqi, future
President of the People's Republic of China, and Chiang Ching-kuo, the son
of Chiang Kai-shek. There was a great deal of factional infighting among
them; they were in general described as being heavily influenced by
Trotskyism.
• The most recent wave of immigration traces its origin back to 1982, when
Hu Yaobang visited Harbin and approved the resumption of cross-border
trade;
• immigration remained sluggish until 1988, when China and the Soviet Union
signed a visa-free tourism agreement. However, visa-free travel was
terminated only six years later.
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Russian perceptions
• The expanding Chinese presence in the area has led to yellow peril-style fears of
Chinese irredentism.
• Russian newspapers publish fantastic estimates of between two and five million
Chinese migrants in the Russian Far East, and predict that half of the population
of Russia would be Chinese by 2050.
• Russians typically believe that Chinese come to Russia with the aim of permanent
settlement, and even Vladimir Putin was quoted as saying "If we do not take
practical steps to advance the Far East soon, after a few decades, the Russian
population will be speaking Chinese, Japanese, and Korean."
• Russians perceive hostile intent in the Chinese practise of using different names
for local cities, such as Hǎishēnwǎi for Vladivostok , and a widespread folk belief
states that the Chinese migrants remember the exact locations of their
ancestors' ginseng patches, and seek to reclaim them.
• The xenophobia against Chinese and exaggerated concerns over the Chinese
influx and are described as being less prevalent in the Russian Far East, where
most of the Chinese shuttle trade is actually occurring, than in European Russia
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South African Chinese
South African Chinese 100,000 (2003) 0.2% of local population
0.3% of Global Overseas Chinese population
HISTORY
• The earliest Chinese arrived in South Africa in 1904 to work in the gold mines of the
Witwatersrand (now Gauteng).
• Most of them were repatriated by 1910, because of strong white opposition to their
presence. Some stayed, mainly around Johannesburg, and Port Elizabeth, where South
Africa's only Chinese township was located.
• As with other non-white South Africans, the Chinese suffered from discrimination
during apartheid, and were classified as coloureds.
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• With the establishment of ties between apartheid South Africa and the Republic of
China (Taiwan), Taiwanese Chinese started migrating to South Africa from the late
1970s onwards. This created an odd situation whereby South African mainland Chinese
continued to be classified as coloureds, whereas the Taiwanese were considered
"honorary whites".
• The arrival of the Taiwanese resulted in a surge of the Chinese population, which
climbed from around 10,000 in the early 1980s to at least 20,000 in the early 1990s.
Many Taiwanese were entrepreneurs who set up small companies, particularly in the
textile sector, across South Africa.
Post-Apartheid
• With the end of apartheid, more Chinese from mainland China started immigrating into
South Africa, increasing the Chinese population in South Africa to possibly 100,000,
including illegal immigrants.
• In Johannesburg, in particular, a new Chinatown has emerged in the eastern suburbs of
Cyrildene and Bruma Lake, replacing the declining one in the city centre. A Chinese
housing development has also been established in the small town of Bronkhorstspruit,
east of Pretoria.
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